山东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试大纲及样题

1、（试行）一、总则为了客观地评价我省成人高等教育（非英语专业）学员的英语水平，有效地调动学生学习英语的积极性，提高学生的英语水平，从而保证成人教育本科毕业生学士学位的授予质量，根据教育部大学英语课程教学要求（试行）的要求、结合我省英语教学的现状和成人高等教育的特点以及社会对学生英语能力的实际要求，制定本考试大纲。本考试的难度界定在大学英语三级的水平，是一种标准化考试。为保证试卷的信度，除短文写作部分是主观性试题外，其余试题全部客观性的多项选择题形式。短文写作部分的目的是考核考生运用语言的能力，从而提高试卷的效度。二、评价目标本考试采用水平测试的方法，指在考察学生的基本的英语综合应用能力，包括一定

2、的听说能力，使他们在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语比较有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流，同时增强其自主学习能力、提高综合文化素养，以适应我国经济发展和国际交流的需要，并为进一步提高英语水平打下较好的基础。具体要求如下：（一）词汇应掌握3500个左右的英语单词，正确熟练使用由这些单词构成的常用搭配，并具备用构词法知识识别生词的能力。（二）语法知识掌握主谓一致关系，表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型，直接引语和间接引语的用法，动词不定式和分词的用法，各种时态、主动语态、被动语态等基本的语法知识，并注重在语篇层面上运用语法知识的能力。（三）阅读能力考生应该能够综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能理解

3、书面英语，能以每分钟60词的速度阅读各种题材（包括社会生活、人物传记、科普、史地、政治、经济等）和体裁（包括议论文、记叙文、说明文、应用文等）的文字材料。阅读材料的生词量不超过3%,对于超出全日制教学大纲词汇表一至三级词汇表范围的词，用汉语注明词义。应试人员能够：1. 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意;2. 了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节;3. 根据上下文判断某些生词或短语的意义;4. 理解单词的意义和上下句之间的逻辑关系;5. 根据所读的材料进行一定的判断、推理；6. 领会作者的观点和态度。（四）写作能力能在30分钟内写出长度为100个单词的短文，内容切题，语句连贯，条理清楚，语法正确，语言通顺恰

4、当。三、考试内容本考试包括五个部分：阅读理解、词语用法与语法结构、完型填空、汉译英、短文写作。全部题目按顺序统一编号。第一部分：阅读理解（PartIReadingComprehension）:共20题，考试时间35分钟。本部分要求考生阅读4篇英文短文，总阅读量不超过1000词。每篇短文后有5个问题。考生应根据文章内容从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。本部分选材的原则是：1 .题材广泛，包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识等，其中所涉及的背景知识均在考生能理解的范围之内；2 .体裁多样，包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等；3 .文章的语言难度适中，超出考生应掌握的词汇范围的词，用汉语注明词义。本部分主

5、要测试以下能力：1 .掌握所读材料的主指和大意；2 .了解说明主指和大意的事实和细节；3 .既能理解字面意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推理；4 .既能理解个别句子的意思，也能理解上下文的逻辑关系。本部分的目的是测试考生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定的速度。第二部分：词语用法和语法结构(PartllVocabulary&Structure):共40题，考试时间30分钟。题目中60附词和短评的用法，40咐语法结构。要求考生从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。本部分的目的是测试考生运用词汇、短语及语法结构的能力。第三部分：完型填空(PartIIIClose):共10

6、题，考试时间10分钟。在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文(约200词)中留有10个空白，每个空白为一题，每题有四个选择项，要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选择一个最佳答案，使短文的意思和结构恢复完整。填空的词项包括结构词和实义词。本部分的目的是测试考生综合运用语言的能力。第四部分：汉译英(PartIVTranslation):共5题，考试时间是15分钟。给出5个汉语句子，要求考生翻译成英语，所译英语表达清楚，句子结构和用词正确。本部分指在考察考生掌握汉英翻译的方法技巧、语言翻译能力以及汉英翻译所必备的语言文化知识。第五部分：写作(PartVWriting):共1题，考试时间为30分钟。要求考生根据题

7、目规定写出一篇100词左右的短文。试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或给出段首句，或给出提纲。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。本部分的目的是测试考生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。四、答题及计分方法客观性试题用机器阅卷，要求考生从每题四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上(AnswerSheet)上该题的相应字母中间用铅笔划一条横线。试卷(TestPaper)不能做任何记号。每题只能选择一个答案，多选作答错处理。主观性试题(短文写作)，写在作文纸上，按科学的评分标准评分。试卷各部分计分采用加权的方法，折算成百分制，以60分为及格标准。试卷五个

8、部分的题目、计分和考试时间列表如下：序号炉名称*题目数:计分夕考试时间+.I阅h卖理解CRjeadiiigCtmpiBhensioii)”的;蔻*痘分/35分钟/IU'21词语月法和语法结糊？口印wlary&Stmcim)40题/20城到分钟/1卯完型埴空(Close)+1口题卡如分钟产17*371-75-1双峰英(Translfilicih)5题”1口不15分钟口V+1短文写作(装由迹)一1题小20知330分钟Q合计甲76曜100好分钟山东省成人高等教育学士学位英语考试样题SampleTestPartIReadingComprehension(35minutes,40poin

9、ts)Directions:Therearefourreadingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).AfteryoureadapassageyoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandthenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Passag

10、eOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Afiredrillis,toputitmildly,aninconvenientexerciseatthebestoftimes.Afiredrillat2:00inthemorninginterribleweatherconditions,liketheonewehadonThursdaynightandFridaymorninglast,isincomparablymoreinconvenient.Thisiswhywritingthisnotetothankyouallmostsincerel

11、yforyourexcellentco-operationandthespiritwithwhichyouenduredtheinconvenience.Afiredrillisnotanidleexercise.Itisanextremelyseriousoneandcan,infact,savelivesinthelongrun.LastweekfiredrillhasalreadyreyealedanumberofimportantthingsregardingfireprecautionsintheHall.Forinstance,thereseemtoexitanumberof“de

12、afspots”intheHall,namely,thetworoomsinPurserHouseandsomeroomsintheBottomcorridor.Ihavenoreasontodoubtthatresidentsfromtheseareascouldnothearthealarm.Ishallrequestanimmediateexaminationofthisproblem.Ishould,also,remindyouthatitisarequirementthatfiredrillsshouldberegularlycarriedout(atleasttwoineveryo

13、neyear)andeachresidentshouldbemadefullyawareofthisandobligedtotakepart.Allresidentsmusttakefireprecautionswiththeseriousnesstheydeserve.Failuretodosocanresultbinfinesandexpulsion©区逐)fromtheHall.Thankyouagainforyourco-operation.1. Thelastfiredrillcausedmuchmoreinconveniencebecause.A)itwasinbadwe

14、atherB)therewere“deafspots”C)abigfirestartedD)itwasattheweekend2. Thephrase“inthelongrun”(L.2,Part.2)means.A)effectivelyB)endlesslyC)eventuallyD)efficiently3. Somepeopledidnotmaketheirappearanceatthelastdrillbecause.A)theyweredeafB)theycouldnothearthealarmC)nobodywakedthemupD)theyrefusedtoleavetheir

15、rooms4. Afiredrillisextremelyimportantaccordingtothewriterfor.A)itisagoodphysicalexerciseB)itcultivatespeoplesenduranceC)itisalegalrequirementD)itcansavelivesincaseofafire5. WhichofthefollowingwasNOTstatedbytheauthor?A) Afiredrillisveryimportantanduseful.B) Thelastfiredrillreceivedinactiveco-operati

16、onfromtheresidents.C) Thosewhodonottakefireprecautionswillbefinedanddrivenout.D) Ithasbeenmadearulethatfiredrillswillbeperformedregularly.PassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassageAccidentsarecaused;theydontjusthappen.Thereasonmaybeeasytosee:ashelfoutofreach,apatchoficeonthemisfortunefrus

17、tration,tirednessorjustbadtemperthatshowwhattheaccidentreallyis,asortofattackononeself.Roadaccidents,forexample,happenfrequentlyafterafamilyquarrel,andweallknowpeoplewhoareaccident-prone,sooftenatoddswiththemselvesandtheworldthattheyseemtocauseaccidentsforthemselvesandothers.Bydefinition,anaccidenti

18、ssomethingyoucannotpredictoravoid,andtheideawhichusedtobecurrent,thatthemajorityofroadaccidentsarecausedbyaminorityofcriminallycarelessdrivers,isnotsupportedbyinsurancestatistics.Theseshowthatmostaccidentsinvolveordinarymotoristsinamomentsofcarelessnessorthoughtlessness.Itisnotalwaysclear,either,wha

19、tsortofconditionsmakepeoplemorelikelytohaveanaccident.Forinstance,thelawrequiresallfactoriestotakesafetyprecautionsandmostcompanieshavesafetycommitteestomakesuretheregulationsareobserved,butstill,everydayinBritain,somefiftythousandmenandwomenareinjuredfromworkduetoaccidents.Theseaccidentsarelargelyt

20、heresultofhumanerrorormisjudgmentnoiseandfatigue,boredomorworryarepossiblefactorswhichcontributetothis.Doctorswhoworkinfactorieshavefoundthatthosewhodrinktoomuch,usuallypeoplewhohaveahighanxietylevel,runthreetimesthenormalriskofaccidentsatwork.6. Thepassagesuggeststhat.A)Accidentsareusuallycausedbyp

21、sychologicalfactors.B)Accidentsmostlyresultfromslipperyroads.C)Drinkersrunthreetimesthenormalriskofaccidentsinfactories.D)About50000peoplelosetheirlivesatworkinBritaineveryday.7. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasafactorofaccidents?A)Mood.B)Tiredness.C)CarelessnessD)Weather8. Theword“accid-epnrotsn

22、e”(L.2Para.2)means.A)likelytohaveaccidentsB)injuredinaccidentsC)possibletodieinaccidentsD)responsibleforroadaccidents9. Whatcanweinferabouttheauthoropinionofaccidents?A) Safetyprecautionsareoflittleuseinaccidents.B) Manyaccidentscanandshouldbeavoided.C) Factoryaccidents,unlikeroadaccidents,areinevit

23、able.D) Mostroadaccidentsarecausedbyjustafewcarelessdrivers.10. Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe.A) AccidentsandAnxietyB) HowtoDealwithAccidentsonRoadandinFactoriesC) HumanFactorsinAccidentsD) HowtoPreventAccidentsonRoadandinFactoriesPassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Islanguag

24、e,likefood,abasichumanneed?JudgingfromtheresultoftheviolentexperimentbyaGermanKing,FrederickII,inthe13thcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlanguagedeprivationher

25、e.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.TodaynomuchviolentdeprivationexistsasthatbyFrederickII.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoft

26、heinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtomapuplanguagerapidly.Therearecriticaltimes,itseems,whenchildrenlearnmorereadily.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringlanguageskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Linguists储言学家)suggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceanda

27、taconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.WhatisspecialaboutMansbraincomparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,ateddy-bear阮具熊)wit

28、hthesoundpattern-beaddy.Butspeechhastobestimulated,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechildsbabbling牙学语)，grasping,crying,smiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsend

29、soutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild-verbalsignalsissnonessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentlanguage.11. FrederickIIsexperimentwasviolentbecause.A) hewantedtoprovechildrenarebornwithabilitytospeakB) heignoredtheimportanceofmotheringtotheinfantC) hewasunkindtothenurseD) hewantedhisnursestosa

30、ynomothertongue12. Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingtodaythat.A) theirmothersdonotrespondtotheirattemptstospeakB) theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthemC) theydonotlistencarefullytotheirmothersD) theirbrainshavetoabsorbtoomuchlanguageatonce.13. By“criticaltimes”inParagraph3theauthorm

31、eans.A) difficultperiodsinthechildslifeB) momentswhenthechildbecomescriticaltoitsmotherC) importantstagesinthechildsdevelopmentD) timeswhenmothersoftenneglecttheirchildren14. WhichofthefollowinginNOTimpliedinthepassage?A) AbilitytolearntospeakalanguageisinborninmanB) Childrendonotneedtobeencouragedt

32、olearntospeakC) EarlylanguagestartersarenotnecessarilyhighlyintelligentD) Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages15. Ifthemotherdoesnotrespondtoherchilds_s_s_ig.nalA) thechildwillneverbeabletospeakproperlyB) thechildwillstopgivingoutsignalsC) thechildwillinventalanguageofhisownD) thechildwill

33、makelittleefforttospeakPassageFourQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Americanswhoremember“thegoodolddays”arenotaloneincomplainingabouttheeducationalsysteminthiscountry.Immigrants(移民)complain,too.LatelyaGermanfriendwasfilledwithangerwhenhelearnedthatthemathematicstestgiventohissononhisfirst

34、dayasacollegefreshmanincludedmultiplicationanddivision.JapanesebusinessmeninLosAngelessendtheirchildrentoprivateschoolsstaffedbyteachersimportedfromJapantolearnmathematicsatJapaneselevels,generallyconsideredatleastayearmoreadvancedthanthelevelhere.ButIwonder:IfAmericaneducationissopoor,whyisitthatth

35、isisstillthecountryofinnovation(仓新)？WhenIwas12inIndonesia,Ihadtomemorizethenameofalltheworldcities,fromKasbmulatjorKarachi.Atthesameage,myson,whowasbroughtupbyaCalifornian,thoughtthatBuenosAireswasSpanishforgoodfood.However,unlikechildrenofhisageinAsiaandEurope,mysonhadstudiedcreativegeography.Whenh

36、ewasonly6,hedrewamapoftheroutethathetraveledtogettoschool,includingthestreets,thetrafficsignsandthehousesthathepassed.DissatisfiedAmericanparentsforgetthatinthiscountrytheirchildrenareabletoexperimentfreelywithideas;withoutthistheywillnotreallybeabletothinkortobelieveinthemselves.CriticsofAmericaned

37、ucationcannotgrasponething:freedom.America,Ithink,istheonlycountrythatextendseventochildrenthelicensetofreelyspeak,writeandbecreative.Ourpubliceducationcertainlyisnotperfect,butitisagreatdealbetterthananyother.IthinkIhavefoundtheanswertomyquestion.16. Fromthetextwelearnthat.A) bothAmericansandimmigr

38、antsaredissatisfiedwiththequalityofAmericaneducationB) theauthorsharesthegeneralideathatAmericaneducationisworsethaneducationinmanyothercountriesC) JapaneseschoolsinAmericarequiretheirAmericanteacherstoteachmathematicsatJapaneselevelsD) theauthorsGermanfriendwasalittledispleasedbecausethemathematics

39、testforhissonwastooeasy.17. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A) TheauthormostprobablywasanimmigrantfromAsiaandreceivedsomeschooleducationthere.B) BuenosAiresmustbethenameofacity,asareKabulandKarachi.C) Childreninothercountriesarenotlikelytolearncreativegeography.D) Theknowledgeofgeographyoftheauthorsson

40、showsthatAmericaneducationispoor.18. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A) Ifchildrenarenotallowedtoexperimentfreelywithideastheywontgrowupindepecreative.B) MostAmericansthinkthepresentAmericaneducationalsystemisnotasgoodasitusedtobe.C) PrivateschoolsrunbyJapanesebusinessmenmaintainahigh

41、erlevelthanAmericanpublicschools.D)Americansaremoreinnovativethanotherpeopleintheworld.19. Inthelastparagraphtheauthorsays,“Ihavefoundtheanswertomyquestion.”Wquestion?A) IsJapaneseeducationbetterthanAmericaneducation?B) WhydoJapanesebusinessmensendtheirchildrentoJapanese-staffedschools?C) Whywasmyso

42、nnottaughtenoughgeographicknowledge?D) IsAmericaneducationreallyworsethaneducationinothercountries?20. Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A) AmericanEducationandEducationinForeigncountriesB) ImprovementNeededforAmericanEducationC) FreedomtoThinkCharacteristicofAmericanEducationD) EducationandInno

43、vationinAmericanPartIIVocabularyandStructure(30minutes,20points)Directions:Thereare40incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),D).Choosetheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.21. Dont

44、leaveyourbicycleoutintherain.Itllget.A)rustyB)crudeC)roughD)tough22. Itohimfortheerror.A)excusedB)apologizedC)pardonedD)congratulated23. ItstoaskMr.Blakeforhelp.A)outquestionB)beyondquestionC)outofquestionD)inquestion24. Hardlyhomewhenthetelephonerang.A)IgotB)didIgetC)IhadgotD)hadIgot25. hisnotarriv

45、ing,themeetingwillbeputofftonextweek.A)AttheeventofB)FortheeventwithC)IntheeventofD)Totheeventof26. Itsgettingratherlate.Itstimewe.A)aregoingB)wentC)goD)mustgo27. Iyoueverythingsgoingtobeallright.A)insureB)assureC)ensureD)sure28. Auctioned(拍卖的)goodsaresoldforthehighestprice.A)madeB)takenC)offeredD)o

46、rdered29. Thecolorsofthatcoatandhatdont.A)suitB)mixC)matchD)imitate30. Ourwholeclasswenttoattendtheconferenceyesterday,sowhathappenedonthecampus.A)allofusdontknowB)noneofusknowC)allwedonnotknowD)wealldonowtkn31. Althoughhappenedinthatdevelopedcountrysoundslikesciencefiction,itcouldoccurelsewhereinth

47、eworld.A)thisB)howC)whatD)it32. IsympathizewithWomensLiberationMovementonlyacertainextent.A)atB)withC)toD)in33. Theofficergaveanorderthateveryonebackbeforedark.A)getB)wouldgetC)hadtogetD)mustget34. Thisyearsummertimecameintoonthe12thofApril.A)effectB)efficiencyC)useD)practice35. Mr.Whitewastoldagain

48、andagaintosmoking,buthejustwouldntlisten.A)cutthroughB)cutdownonC)cutoffD)cutaway36. TheGreyhoundoutsideofNewYorkBusStationat6p.m.andstartedforWashingtonD.C.at6:20p.m.A)pulledupB)pulledoutC)pulleddownD)pulledon37. Canyougivemeanotherhintwithouttheanswer?A)givingoffB)givingupC)givingawayD)givingin38.

49、 Columbuswashistimesinhisbeliefthattheearthwasround.A)infrontofB)beforeC)inadvanceofD)aheadof39. Afterall,alllivingcreatureslivebyfeedingonsomethingelse,whetheritplantoranimal,deadoralive.A)beB)wouldbeC)wasD)togo40. Thepilotfeltsomethingwrongwiththeenginejustbeforetheplanetookoff.A)toB)wasgoingC)goe

50、sD)togo41. Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.Well,nowIregretthat.A)havingdoneB)tobedoingC)tohavedoneD)todo42. thattheyreyoungandinexperienced,theyvedonequiteagoodjob.A)BeingB)GivenC)ProvidedD)Now43. isannouncedinthepapers,anation-widesportsmeetingwillbeheldinthecitynextmonth.A)BecauseB

51、)ForC)AsD)So44. Beingmuchtoofat,Mariawasadvisedtoreduceherfoodforeachmeal,yet,shewouldthat.A)havenoneofB)acceptC)takecareforD)listento45. Inmyopinion,he'simaginativeofallthecontemporary同时代的)poets.A)quitethemostB)byfarthemostC)verythemostD)ratherthemost46. Neverbeforesohighlysuccessfulinhisattemp

52、tstomodifytheweatheronaverysmallscale.A)manhasbeenB)manisC)hasmanbeenD)willbeman47. Withflowersandtreeseverywhere,thecitytookonanewlook.A)tobeplantedB)beingplantedC)plantingD)planted48. Johnwantstoseeyoutoday.Iwouldratherhetomorrowthantoday.A)comesB)cameC)shouldcomeD)hascome49. Itwassuggestedthatthi

53、sproblematthenextmeeting.A)wasdiscussedB)willbediscussedC)wouldbediscussedD)bediscussed50. Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork,sowedidnoffer.A)notbeingfinishedB)hadnotbeenfinishedC)nothavingfinishedD)wasnotfinished51. WhatyousaidremindsmesomethingIreadafewdaysago.A)forB)byC)from

54、D)of52. Anotherworryisthattelecommunicationsystemsmayisolatepeopleeachother.A)fromB)forC)withD)to53. Thesmogisdueinvisiblegases,mostlyfromautomobileexhaust.A)fromB)toC)forD)with54. isacceptedastrueisrelatively,andnotabsolutely,true.A)ItB)ThatC)WhatD)Thatit55. Therearemanychildrenandadolescentsbehavi

55、orisgenerallyunacceptable.A)theirB)whoC)whomD)whose56. Edisonfailedtimesbeforehesucceededinproducingthefirstelectriclamp.A)thousandB)thousandsC)athousandofD)thousandsof57. Waterthedigestivejuicesflowmorefreelyandhelpstodigestthefood.A)makesB)causesC)pushesD)turns58. Thepanicattacksmayforonlyafewminu

56、tes;some,however,continueforseveralhours.A)happenB)beginC)lastD)end59. Letusseehowdictionariesaremadeandhowtheeditorsdefinitions.A)headtoB)arriveatC)reachforD)approachto60. Thenursetookofmybloodtotest.A)anexampleB)aninstanceC)acaseD)asamplePartIIICloze(10minutes,10points)Directions:Thereare10blanksi

57、nthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD)beneaththepassage.Youshouldchoosetheonethatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswersheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Japanisasmallcountrywithfewnaturalresources.61this,Japaneseproductivity,therateatwhichgoodsareproduced,62morethaneleventimesinthepastthirtyyears.ManypeopleintheWestwonderhowtheJapanesedoit.Thekey63JapanssuccesscanbediscoveredbylookingatsomebasicdifferencesbetweenJapaneseandWesternattitudestowardsworks.Peopleinth