普通高等教育全日制七年制

1、普通高等教育全日制七年制中医诊断学课程双语教学大纲前言中医诊断学是根据中医学的基本理论，研究诊察病情、判断疾病、辨别证候的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能的一门学科。它是中医学各专业的基础课，是基础理论与临床各科之间的桥梁，是中医学专业课程体系中的主干课程。本课程主要包括四诊、八纲、辨证、诊断与病案等内容。四诊部分包括望诊、闻诊、问诊、切诊，辨证部分包括病因辨证、气血津液辨证、脏腑辨证等。本课程的教学目的是：使学习者熟悉中医诊断的含义与内容，症、病、证等概念及其相互关系，中医诊断学的原则；掌握望、闻、问、切四诊的基本技能和知识，八纲、病因、气血津液、脏腑等辨证的基本内容及辨证统一体系；熟悉病历书写

2、的内容、格式和要求。中医诊断学的教学，要贯彻知识传授与技能培养并重的方针。课堂教学要注意理论知识的完整性、准确性、实用性，突出重点，注意知识掌握的循序渐进，避免不必要的重复。要充分运用图表、标本、幻灯、录像、模型、诊断仪器、CAI课件、计算机软件等多种媒体进行教学。本课程按36学时设计。第一章绪论【目的要求】1、掌握中医诊断学的原则。2、熟悉中医诊断学的主要内容。3、了解中医诊断学的发展简史。【教学内容】1、中医诊断学的发展简史。2、中医诊断学的范围与原则。3、中医诊断学的主要内容。4、中医诊断学的学习要求和方法。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授。共2学时。第二章四诊第一节 望诊【目的要求

3、】1、掌握得神、失神、假神和常色、病色的特征及临床意义。2、掌握舌诊的方法、正常舌象的表现，病理舌质、舌苔变化的表现及其临床意义。3、熟悉常见病理舌形、舌态的表现。4、熟悉舌的结构、舌诊原理。5、了解望形体、望姿态、望头颈五官九窍、望皮肤、望小儿食指络脉、望排泄物与分泌物的基本内容。【教学内容】1、望诊的概念。望神：得神、失神、假神、神气不足和神志异常的临床表现及其临床意义。2、望面色：面部色诊原理及其临床意义、面部与脏腑相关部位、望色十法、常色和病色的概念、五色所主的病证。3、望形态：望形体的强、弱、胖、瘦、常见畸形等和望姿态常见病态表现及其临床意义。4、望头颈五官九窍：望头面颈项与头发、望

4、目、望耳、望鼻、望口唇、望齿与龈、望咽喉及望下窍的基本内容，常见病态表现及其临床意义。5、望皮肤：全身皮肤色泽、润枯、肿胀的变化及斑疹、水疱、痈、疽、疔、疖等的表现及临床意义。6、望络脉：望小儿食指络脉的方法、临床意义。7、望排泄物和分泌物：痰涎涕唾、呕吐物等色、质、量变化的内容及临床意义。8、舌诊的临床意义、舌与脏腑的关系及舌诊原理、舌诊的方法和注意事项以及舌诊的内容。望舌体：舌色的淡白、红绛、青紫，舌形的老嫩、胖大、肿胀、瘦薄、点刺、裂纹、光滑、齿痕等，舌态的强硬、痿软、颤动、歪斜、吐弄、短缩、舌下络脉表现及其临床意义。望舌苔：苔质的厚薄、润燥、腐腻、剥脱，苔色的白、黄、灰、黑的变化及其临

5、床意义。9、舌质舌苔的综合诊察。10、舌诊研究进展。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件、图谱、幻灯片、模型、电教录像等形式讲授。共6学时。第二节 闻诊【目的要求】1、掌握发声、语言、呼吸、咳嗽、呕吐、呃逆、嗳气等声音的高低、强弱、清浊等变化及其临床意义。2、熟悉口气、汗气及病室气味的变化及其临床意义。【教学内容】1、听声音：发声、语言、呼吸、咳嗽、呕吐、呃逆、嗳气等声音变化及其临床意义。2、嗅气味：病体气味及病室气味的变化及其临床意义。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授为主，结合听病理声音录音。共2学时。第三节问诊【目的要求】1、掌握问诊的内容、问现在症状的临床意义。2、熟悉问诊的方法及注意事项。

6、3、了解问诊的意义。【教学内容】1、问诊的意义、方法及注意事项。2、问诊的内容：问一般情况、问生活史（生活习惯）、问家族史和既往病史、问起病、问现在症状。3、重点为问现在症状：寒热、汗、头身、胸胁脘腹、耳目、饮食口味、睡眠、二便、妇女及小儿等询问的内容、常见症状的表现及其临床意义。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授为主，问诊录音录像示范，模拟病例实践。共6学时。第四节切诊【目的要求】1、掌握寸口诊法的方法，正常脉象表现及特点，常见脉象（浮、沉、迟、数、虚、实、洪、细、弦、紧、滑、涩、濡、缓、弱、微、促、结、代）的脉象与临床意义，相兼脉概念与主病规律。2、熟悉脉诊的原理及意义，脉象的生理变异，

7、长、短、芤、革、牢、伏、散、动、疾脉的脉象和临床意义，诊妇人脉、诊小儿脉的内容。3、熟悉按诊的方法、意义和一般内容。4、了解遍诊法、三部诊法概念、方法，真脏脉的概念及临床意义，脉诊的现代研究进展。【教学内容】1、脉诊的原理、意义。2、诊脉部位：寸口诊法、遍诊法、三部诊法，诊脉方法及注意事项（时间、体位、指法、举按寻、平息、五十动）。3、正常脉象的形态、特点及生理变异。4、各种病脉的脉象与主病。5、相似脉的鉴别，怪脉的概念及其名称。6、诊妇人脉及小儿脉的内容。7、相兼脉的概念及主病规律，脉症的顺逆从舍。8、脉诊的现代研究进展。9、按诊的方法和意义。10、按诊的内容（按胸胁、按脘腹、按肌肤、按手足

8、、按腧穴）。11、按诊的现代研究进展。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授、观看脉诊录像、结合脉象仪、脉象模型手、脉图等帮助学习理解，组织学生课堂讨论等形式进行脉诊方法训练。共4学时。第三章八纲【目的要求】1、掌握表证与里证、寒证与热证、虚证与实证的内容，掌握亡阳证、亡阴证的概念与证候表现。2、掌握虚实与表里寒热的关系。3、熟悉八纲之间的相兼、错杂、真假、转化关系，以及八纲辨证的意义。4、熟悉阴证与阳证、真阴不足与真阳不足的概念与临床表现。5、了解八纲及八纲辨证的发展情况。6、初步学会对临床病例进行八纲辨证。【教学内容】1、八纲及八纲辨证的概念与源流。2、八纲辨证的意义。3、表证、里证、寒证、

9、热证、虚证、实证、阴证、阳证、真阴不足、真阳不足、亡阳证、亡阴证的概念与临床表现。4、八纲证候间的关系：证候相兼、错杂、真假及转化。5、虚实与表里寒热的关系。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授、组织病例讨论分析。共4学时。第四章辨证第一节病因辨证【目的要求】1、掌握病因辨证的概念、包括的证候。掌握六淫、疫疠辨证（风淫证候、寒淫证候、暑淫证候、湿淫证候、燥淫证候、火淫证候、疫疠证候：瘟疫证候、疫疹病候、瘟黄病候）的概念与临床表现。2、熟悉病因辨证的意义。3、了解病因辨证各证候的常见证名，了解各证候之间的兼并、因果关系。4、初步学会对临床病例进行病因辨证。【教学内容】1、病因的概念、意义，病因病

10、性的概念。2、病因辨证：六淫、疫疠辨证（风淫证候、寒淫证候、暑淫证候、湿淫证候、燥淫证候、火淫证候、疫疠证候：瘟疫证候、疫疹病候、瘟黄病候）的概念及临床表现，七情证候的概念及临床表现，饮食劳伤、外伤的概念及临床表现。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授，组织病例讨论分析。共2-4学时。第二节气血津液辨证【目的要求】1、掌握气血津液辨证的概念、各自包括的证候。掌握气虚证、血虚证、气滞证、血瘀证、津液不足证、痰饮、水肿等的概念与临床表现。2、熟悉气血津液辨证的意义。3、了解气血津液病变各证的常见证名，了解各证之间的兼并、因果关系。4、初步学会对临床病例进行气血津液辨证。【教学内容】1、气血津液辨证

11、的概念、意义。2、气血津液辨证：气病辨证（气虚、气陷、气滞、气逆证）的概念及临床表现；血病辨证（血虚、血瘀、血热、血寒证）的概念及临床表现；气血同病辨证（气滞血瘀、气虚血瘀证、气血两虚证、气不摄血证、气随血脱证）的概念及临床表现；津液病辨证（津液不足证、水液停聚：水肿、痰饮）的概念及临床表现。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授，病例讨论。共6学时。第三节脏腑辨证【目的要求】1、掌握各脏腑病变的常见症状，各脏腑常见证候的概念、临床表现和病机。2、熟悉脏腑辨证的概念、基本方法、意义及运用范围。3、了解脏腑之间的发病关系。4、初步学会运用脏腑辨证的知识对临床典型病例进行辨证。【教学内容】1、脏腑辨

12、证的概念，基本方法，运用范围和意义。2、心与小肠病的病机特点，常见症状，常见证候（心气虚证、心阳虚证、心阳暴脱证、心血虚证、心阴虚证、心火亢盛证、心脉痹阻证、痰迷心窍证、痰火扰心证，小肠实热证）的概念、临床表现及病机。3、肺与大肠病的病机特点，常见症状，常见证候（肺气虚证、肺阴虚证，风寒束肺证、寒邪客肺证、痰湿阻肺证、风热犯肺证、热邪壅肺证、燥邪犯肺证；大肠湿热证、大肠液亏证、肠虚滑泻证）的概念、临床表现及病机。4、脾与胃病的病机特点，常见症状，常见证候（脾气虚证、脾阳虚证、中气下陷证、脾不统血证、脾阴虚证，寒湿困脾证、湿热蕴脾证；胃阴虚证，食滞胃脘证、胃寒证、胃热证）的概念、临床表现及病机。

13、5、肝与胆病的病机特点，常见症状，常见证候（肝气郁结证、肝火上炎证、肝血虚证、肝阴虚证、肝阳虚证、肝阳上亢证、肝风内动证、肝胆湿热证、寒凝肝脉证，胆郁痰扰证）的概念、临床表现及病机。6、肾与膀胱病的病机特点，常见症状，常见证候（肾阳虚证、肾阴虚证、肾精不足证、肾气不固证、肾不纳气证，膀胱湿热证）的概念、临床表现及病机。7、脏腑兼病的常见证候（心肾不交证、心脾两虚证、心肝血虚证、心肾阳虚证、心肺气虚证、脾肺气虚证、脾肾阳虚证、肺肾阴虚证、肝肾阴虚证、肝脾不调证、肝胃不和证、肝火犯肺证）的概念、临床表现及病机。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授、组织病例讨论分析。共8学时。第四节经络辨证【目的要

14、求】了解经络辨证的概念及各经证候的临床表现。【方法与学时】自学。共1学时。第五节六经辨证【目的要求】1、熟悉六经辨证的概念及各证候的临床表现。2、了解六经证候的传变规律。【教学内容】六经辨证的概念，太阳病证、阳明病证、少阳病证、太阴病证、少阴病证、厥阴病证的概念、临床表现，六经病证的传变规律。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授，组织病例讨论分析。共1学时。第六节卫气营血辨证【目的要求】1、熟悉卫气营血辨证的概念及各证候的临床表现。2、了解卫气营血病证的传变规律。【教学内容】卫气营血辨证的概念，卫分证、气分证、营分证、血分证的概念、临床表现，卫气营血病证的传变规律。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件

15、课堂讲授，组织病例讨论分析。共1学时。第七节三焦辨证【目的要求】1、熟悉三焦辨证的概念及各证候的临床表现。2、了解三焦病证的传变规律。【教学内容】三焦辨证的概念，上焦病证、中焦病证、下焦病证的概念、临床表现，三焦病证的传变规律。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授，组织病例讨论分析。共1学时。第五章诊断与病案【目的要求】1、掌握中医病案的内容与要求。2、熟悉中医病案书写的意义、格式及中医病案的特点。3、了解病案书写的沿革，初步学会门诊和住院病案的书写方法。【教学内容】1、病案的沿革和意义。2、中医病案的特点，中医病案的内容与要求。3、病案格式。【方法与学时】采用CAI课件课堂讲授，病案书写练习

16、，病案阅读。共1学时。普通高等教育全日制七年制中医诊断学课程双语教学大纲prefaceBased on the basic theory of TCM, the diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine is a discipline on studying the basic theory, essential knowledge and fundamental approaches in diagnosing the diseases and differentiating the syndromes.It is an essential su

17、bject among all the TCM majors, and it is one of the major courses in the curriculum for the majors of TCM and also a bridge to link the basic theory with the clinical subjectsThis course includes the four diagnostic methods, the eight principles，syndrome differentiation, diagonis and medical record

18、s, etc.The four diagnostic methods include the four types ：inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry and pulse-taking and syndrome differentiation include : syndrome differentiation of the etiology, syndrome differentiation ot the qi, blood and body fluid and syndrome differentiation of zang-f

19、u organs.This course is supposed to make the learners be familiar with the meanings, contents and principles of the disgnostic of TCM, the concepts and mutual relationships of the syndrome, disease and symptoms ; to master the fundamental approaches and knowledge of the four diagnostic methods, the

20、basic contents and the differentiation unified system of the eight principles, etiology differentiation, syndrome differentiation ot the qi, blood and body fluid and syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs；to get familiar with the content, writing format and demand of the TCM medical records.The

21、teaching of the diagnosis of TCM should give emphasis to both the knowledge imparting and skill training .While teaching, one should notice the integrality, veracity and practicablity, give prominence to the keystones, pay attention to the gradual mastering of knowledge to avoid unnecessary duplicat

22、ion . To make full use of charts, specimens, slides, videos, models, diagnostic equipment, CAI courseware, computer software, and other multi-media teaching.This course is designed by 36 periodsChapter one Introduction【The purpose and the request】 master the principles of diagnostics of TCM get fami

23、liar with the major contents of diagnostics of TCM understand the development history of diagnostics of TCM【Teaching contents】1. The development history of diagnostics of TCM range and priciples of diagnostics of TCM main contents of diagnostics of TCM learning methods and requirements of diagnostic

24、s of TCM【The method and period】Make use of the CAI courseware 1 periods.Chapter Two The Four Diagnostic MethodsSection 1 Inspection【The purpose and the request】 master the features and clinical significance of the presence of spirit, loss of spirit, false of spirit, the normal color and morbid color

25、. master the approach of the tongue diagnosis, the characteristics of the normal tongue, the manifestations and clinical significance of the pathological changes of the tongue proper and coating . get familiar with the pathological manifestations of the tongue shape and tongue motility. get familiar

26、 with the structure of the tongue and the principle of inspection of tongue. understand the basic contents of inspection the body form, the posture, the head, neck, five sense organs and nine orifices, the skin, the infantile index finger veins, the metabolic wastes and the secreted liquids.【Teachin

27、g contents】1. The concept of inspection .Inspection of the spirit :the clinical manifestation and significance of the presence of spirit, loss of spirit, false spirit, lack of spirit and confusion of spirit.2. Inspection of color:the principle and meanings of inspection of the color, the distributio

28、n of zang-fu organs in the face, the 10 methods of inspection of color, the concepts of the normal color and morbid color, and the different syndromes governed by the five colors. 3. Inspection of body form, posture and movement: inspction of the strength or weakness, the fatness or thinness and the

29、 common malformation of the body form, inspection of the posture and movement, the clinical manifestation and meanings of the abnormal manifestations. 4.Inspection of the head, neck, five sense organs and nine orifices：the basic contents, the pathological manifestations and clinical meaningss of the

30、 inspection ofthehead and face, neck and nape, and hair, inspection of the eyes, inspection of the ears, inspection of the nose, inspection of the mouth and lips, inspection the teeth and gums, inspection of the throat and inspection of lower orifices。5. Inspection of the skin：the skin color, luster

31、 and form, and the manifeatations and clinical meanings of the patches and rashes, blister, abscess, deep absecess, deep-rooted boils and turuncles.6. Inspection of collaterals：the method and clinical meanings of the inspection of the infantile index finger veins.7. Inspection the metabolic wastes a

32、nd the secreted liquids：the contents and clinical meanings of the color, quatity and quality changes of the sputum, saliva, nasal discharges and vomitus . 8. The clinical meanings of the tongue diagnosis, the relationship between the tongueand zang-fu organs and the principles of the tongue diagnosi

33、s, the method and the attention points of the tongue diagnosis, and the contents of the tongue diagnosis.Inspection of the tongue proper：the pale white, the red or deep-red and the blue or purple of the tongue color, the tough or tender, the enlarged or thin , the spots or thorns, cracks, smooth, te

34、eth-marked of the tongue shape, the stiff, the flabby, the tremor, the deviated, the inprotrusion and moving, the shortened of the tongue motility. The sublingual veins, and the manifestations and clinical meanings of all the above.Inspection of tongue coating：the proper of tongue coating :the thick

35、nes or thinness, moistening or dryness, the greasiness or curdy and peeling ; the color of the tongue coating:the white, yellow, gray and black, and the changes and the clinical meanings of all the above. general examination of both the tongue proper and the tongue coating.10.The progress of the sea

36、rch of the tongue diagnosis.【The method and period】Make use of the CAI courseware, chart, slide, model, teaching kinescope.8 periods.Section 2 Auscutation and Olfaction【The purpose and the request】1. To master the changes and clinical meanings of the loud or low, strong or weak and clear or unclear

37、in the vocalism, speech, respiration, cough, vomiting, hiccup, sighing .2, To get familiar with the changes and the clinical meanings of the smell of breath, body odor after sweating and the odor of ward.【Teaching contents】1. Listening to the sounds: the changes and clinical meanings of the vocalism

38、, speech, respiration, cough, vomiting, hiccup, sighing .2. Smelling the odors: the changes and clinical meanings of the abnormal body odor and the odor of ward.【The method and period】CAI Software is used mainly in the lectures, combined with pathological voice recording. 1 periods.Section 3 Inquiry

39、【The purpose and the request】1.To master the contents of inquiry and the clinical meanings of inquire of the present symptoms2.To get familiar with the methods and the attention points of inquiry3.To understand the clinical meanings of inquiry.【Teaching contents】1. The clinical meanings, methods and

40、 attention points of inquiry.2. The contents of inquiry：the general codition, the personal history (the daily life habits), the family history, the past disease history, the onset and the present symptoms.3. Give emphasis to inquire the clinical manifestations and meanings of the present symptoms: c

41、old and heat, sweat, body and head, diet and tastes, stools and urine, sleep, chest and abdomen, ears and eyes, womens and childrens problems .【The method and period】CAI course ware is used mainly, accompanied with the demonstration of the record and video of inquiry, and the practice of simulated c

42、ase.6 periods.Section 4 Pulse-Taking and Palpation【The purpose and the request】 master the method of the pulse diagnosis in cun-kou area; the manifestations and characteristics of the normal pulse; the common pulse conditions (the superfical pulse, the deep pulse, the slow pulse, the rapid pulse, th

43、e deficient pulse, the excessive pulse, the surging pulse, the thready pulse, the wiry pulse, the tense pulse, the slippery pulse, the hesitant pulse, the soft pulse, the moderate pulse, the weak pulse, the faint pulse, the abrupt pulse, the irregular pulse, the regular intermittent pulse) and their

44、 clinical meanings .The concept of the concurrent pulses and their meanings.2.To get familiar with the principles and meanings of the pulse-taking, the physiological variations of the normal pulse, the pulse conditions and clinical meanings of the long pulse, the short pulse, the hollow pulse, the t

45、ympanic pulse, the firm pulse, the hidden pulse, the scattered pulse, the tremulous pulse and the swift pulse.The cotents of the pulse-taking for women and children. 3.To get familiar with the method, meanings and contents of palpation. 4.To understand the concepts and methods of pulse-taking of the

46、 whole body, pulse-taking of the three regions, the concepts and the clinical meanings of the pulses of critical conditions. The modern progress of the pulse-taking.【Teaching contents】1. The principle and meaning of pulse diagnosis2. The position of pulse diagnosis: pulse-taking of the cun-kou area,

47、 pulse-taking of the whole body, pulse-taking of the three regions. The methods and attention points of pulse-taking (time, posture, fingers, touching, pressing, searching, even respiration, 50 beats)3. The conformation feature, characteristics and physiological variations4. The common pulses and th

48、eir clinical meanings 5. Differentiation of similar pulse conditions. The concepts and names of strange pulses. 6. The concepts of pulse-taking for women and children 7. The concurrent pulses and their meanings. The true or false of the pulse-taking and its relationship with the syndrome differentia

49、tion. 8. The morden study of pulse-taking.9. Methods and clinical meaning of palpation10. Contents of palpation(palpation on chest, hypochondrium and gastro-abdomen, skin, hands and feet, meridian points) morden study of palpation.【The method and period】CAI course ware is used mainly, accompanied wi

50、th the demonstration of the record and video of inquiry, and the practice of simulated case. 4 periods.Chapter 3 eight principles【The purpose and the request】 the concepts of the exterior and interior, cold and heat, and. Master the concepts and syndromes of yang depletion and yin depletion.2. Maste

51、r the relationships of the deficiency-excess and exterior- interior, cold- heat3. Get familiar with the relationships of the concurrent, mixture, transformation and, true or false of eight principles .And the meaning of the syndrome differentiation of eight principles4. Get familiar with the concept

52、s and clinical manifestations of yin syndrome, yang syndrome, deficiency of true yin, deficiency of true yang. the history of eight principles and syndrome differentiation of eight principles6. Learn to differentiate the syndromes of the clinical medical cases by the syndrome differentiation of eigh

53、t principles.Teaching content concepts and histories of eight principles and syndrome differentiation of eight principles2. The clinical meaning of syndrome differentiation of eight principles3. The concepts and clinical manifestations of exterior syndrome, interior syndrome, cold syndrome, heat syn

54、drome, deficiency syndrome, excess syndrome, yin syndrome, yang syndrome, deficiency of true yin, deficiency of true yang, yang depletion and yin depletion.4. The relationships of the eight principles syndromes: concurrent, mixture, true or false and transformation.5. The relationships of the defici

55、ency-excess and exterior- interior, cold- heat【The method and period】CAI course ware is used mainly, and organising disscussion and analysis of simulated case. 3 periods.Chapter 4 Syndrome differentiationSection 1 Differentiation of the etiology【The purpose and the requirement】 the concepts and synd

56、romes of the syndrome differentiation of etiology. Master the concepts and clinical manifestations of six exogenous pathogenic factors , and pestilence(wind syndrome, cold syndrome, summer-heat syndrome, dampness syndrome, dryness syndrome, fire syndrome. 2. Get familiar with the clinical meaning of

57、 syndrome differentiation of etiology3. Known the names of the common patterns, relationships of concurrent and consequence. to differentiate the syndromes of the clinical medical cases by the syndrome differentiation of etiology.【Teaching content】 concept and meaning of the etiology. The concept of the disease nature.2. Syndrome differentiation of etiology: the concepts and clinical manifestations of six exogenous pathogenic factors, and pestilence(wind syndrome, cold syndrome, summer-heat syndrome, dampness syndrome, dryness syndrome, fire syndrome, pestilence syndrome, rash