高考英语高考英语阅读理解的解题方法与技巧PPT课课件

1、高三英语专题复习宋海锋 理解主旨要义。理解主旨要义。理解文中具体信息理解文中具体信息, ,并从中获取相关信息并从中获取相关信息根据上下文推测生词的词义。根据上下文推测生词的词义。作出判断和推理。作出判断和推理。理解文章的基本结构。理解文章的基本结构。理解作者的意图和态度理解作者的意图和态度。阅读理解考什么？阅读理解考什么？考题特点1 1，题材丰富，体裁多样，题材丰富，体裁多样 文体文体: : 记叙文记叙文 、说明文说明文 、议论文议论文、 应用文。注重考查学生对说明文和应用文。注重考查学生对说明文和 议论文的理解。议论文的理解。题材题材：生活，文化，时事，历史，生活，文化，时事，历史， 人物，

2、社会，科技，艺术，健康等人物，社会，科技，艺术，健康等各个方面各个方面2 2，词汇量大，要求高，词汇量大，要求高， 活用词比比皆是活用词比比皆是近几年高考英语阅读量在近几年高考英语阅读量在20002000个词以上，并逐年增加。提高个词以上，并逐年增加。提高阅读速度是高考命题的一大趋阅读速度是高考命题的一大趋势。势。 3 3，语篇结构较为复杂，语篇结构较为复杂， 长难句较多长难句较多作者在阐述问题时使用了多种作者在阐述问题时使用了多种 语篇手段和修辞方法，其篇章语篇手段和修辞方法，其篇章和句子结构几乎囊括了英语语和句子结构几乎囊括了英语语法中的所有语法现象。法中的所有语法现象。 4 4，加大了对

3、整体语篇理解，加大了对整体语篇理解， 概括，细节判断和推理能力概括，细节判断和推理能力的考查的考查设问方式集中在设问方式集中在：主旨大意题主旨大意题细节理解题，分析推理题，词细节理解题，分析推理题，词义猜测题义猜测题。针对文章细节，注。针对文章细节，注重考生推理判断能力的考查。重考生推理判断能力的考查。 不同类型问题的解题方法不同类型问题的解题方法 与技巧与技巧 1.1.主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型 2.2.推测判断类题型推测判断类题型3.3.事实细节类题型事实细节类题型 4.4.猜测词义类题型猜测词义类题型 1.1.主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型 主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对主旨大意类题型主要

4、测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接段的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接找到答案。找到答案。 1 1）常见提问方式）常见提问方式 7 7）The authors The authors main purposemain purpose in writing the in writing the passage is to passage is to 8 8）The passage The passage is meant tois meant to . .2 2）解

5、题方法）解题方法A.A.分析篇章结构，找出文章主题分析篇章结构，找出文章主题 B.B.全面分析细节，准确概括大意全面分析细节，准确概括大意 C.C.抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心 A.A.分析篇章结构，找出文章主题分析篇章结构，找出文章主题 在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第第一句或第二句二句, , 即即文章的主题句文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。来归纳出文章的主题。 若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段

6、的首句第一段的首句外，外，还须仔细阅读还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句每一段的第一句，即，即段落中心段落中心。还有些文。还有些文章章中心句在全文的最后中心句在全文的最后。此类文章往往以列举事实开头，。此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证最后阐述核心观点。因此，通过论证最后阐述核心观点。因此，仔细阅读这类文章仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句或段落的首尾句是是关键关键 。Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or ot

7、her red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti（意大利面条）, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft dri

8、nk. In modern society there is a great deal of In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Othe

9、rs say that social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.relationship between people. Q: Wh

10、at does this passage mainly talk about? Q: What does this passage mainly talk about? A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.A. Competition helps to set up self-respect. B. Opinions about competition are different B. Opinions about competition are different among people.among people. C. Competit

11、ion is harmful to personal quality C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.development. D. Failures are necessary experience in D. Failures are necessary experience in competition. competition. B B1 1）主题句在段首）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科

12、技文献和新闻报道中多采用这文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式种格式。Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.

13、 On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part

14、 in our daily life.Sample 32 2）主题句也会出现在段尾。）主题句也会出现在段尾。 作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据, , 层层推理论证层层推理论证, , 最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论, , 即段落的主题。即段落的主题。Sample 4Sample 4 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inve

15、ntions are so helpful to a Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a

16、 Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been the light of the campfire has been out.out.（3 3）在短文中间）在短文中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时当主题句被安排在段中间

17、时, , 通常通常前面只提出问题，前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出在文中导出, , 而后又作进一步的解而后又作进一步的解释释, , 支撑或发展支撑或发展. .B.B.全面分析细节，准确概括大意全面分析细节，准确概括大意 在阅读中一定要对文章中提供的信在阅读中一定要对文章中提供的信息进行全面的分析。既息进行全面的分析。既不能片面行事，不能片面行事，亦不可随意扩大亦不可随意扩大。在解题时一定要仔。在解题时一定要仔细分析文章的细节，找出共同点，然细分析文章的细节，找出共同点，然后才能做出准确的判断。后才能做出准确的判断。

18、 Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. People play lacrosse outdoors. There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians. Q: The passage is

19、mainly about . A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. LacrosseA Popular Game in Canada D DC.C.抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心 有些文章像记叙文，主题思想不是有些文章像记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要通过阅读全文，抓住需要通过阅读全文，抓住关键字或主关键字或主要论题要论题来归纳中心思想。来归纳中心思想。 例题1：(2008年全国高考安徽卷C篇) The

20、main purpose of the text is _. A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad 答案与解析：选B。主旨大意题。本文没有明确的主题句，中心主题隐含在全文之中。明显的主题句。通读

21、全文后可知，文章主要是给我们介绍了握手的一些具体事实。由此可知答案B正确。 例题例题2:2: (2008(2008年全国高考年全国高考 山东卷山东卷A A篇）篇） What is the text mainly about?What is the text mainly about? A. Exact campus crime statistics A. Exact campus crime statistics B. Crimes on or around campuses B. Crimes on or around campuses C. Effective solutions to c

22、ampus C. Effective solutions to campus crimecrime D. Concerns about kids campus D. Concerns about kids campus safetysafety 答案与解析：选答案与解析：选D D。该篇文章没有明显的。该篇文章没有明显的主题句，但通过对文章四段的主旨分析，主题句，但通过对文章四段的主旨分析，很容易得出全文紧紧围绕很容易得出全文紧紧围绕 “ “关注大学校园关注大学校园安全问题（安全问题（Concerns about kids Concerns about kids campus safetycam

23、pus safety）”。2.2.推推理理判断类题型判断类题型 要求考生纵观全文，在掌握全文提供的各项要求考生纵观全文，在掌握全文提供的各项信息的基础上进行正确的逻辑推理，推断作者的信息的基础上进行正确的逻辑推理，推断作者的意图；人物的动机、目的、性格特征；事件的前意图；人物的动机、目的、性格特征；事件的前因后果；因后果； 语言中的语气等。此类题属于深层理语言中的语气等。此类题属于深层理解题，难度最大。但要取得高分就必须抓好此类解题，难度最大。但要取得高分就必须抓好此类考题。考题。 1 1）常见提问方式）常见提问方式 2 2）解题方法）解题方法 A.A.利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理利用已知信息，

24、进行逻辑推理 B.B.结合一般常识，分析提供信息结合一般常识，分析提供信息 C.C.注意表层意思，悟出深层含义注意表层意思，悟出深层含义 THANK YOUSUCCESS2022-2-22可编辑A.A.利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理 推理判断题的答案一般在文中不可能直接找到，但推理判断题的答案一般在文中不可能直接找到，但这并不意味着读者可以随意判断。解答此类题时必须充这并不意味着读者可以随意判断。解答此类题时必须充分利用文中所提供的信息进行合乎逻辑的推断。分利用文中所提供的信息进行合乎逻辑的推断。 在做这类题时必须要注意两点：在做这类题时必须要注意两点：第一第一，要分清题

25、目，要分清题目是问作者的观点还是读者的观点，二者不可混淆。是问作者的观点还是读者的观点，二者不可混淆。第二第二，不要脱离原文凭自己意愿乱推测或只凭常识推测。所做不要脱离原文凭自己意愿乱推测或只凭常识推测。所做出的答案一定要在文中直接或间接找到依据或理由。出的答案一定要在文中直接或间接找到依据或理由。 nExample 1Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistantto the shop assi

26、stant，“I need two small mice I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂蟑螂) and two ) and two spiders.”spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised.shop assistant was very surpri

27、sed. “Well “Well，”replied the manreplied the man，“Im moving out Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”condition as I

28、found it.” Q Q：The passage suggests that when the writer The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it wasmoved into the house, it was _. _.A. very clean B. just cleaned by the A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlordlandlordC. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of C. t

29、idy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insectsinsectsD DB. B. 结合一般常识结合一般常识, ,分析提供信息分析提供信息 在对文章进行分析判断时，有时在对文章进行分析判断时，有时在文章所提供信息的基础上，读者在文章所提供信息的基础上，读者还需要运用一般常识进行合理推断。还需要运用一般常识进行合理推断。 MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-Canada border(Canada border(边界边界) to go to chur

30、ch on a ) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new breaking Washingtons strict new security(security(安全安全) rules.) rules. We learn from the text that Richard Albert We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _

31、.is _. A. an American living in Township 15 A. an American living in Township 15 B. a Canadian living in a Quebec village B. a Canadian living in a Quebec village C. a Canadian working in a customs C. a Canadian working in a customs stationstation D. an American working in a Canadian D. an American

32、working in a Canadian churchchurchA A Albert was fined because he Albert was fined because he _._. A. failed to obey traffic A. failed to obey traffic rules.rules. B. broke the American security B. broke the American security rules. rules. C. worked in St. Pamphile C. worked in St. Pamphile without

33、without a pass. a pass. D. damaged the gate of the D. damaged the gate of the customs office. customs office.B BC.C.注意表层意思注意表层意思, ,悟出深层含义悟出深层含义 在进行阅读判断时还要注意在语篇在进行阅读判断时还要注意在语篇层面上进行深层的连贯性思考，要学层面上进行深层的连贯性思考，要学会会去伪存真、由表及里去伪存真、由表及里去推测作者的去推测作者的真正意图。考试中这类题目不多但是真正意图。考试中这类题目不多但是难度较大，极易失分难度较大，极易失分 。 Some peop

34、le are never right. They never have Some people are never right. They never have good luck. So these people always have problems. good luck. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.buses and a

35、irplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He seldom has problems. He never misses buses or seldom has problems. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss themairplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is it is always the fault of t

36、he buses or air planes. Mr. always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He never saysNeff knows almost everything. He never says，“I dont know.”I dont know.” Q: Q: Which of the following best describes the Which of the following best describes the writers attitude t

37、o Mr. Neff?writers attitude to Mr. Neff? A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand. A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful. B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful. C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff. C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff. D. He does not like Mr. Neff. D. He does not like

38、 Mr. Neff.3.3.细节类题型细节类题型 考查学生找出阅读材料中的某考查学生找出阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章中主要事实一特定细节或文章中主要事实的能力。的能力。 细节题的考查每年高考中都有一定细节题的考查每年高考中都有一定比例。一般难度较低，属于浅层理比例。一般难度较低，属于浅层理解题，得分率较高。解题，得分率较高。 1 1）常见提问方式）常见提问方式 以以what, which, wherewhat, which, where等疑问词开头等疑问词开头, ,后接短后接短文具体内容提问；文具体内容提问；以以from the text, according to from the tex

39、t, according to 开头开头, ,后接后接短文具体内容提问；短文具体内容提问；以某个细节提问；以某个细节提问；以以true, not true true, not true 提问；提问；就文中细节进行简单计算、排序、识图等提问。就文中细节进行简单计算、排序、识图等提问。 2 2）解题方法）解题方法 细节类题型的共同特点是：就文中某一个事细节类题型的共同特点是：就文中某一个事实或细节提问。要求考生在文中找出相关的事实实或细节提问。要求考生在文中找出相关的事实或细节。此类题型的解题方法是或细节。此类题型的解题方法是“三步定位三步定位法法” ：1)1)我们先通过题干信息来我们先通过题干信

40、息来选择定位词选择定位词( (关关键词键词) )，2)2)返回原文返回原文，查找这个词在文中哪句话，查找这个词在文中哪句话中出现，中出现，3)3)题目的答案题目的答案一般就包含在这句话中直一般就包含在这句话中直接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到. . Scientists say were all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have

41、 simply worked harder at developing it. （2008上海卷A） Scientists believe that_. A. some babies are born with a sense of direction. B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow older C. people never lose their sense of direction D. everybody possesses a sense of direction from birthD D “Children as

42、 young as seven have the ability to find their way around,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage? A. They never have a sense of direction without maps B. They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of di

43、rection C. They have a sense of direction and can find their way around D. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.C C Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Accordi

44、ng to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to _. A. ask policemen for directions. B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourself C. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs D. count the number of landmarks that you seeB B 在做细节题时一定要具有在做细节题时一定要具有迅速获取迅速获取有效信息有效信息的能力

45、。按考试说明规定做的能力。按考试说明规定做阅读题的时间是阅读题的时间是3535分钟，但在考试中分钟，但在考试中一般学生做阅读题都超过了这一规定一般学生做阅读题都超过了这一规定时间。问题在于考生阅读速度太慢，时间。问题在于考生阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的阅读技巧。缺乏一定的阅读技巧。 有些阅读材料如新闻报道，故事，应用有些阅读材料如新闻报道，故事，应用文体等在阅读时不必逐字逐句去理解，可文体等在阅读时不必逐字逐句去理解，可先进行快速先进行快速略读略读（skimskim）领会文章大概意）领会文章大概意思，再看题目，然后根据题目要求再思，再看题目，然后根据题目要求再扫读扫读（scanscan）文章，获取

46、相关信息。与题目无）文章，获取相关信息。与题目无关的内容完全不必费时去理会。关的内容完全不必费时去理会。 4. 4. 猜测词义类题型猜测词义类题型 在阅读中常要求学生猜测某些单词在阅读中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年高考中均有此类或短语的意思。历年高考中均有此类题目。有的文章尽管没有专门设题，题目。有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解之中。 1) 1) 词义猜测题词义猜测题 1 1）从文章）从文章, ,段落段落, ,句子的结构去推测词义。句子的结构去推测词义

47、。 2 2）借助作者对词义的解释。）借助作者对词义的解释。 3 3）从上下文的对比中猜到词义。）从上下文的对比中猜到词义。 4 4）运用常识进行判断。）运用常识进行判断。 5 5）利用例证猜词）利用例证猜词 6)6)根据复述或同等关系猜测词义根据复述或同等关系猜测词义 2 2）解题方法）解题方法1 1）从文章）从文章, ,段落段落, ,句子的结构去推测词义句子的结构去推测词义 “No crime whatsoever?” “No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just comments Mahoney today. “ I jus

48、t dont buy it.” Nor should he: dont buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses.around our campuses. Q: The underlin

49、ed word “buy” Q: The underlined word “buy” in the third paragraph means _.in the third paragraph means _. A. mind B. admit A. mind B. admit C. believe D. expect C. believe D. expectC C2 2）借助作者对词义的解释。）借助作者对词义的解释。 例题例题1 1：WrestlingWrestling is the game which is is the game which is played by two stron

50、g people; one played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on player tried to get the other down on the floor.the floor. 例题例题2 2：Scientists grow large Scientists grow large quantities of common mould(quantities of common mould(霉菌霉菌) )so so that they can get penicillin(that the

51、y can get penicillin(盘尼西林盘尼西林(青霉素青霉素) ) from it in order to make from it in order to make antibioticsantibiotics, that is, substances that , that is, substances that kill germs(kill germs(细菌细菌) ) . .抗生素抗生素摔跤摔跤 Some family names were made by adding something to the fathers name. English-speaking peop

52、le added s or son. The Johnsons are descendants of John; （2010江苏） The underlined word “descendants” in the last paragraph means a persons _.A. later generations B. friends and relativesC. colleagues and partnersD. later sponsorsA A3 3）从上下文的对比中猜到词义）从上下文的对比中猜到词义 The plant is often pruned so that it Th

53、e plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. PruningPruning is important because it encourages is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these

54、 shoots that the leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got. (08best tea is got. (08江西江西) ) Q: The under lined word “pruning” means Q: The under lined word “pruning” means A Aregular cutting of the plantsregular cutting of the plantsB Bfrequent watering frequent watering C Cregular use

55、 of chemicalsregular use of chemicalsD Dgrowing the plants high in the mountaingrowing the plants high in the mountainA A She didnt hear what you said She didnt hear what you said because she was completely because she was completely engrossedengrossed in her reading. in her reading. The underlined word “The underlined word “engrossedengrossed” ” can be replaced bycan be replaced by _. _. A. Lost in B. busy A. Lost in B. busy C. correcting D. making progress C. correcting D. making progressA A4 4）运用常识进行判断）运用常识进行判断 例题例题1 1：Young