中西文化礼仪

1、Dutch Treat is a slang term indicating that each person participating in a shared activity pays for himself or herself, rather than any one person paying for anyone else. It is also called Dutch date and Going Dutch.There is a delicate etiquette(礼仪，礼节) surrounding going Dutch. It is accepted in some

2、 situations, such as between non-intimate friends or less affluent people, but can be considered stingy in other circumstances, such as on a romantic date or at a business lunch.The traditional way to handle a bill on a date in the West has been that the one who invited the other takes the bill and

3、the invitee may not even know the actual price of the meal. An alternative view is that traditionally payment has always been made by the male. Full payment by the male is still most common, but is no longer certain. The phrase going Dutch probably originates from Dutch etiquette. In the Netherlands

4、, it is not unusual to pay separately when going out as a group. When dating in a 1 on 1 situation however, the man will most commonly pay for meals and drinks.Feminist support for Dutch date practiceDuring the advent of second wave feminism, the late 1960s and 1970s, the womens movement encouraged

5、women to understand aspects of their own personal lives as deeply politicized. Many feminists investigated the framework and assumptions of traditional courtship roles. They subscribed to the idea that there should be equality of the sexes, not just legally, but socially and sexually.They held that

6、it was mature, empowering and self-respecting for women to pay their own way in romantic dates. They were rejecting traditional gender role assumptions that men should make more money and should pay for affections through dinners and other date costs. In this way, women were making an equal investme

7、nt in the cost of courtship.It became more common for women to pay their own way or to pay for mens meals.International practicesIn Sweden and Norway , the practice of splitting the bill in restaurants is common. In a courtship situation where both parts have a similar financial standing, which is c

8、ommonplace in Sweden, the traditional custom of the man always paying in restaurants has largely fallen out of use and is by many, including etiquette authoritieswho?, considered old fashioned. Generally a romantic couple will take turns paying the bill or split it. It is generally assumed that ever

9、yone pays for himself or herself in restaurants unless the invitation stated otherwise.In most of northern and central Europe the practice of splitting the bill is common. On a dinner date, the man may pay the bill as way of overtly stating that he views this as a romantic situation and that he has

10、some hopes or expectations for a future development. Some women object to this or even find it offensive (per Feminist support for Dutch date practice above) so it is a judgment call. Younger urban women especially tend not to accept men paying for them; or will in turn insist to pay for the next di

11、nner or drink.In south European Countries such as Italy, Greece or Portugal it is rather uncommon for locals to have separate bills, sometimes even regarded rude, especially when in larger groups. But in urban areas or places frequented by tourists this has changed over the last decades.In Middle Ea

12、stern cultures, going dutch is judged to be extremely rude. Traditions of hospitality play a great part in who pays, therefore an invitation will be given only when the host feels he/she is able to afford the expenses of all. Similarly, gender roles and age play a more important role than they would

13、 in Western societies.In Korea where rigid social systems are still in place, it is most common for the person of the highest social standing, such as a boss or an elder figure, to pay for the bill. This not only applies in a 1 to 1 situation but also in groups. Among the younger generation, it is q

14、uite common for friends to alternate when paying for the bill, or for one to pay for dinner and another pays for drinks.Tipping means leaving some small change on a restaurant table is a common way of giving a tip to the serving staff.A tip (also called a gratuity) is a payment made to certain servi

15、ce sector workers in addition to the advertised price of the transaction. The amount of a tip is typically calculated as a percentage of the transaction value before applicable taxes.1 Such payments and their size are a matter of social custom. Tipping varies among cultures and by service industry.

16、Though by definition a tip is never legally required, and its amount is at the discretion of the patron being served, in some circumstances failing to give an adequate tip when one is expected may be considered very miserly, a violation of etiquette, or unethical. In some other cultures or situation

17、s, giving a tip is not expected and offering one would be considered condescending or demeaning. In some circumstances (such as tipping government workers), tipping is illegal.Circumstances of tippingIn countries where tipping is expected (the United States for example), complicated unofficial stand

18、ards and customs have developed over the exact percentage to tip, and what should and should not be included in this calculation. In other cultures where tipping exists it is more flexible and no specific assumptions of the tip amount exist.Some believe tipping is an attempt by employers to shift th

19、e burden of paying wages onto the customer. Many consider the custom antiquated and an unnecessary level of complication for transactions. Others feel the practice is unfair to taxpayers who earn set wages, as many service people do not report 100% of their cash tips to the government. Another objec

20、tion is that different tips are given for the same amount and quality of restaurant service (a customer pays a larger tip for lobster than a hamburger, for example).Tipping is not expected when a fee is explicitly charged for the service. For example, a service charge for all patrons that is automat

21、ically added to the tab with no tipping is very common in Brazil, but its never mandatory to pay this charge.6 Bribery and corruption are sometimes disguised as tipping. In some places, police officers and other civil servants openly solicit tips, gifts and dubious fees using a variety of local euph

22、emisms. For example, a traffic policeman in Mexico might ask a commuter to buy him a refresco (soft drink), while a Nigerian officer might expect a little something for the weekend.ChinaIn China, traditionally there is no tipping. However, hotels that routinely serve foreign tourists may allow tippi

23、ng. An example would be tour guides and associated drivers.Hong KongTipping in Hong Kong is customary in some situations, but it can create legal issues due to some Hong Kong specific ordinances prohibiting tipping for certain services such as public utilities. Waiters, who have already received a c

24、ompulsory 10% service charge, may occasionally be given an additional gratuity.United StatesTipping is a widely practiced social custom in the United States. Standards vary, but generally, gratuities are given as a reward for services rendered in the restaurant, bar, hotel, and taxi industries.The a

25、mount of a tip is at the discretion of the person receiving the service. For most of the 20th century it was considered inappropriate for the owner of an establishment to accept any tips. Laws in several states (e.g. California, Oregon, Washington, etc.) require servers to be paid over minimum wage;

26、 elsewhere, wage laws allow fixed salaries lower than minimum wage for occupations where the majority of compensation is customarily from tips. Restaurants, Bars, Hotels, Taxicabs, Delivered Meals, Car washes, Tour Guides, Valets, Christmas/holiday tips, Government employees, TaxationHolidayIn Ameri

27、can Federal holidaysFederal holidays are designated by Congress in Title V of the United States Code (5 U.S.C.6103).1 If a holiday falls on a Saturday it is celebrated the preceding Friday; if a holiday falls on a Sunday it is celebrated the following Monday. Most, but not all, states and most priva

28、te businesses also observe a Sunday holiday on the following Monday. It is less common, however, for a state or private business to observe a Saturday holiday on the preceding Friday. Some states and private businesses may observe it then, a few may observe it on Monday, and some may not observe the

29、 holiday at all in those years. In particular, banks that close on Saturdays do not observe a holiday when it falls on Saturday.DateOfficial NameRemarksJanuary 1New Years DayCelebrates beginning of the Gregorian calendar year. Festivities include counting down to midnight (12:00 AM) on the preceding

30、 night, New Years Eve. Traditional end of holiday season.Third Monday in JanuaryBirthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., or Martin Luther King, Jr. DayHonors Martin Luther King, Jr., Civil Rights leader, who was actually born on January 15, 1929; combined with other holidays in several states.January 20

31、, the first January 20th following a Presidential electionInauguration DayObserved only by federal government employees in Washington D.C., and the border counties of Maryland and Virginia, in order to relieve congestion that occurs with this major event. Swearing-in of President of the United State

32、s and Vice President of the United States. Celebrated every fourth year. Note: Takes place on January 21 if the 20th is a Sunday (although the President is still privately inaugurated on the 20th). If Inauguration Day falls on a Saturday or a Sunday, the preceding Friday or following Monday is not a

33、 Federal Holiday.Third Monday in FebruaryWashingtons BirthdayWashingtons Birthday was first declared a federal holiday by an 1879 act of Congress. The Uniform Holidays Act, 1968, shifted the date of the commemoration of Washingtons Birthday from February 22 to the third Monday in February. Many peop

34、le now refer to this holiday as Presidents Day and consider it a day honoring all American presidents. However, neither the Uniform Holidays Act nor any subsequent law changed the name of the holiday from Washingtons Birthday to Presidents Day.2Last Monday in MayMemorial DayHonors the nations war de

35、ad from the Civil War onwards; marks the unofficial beginning of the summer season. (traditionally May 30, shifted by the Uniform Holidays Act 1968)July 4Independence DayCelebrates Declaration of Independence, also called the Fourth of July.First Monday in SeptemberLabor DayCelebrates the achievemen

36、ts of workers and the labor movement; marks the unofficial end of the summer season.Second Monday in OctoberColumbus DayHonors Christopher Columbus, traditional discoverer of the Americas. In some areas it is also a celebration of Italian culture and heritage. (traditionally October 12); celebrated

37、as American Indian Heritage Day and Fraternal Day in Alabama;3 celebrated as Native American Day in South Dakota.4 In Hawaii, it is celebrated as Discoverers Day, though is not an official state holiday.5November 11Veterans DayHonors all veterans of the United States armed forces. A traditional obse

38、rvation is a moment of silence at 11:00 a.m. remembering those killed in war. (Commemorates the 1918 armistice, which began at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month.)Fourth Thursday in NovemberThanksgiving DayTraditionally celebrates the giving of thanks for the autumn harvest.

39、 Traditionally includes the consumption of a turkey dinner. Traditional start of the holiday season. (Note: Thanksgiving is not celebrated on the same day in Canada).December 25ChristmasCelebrates the Nativity of Jesus. Some people consider aspects of this religious holiday, such as giving gifts and

40、 decorating a Christmas tree, to be secular rather than explicitly Christian.February 14Valentines DayTraditional celebration of love and romance, including the exchange of cards, candy, flowers, and other gifts.April 1April Fools DayA day to play tricks on family, friends, and coworkers, if so incl

41、ined, this day used to be the start of the New Year, the tradition started when New Years Day was moved from April 1st, to January 1.Spring Sunday (date varies), first Sunday after the first ecclesiastical full moon after the vernal equinoxEasterCelebrates the Christian belief in the resurrection of

42、 Jesus. For Christians, Easter is a day of religious services and the gathering of family. Many Americans follow old traditions of coloring hard-boiled eggs and giving children baskets of candy. On the next day, Easter Monday, the President of the United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the

43、 White House lawn for young children. The holiday is also often celebrated as a nonsectarian spring holiday. Not generally observed by most businesses as it always falls on a Sunday. Most financial markets and some other businesses close on the Friday prior, Good Friday (which is a state holiday in

44、many states). Roman Catholic and Protestant groups celebrate Easter on a different Sunday (most years) than Orthodox groups.Second Sunday in MayMothers DayHonors mothers and motherhood (made a Federal Holiday by Presidential order, although most Federal agencies are already closed on Sundays)Third S

45、unday in JuneFathers DayHonors fathers and fatherhoodOctober 31HalloweenCelebrates All Hallows Eve, decorations include jack olanterns, costume wearing parties, and candy such as candy corn are also part of the holiday. Kids go trick-or-treating to neighbors who give away candy. Not generally observ

46、ed by businesses.April 22 (varies by location and observance) Earth Day Spring, date variesArbor DayPublic holidays in the Peoples Republic of ChinaThere are currently seven official public holidays in the mainland territory of the Peoples Republic of China. There was a major reform in 2008, abolish

47、ing the Labour Day Golden Week and reintroducing pre-Liberation public holidays such as the Qingming Festival.1 A notable feature of mainland Chinese holidays is that people are often required to work at weekends in lieu of weekday holidays.DateEnglish nameChinese nameDuration (2008-)Duration (2000-

48、2007)Dates (2009)January 1New Year元旦1 day1 dayThu 1-Fri 2 January1st day of 1st lunar monthChinese New Year春节3 days3 daysSun 25-Sat 31 January5th Solar Term (April 4th or April 5th)Qing Ming Festival清明节1 dayN/AMon 6 AprilMay 1Labor Day劳动节1 day3 daysFri 1 May5th day of 5th lunar monthDragon Boat Fest

49、ival端午节1 dayN/AThu 28-Fri 29 May15th day of 8th lunar monthMid-Autumn Festival中秋节1 dayN/ACombined with National DayOctober 1National Day国庆节3 days3 daysThur 1 October-Thur 8 OctoberNote on duration and 2009 dates: Most sources in China count the total number of days off (including statutory holidays,

50、 transferred days and weekends), which is important for Chinese people working a seven-day week. E.g. a holiday on a Friday is always announced as a three day holiday (Friday-Sunday). See the references for details of transferred holidays in 2009. The table above does not count weekends.In all these

51、 holidays, if the holiday lands on a weekend, the days will be reimbursed after the weekend.The Chinese New Year and National Day holidays are three days long. The week-long holidays on May (Labor) Day and National Day began in 2000, as a measure to increase and encourage holiday spending. The resul

52、ting seven-day holidays are called Golden Weeks (黄金周), and have become peak seasons for travel and tourism. From 2008, the Labor Day holiday was shortened to one day, and three traditional Chinese holidays will be added.Generally, if there is a 3 day holiday, the government will declare it to be a 7

53、 day holiday, making the weekend after normal working days. This means that shops, banks, schools, etc., treat Saturday and Sunday as if they were Monday and Tuesday (or whatever weekdays they have been swapped with). The resulting disruption is accepted as normal.In addition to these holidays, appl

54、icable to the whole population, there are four official public holidays applicable to specific sections of the population:Table manners refer to the etiquette used while eating, which may also include the appropriate use of utensils. Different cultures observe different rules for table manners. Many

55、 table manners evolved out of practicality. For example, it is generally impolite to put elbows on tables, since doing so creates a risk of tipping over bowls and cups. Each family or group sets its own standards for how strictly these rules are to be enforced.Chinese table mannersMany of these rule

56、s concern the use of chopsticks. Generally, Chinese table manners are more informal than the West, although there are more rules concerning interactions with other guests due to high levels of social interaction as a result of the communal style of serving.Chopstick usage Chopsticks should always be

57、 held correctly, i.e. between the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand. When not in use, chopsticks must always be placed neatly on the table with two sticks lying tidily next to each other at both ends Never point the chopsticks at another person. Never wave your chopsticks around as if th

58、ey were an extension of your hand gestures. Never bang chopsticks like drumsticks. Never use chopsticks to move bowls or plates. Never suck the chopsticks. When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as with a fork; exceptions include tearing apart larger items such as vegetables. Never stab chopsticks vertically into a bowl of rice, Pick the food on the dish that is at the top and nearest to you in distance. Never rummage through the dish or pic