雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习

1、雅思强化阅读长难句解析讲义郭凌风Understanding IELTS Grammar-Solution to Long & Complicated Sentencesl 长难句成因：“树形结构”： 修饰成分纷繁复杂 主从句交织 特殊句式l Strategies for Long & Complicated Sentences:一、主从复合句解析1. 名词性从句2. 定语从句3. 状语从句4. 多重复合句二、特殊结构句式解析1. 分隔结构2. 倒装结构3. 强调结构4. 双重或者多重否定5. 比较结构一、主从复合句解析1. 名词性从句1.1 主语从句 Looking at th

2、e picture makes him experience a severe attack of nostalgia. For her, a woman, to defy her husbands order would be considered audacious at her time. What bothers me about this point of view is that it implies that human beings, in some deep sense, are not part of nature. That he is in love with her

3、is no longer a secret.主语从句解读方法：ll 主语从句引导词：Practice: （1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Who the watch belongs to is unknown. （5）Whom we

4、 must study for is a question of great importance. （6）What caused the accident remains unknown.（7）What we need is time.（8）What we need are good doctors. （9）Whatever you did is right.Example 1：That the nineteenth century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all

5、 his money in his life was an irony which was duplicated in other matters. Example 2:That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmed and static.Example 3:However, it can not be denied that it was Smith who introduced such a target for

6、later novelists. Further Practice:1. It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather. 2. It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.3. It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.4. It is probable that he has known everything.5. It a

7、ppeared that he had a taste for music. 6. It made us very happy that she was saved7. It remains unknown when they are going to get married.8. It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.9. It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.1.2. 宾语从句（object clause）引导词：Example 1：A survey

8、of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Example 2：Yet new findings in neuro

9、science suggest that the brain retains its ability to reorganize itself in response to experience or injury throughout life: after the loss of sensory input from an amputated limb, for example, adults are able to learn new motor skills effectively.Example 3：Art historian Kenneth Clarke, for example,

10、 writing in 1973, could not accept that the Mona Lisa was famous for reasons other than its inner qualities.Example 4:The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will late

11、r use as adults.1.3 表语从句引导词：who, how, when, as, whetherExample：The key issue in judging overpopulation is not how many people can fit into any given space but whether Earth can supply the populations long-term requirement for food, water, and other resources. Practice:The miracle is how they all coo

12、perate, and are integrated together, in the creation of a self.1.4 同位语从句Example:He was surprised at the fact that he had passed the IELTS examination.先行词：破解关键：Example 1：There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master t

13、hem all in the end.Example 2: The belief that it is harmful to the black community for authors to explore the humanity of our leaders can have troubling effects.Example 3: 【剑3】In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk o

14、f developing fatal medical conditions.Example 4:【剑3】This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration in to a notoriously fickle world economy.Practices：I take further comfort in the fact that human species managed to produce p

15、retty decent creative work during the 5000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statue of Anne, the worlds first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.According to James, a childs first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. 剑9 2. 定语从

16、句引导词：Which:Like the slaves, women took literally the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, which states that all men are created equal.Libraries made education possible，and education in its turn added to libraries；the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law，which was grea

17、tly enhanced by the invention of printing.That:With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem that cannot be solved in a few hours. Often, the childrens disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: t

18、he children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. 剑9There is something, they argue, inside the painting that speaks to us all, that unleashes feelings, emotion, and recognition.关系代词that的省略：Because the potential talent John has is obvious, he is going to be elected as

19、the president.Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them. Who:The student who is answering the question is John.The person who was here yesterday is a musician.Whom:In Berlin, he first met the woman w

20、hom he would one day marry.Whose:Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.关系副词:When:She will never forget the day when she got married.Where:One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the

21、 Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.Why:Give me one reason why we should help you.复杂定语从句：介词/介词短语+引导词This is the desk on which I found my book.The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt cont

22、ent of the water in which the oyster lives.The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. His book vividly illustrates the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion the forces of industrialization and urbanization.We are not conscious

23、 of the extent to which work provide the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.【剑5】This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiologyto discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the inter

24、action of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior.【剑8】Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual

25、, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognized by teachers and schools. 【剑8】 The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their si

26、gnificance.3. 状语从句关联词：破解关键：When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we g

27、et from insect-eating animals.Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that s

28、atisfy the discerning eye.Im not living where I was. Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.Take your coat in case it rains.He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam.He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. Most substance contract

29、when they freeze so that the density of a substances solid is higher than the density of its liquid.4. 多重复合句However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants developing understanding that movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they ar

30、e distinct from other people. 剑9 Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust but from the power plant generating electricity, which is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious.二、特殊结构句式1.分隔结构处理原则：Example:

31、In relationships of mutual dependence, such as between labour and management or within an organization or a family, the question (of who is more powerful) turns on who is less dependent on the other.In developing countries, where at least 10 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people by

32、 the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.It will take years for whitesincluding those who think of themselves as liberalsto discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have. Thirdly, the waste radioactive material, including not only

33、 the uranium but also water and even the clothes used by power station personnel, must be disposed of.A cousin of the tenacious Asian longhorned beetlewhich since its initial discovery in 1996 in New York City has caused tens of millions of dollars in damage annually ,the citrus longhorned beetle, w

34、as discovered on a juniper bush in August 2001 in Tukwila, Washington.Generations of teachers have assigned Thoreaus book Walden (1854), which recounts his experiment in living in solitary harmony with nature, as an illustration of the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the in

35、trusion into pastoral harmony of the forces of industrialization and urbanization.Practices:Yet Linnaeus himself would probably have been the first to admit that classification is only a tool, and not the ultimate purpose, of biological inquiry.Like Douglass, who invoked the rhetoric of male individ

36、ualism to encourage identification with his narrative, she had to make her readers take the oppression of slave women personally, to see it as a threat to their own sense of themselves as women.2. 倒装结构(1). Only+状语位于句首 Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently ha

37、s literature focused on the role of a mother.(2). 以never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等词引导的句子。 【剑3】Not only did it solve a problem that intrigued man for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to exploration of the universe. (3). 比较状语从句In a typical example,

38、 when viewing photographs of food, hungry subjects experience a much greater increase in pupil diameter than do sated subjects.(4). 为了突出强调某一内容（表语或状语）Gone are the problems of not being able to instantly contact people in other parts of the world.(5). So/As 或者neither/nor 引导的句子【剑4】Never before has the

39、planets linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace.(6). 某些让步状语从句In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fishes that can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.3. 强调结构含强调结构的句子：It is/was +被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分照写可以强调：主语，宾语，状语不可以强调：谓语，定语Nuclear power supplies 5

40、% of the worlds energy from more than 400 plants.强调主语： 强调宾语：强调状语：It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being Aramoc.It is because living space for most of mans fe

41、llow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth that we need to know the importance of big, mature trees.Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions that the childs understanding of his- o

42、r herself emerges.【剑9】 4.双重否定或多重否定Examples:Such behavior is not unusual among social mammals.One can hardly say that these theorists have failed to have any effects.Practices:【剑6】Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isnt emblazoned with drugs name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical companys logo. Indeed, few womens rights conventions were held during the 1850s at which Douglass was not a featured speaker and whose proceeding were not fully reported in his paper.Unless one already knows a great deal, one cannot learn much f