非谓语动词及不定式的用法详解

1、非谓语动词在英语中， 不是用作句子的谓语而是担任其它语法功能的动词叫非谓语动词。词有 3 种：不定式，动名词和分词。非谓语动不定式不定式由 “to do”构成， 其否定式 “not to do ”。不定式可带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有语态的变化，不定式可作主，宾，定，状，补，表，不能单独作谓语。一 . 不定式的用法1 作主语To see is to believe.It is right to give up smoking.2 作表语My job is to teach English.3 作宾语He wanted to go.I find it hard to wo

2、rk with him.We could do nothing but wait.We have no choice but to wait.cantchoose but do,cant help but do,cant but do常见用不定式作宾语的动词:want, wish, like, decide, help, ask, agree, afford, arrange, care, determine, fail, guarantee, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, pretend, promise, seek, prepare, refu

3、se, swear, expect, plan, would like, make up one s mind, be determined4 作补语He asked me to open the door.常见用不定式作宾补的动词:advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, caue, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, like, order, peruade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, consider practice:* 在感官动词fe

4、el, hear, listen to, see, look, notice, watch, observe, overhear（偷听） 和使役动词 make, let, have 等后的补语中，被动结构时，就必须带to不定式不带to， 但这些句子变成I often hear him sing the song.He is often heard to sing the song.5 作定语He is looking for a room to live in. Theres nothing to worry about.但不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或 way, 不定式后

5、面的介词习惯上要省去。We had no money and no place to live.不定式作定语的用法：(1) 用来修饰被序数词,最高级或 all, no, any 等限定的词e.g. He was the best man to do the job.This is the first factory to produce this kind of machine.(2) 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时, 不定式既可用主动语态 ,也可用被动语态, 但其含义不同.e.g. Do you have anything to send ? （ to send 的

6、动作执行者是“你” ）Do you have anything to be sent ? （ to send 的动作执行者是“我“或”别人“）(3) 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时 ,常用不定式作定语 ,常见的有 :ability,chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief,way, reason,moment, timee.g. His wish to visit China is quite understandable.(4) 在 形容词 +不定式 结构作表语 ,宾语和定语时 ,常用的 to do 主动

7、形式表被动 . e.g. The book is difficult to read.He is a man easy to get on with.（ 5）在不定式作表语 , 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系 , 而与句中的另一名词或代词之间有主谓关系时 , 用主动表被动 .e.g. He gave me some books to read.6 作状语I came here to see you.( 表目的 )in order to / so as toWe were excited to hear the news.（表原因）He hurried to the school (only) to

8、find nobody there.（表结果7 疑问词 +不定式，在句中起名词作用，可作主，宾，表He didn tknow what to say.How to solve the problem is very important.My question is when to start.8 作插入语To tell the truth, I don tagree with you.to be sureto be frankto sum upto begin /start withto make matters worseto be brief二不定式的时态，语态1 一般式：表示的动作与谓语

9、动作同时或在它之后发生He pretended not to knowme when I met him in the street.2 进行式：表示动作发生时，不定式动作正在发生He pretended to be reading English when I entered the classroom.3 完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前He is said to have learned English in Britain for a year.主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been doneT

10、he flowers need to be watered.A railway is said to be being built now.No harm seems to have been done.四不定式的省略为避免重复可用to 来代替前面的不定式，常出现在下列动词后expect, hope, wish,mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try或出现在be glad, be happy, would like/love 后eg: I haventbeen to Hong Kong, but I wish to.- Would you come to t

11、he party?- I d love to, but 如果在省略不定式中含有 be, have, have been 等系动词或助动词，这些词要保留。eg: - Are you on holiday?- No, but Id like to be.- I didn ttell him the news. - Oh, you ought to have.动名词动名词由动词 +ing 构成，具有动词和名词性质，其否定式在前加not, 在句中起名词的作用，可作主，宾，表，定语。一动名词的作用1 作主语Seeing is believing.Choosing what to eat is not a

12、s easy as before.There is no joking about such serious matters.It is no use / goodarguing with him.not any use / goodof little use / gooduseless动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一次具体动作）My father is a millionaire, but having money doesntsolve

13、all his problem.To save money now seems impossible.2 作表语 : My job is teaching.3 作宾语I like swimming.He is fond of playing football.* 下列动词或动词短语之后只接动名词作宾语（不接不定式作宾语）advise, allow, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider( 考虑 ), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, keep mind, miss(

14、错过 ), practice, permit, risk, resist, suggest,can t help( 情不自禁 )，cantstand(无法忍受 ), give up, feel like, put off, be busy, keep on, insist on, look forward to, stick to, devote to, get down to, be used to, object to, have difficulty/ trouble (in), have a good time (in)* 下列动词后可跟动名词作宾语，也可跟不定式作宾语，但意义不同。f

15、orgetgo oncanthelprememberstoptrymeanregret4 作定语He has a reading room.二动名词的时态和语态1 一般式： 动名词的动作没有明确表示是与谓语动作同时还是在其前发生时Were interested in playing chess. His coming will be of great help to us.2 完成式：如果动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，用完成式I m sorry for not having kept my promise.主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving

16、 been doneHe likes being helped.He was afraid of being left alone.The house showed no sign of having been damaged.* 动名词的主动形式表被动意义 be worth doingneed/ want/ require/ deserve doingstand/ bear doing三动名词的复合结构动名词的逻辑主语一般是和句子的主语一致，但也有不一致的情况。如果不一致，则要在动名词前加上其逻辑主语，构成动名词的复合结构。* 若动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语用物主代词或名词的所有格。His c

17、oming made me very happy. Peters coming made me very happy.* 若动名词作宾语时，既可用物主代词或名词的所有格，也可用人称代词宾格或名词普通格。She didntmind his (him) crying.Peters / Peter crying.* 若逻辑主语无生命时，用名词普通格。Is there any hope of our team winning the game?Practice:1. 我们认为她是对的 .2. 他被认为发明了第一台计算机 .3. 医生警告他不要吃太多的肉 .4. 你不准在这吸烟 .5. 她建议立刻采取行

18、动 . _6. 我打算明天去上海 ._7. 当老师进来的时候 ,同学们假装正在看书 ._8. 没有人喜欢被看不起 ._9. 他承认偷了汽车_10. Will the Johnsons leave for Australia this spring ? -No, they finally decided _.A. not to leaveB. not leavingC. not toD. not to be leaving分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词。 现在分词的构成式在其前加 not, 分词句中可作定，状，补，表。v+ing,过去分词为v +ed。其否定一分词的时态和语态过去分词无时态和语态

19、变化现在分词有时态和语态变化主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done一般式表示和谓语动作同时发生Being a student, he was interested in books.The question being discussed is important.完成式表示在谓语动作之前发生Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming

20、gave up smoking.二分词的作用1 作定语e.g区别We cantdrink the polluted water.the water polluted by the wasteThe man standing by the window is our teacher.who is standing ( 进行 )The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.which stands (状态 )A young teacher teachingEnglish applied for the jo

21、b.who teaches (经常性的动作 )boiling waterfalling leavesboiled waterfallen leavesa drowning mana puzzling expressiona drowned mana puzzled expressionto be done 被动 ,将来being done 被动 ,正在进行done 被动 ,完成e.g. Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students

22、.The question to be discussed at tomorrow s meeting is a very important one.2 作表语The news is inspiring.The glass is broken.3 作补语 常用的动词为感官动词：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, observe, notice, find使役动词： have, make, get, keep, leave, catchWe saw the teacher doing the experiment. (see sb. do 区

23、别 )He tried to make himself understood.区别：感官动词+to do 主动 ,全过程doing 主动 ,正在进行done 被动 ,完成使役动词make sb.sth.dodonelet sb. dohave sb.sth.dodoingdoneget sb.sth.to dodoingdoneYou must get your hair cut.My mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.I llhaveget my bike repaired tomorrow.I cantget the car st

24、arting. with/ without + 宾语 +宾补He fell asleep with the lamp burning.Without a word spoken, he went away.4. 作状语Being a student, I must study hard. ( 原因 )While readingthe book, he nodded from time to time. ( 时间 ) （相当于状语从句的省略） “Cantyou read?”He said angrily, pointing to the notice. ( 伴随 )The accident ha

25、ppened, killing three.( 结果 )Taken 3 times a day, the medicine will have a good effect. ( 条件 )The teacher came into the classroom, followed by some students.The teacher came into the classroom, following some students.分词与主句之间不能用连词or, and, but, so 等，Having been told many times, but he still couldntund

26、erstand it.He had been told many times, but he still couldn tunderstand it.doing 表主动 having done 先后顺序 ,先于主句动作 done 被动(注:这里的主动被动是看非谓语动词同主句主语之间的关系)练习 :1) When _ different cultures, we often only pay attention to the differences between them.A. comparedB. being comparedC. comparingD. having compared2)

27、_ for the mistake she has made, Alice felt very sad.A. BlameB. BlamedC. BlamingD. To blame3) Football is played by many countries, _ it become the most popular game inworld.A. makeB. makingC. madeD. to make4) He came into his office, _ by two guards.A. followedB. to followC. followD. following5) _ t

28、he lab, the vistors go on to see the playground.A. seeB. seenC. seeingD. having seen6)_ with the sea of the whole earth, the biggest sea doesn tseem big at all.A. compareB. when comparingC. comparingD. when comparedthe7) Never _ faith in herself, the scientist determined to go on making experiment.A. losingB. loseC. lostD. having lost8). _ in thought, he came into the classroom.A. LosingB. LoseC.LostD.Having