微生物学：第一章 绪言

1、微生物学Microbiology|关于双语教学。|课前、课堂与课后要求。|平时成绩与期未考试,实验课。|几点期望：|Lectures (40 hours)|Laboratory practices (32 hours for 8 times with reports)|Mini-test (1 time, experiment)|Open-laboratory practices|Final examination, in English and Chinese.ArrangementWhy should we study microbiology? Two major reasonsMicr

2、obiology deals with many important practical problems in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Biochemical and genetic study As a basic biological science As an applied biological science Provides research tools 微生物学（英汉对照 ）.2010年出版。 Microbiology (Fifth Edition) （微生物学，第五版），Lansing M. Prescott，John P H

3、arley，2002年12月。高等教育出版社，影印版 中文用书。微生物学，沈萍主编（第二版）。2006年，高教出版社。国家十一五教材。How to use your textbook ?CHAPTER OUTLINE (Page xxii.)Chapter Concepts: briefly summarize some of the most important concepts the student should master.SUMMARY provides definitions of important terms within each chapter.CRITICAL THIN

4、KING QUESTIONS challenge the students mastery of chapter concepts.QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT AND REVIEW: allow students to test their analytical and problem-solving skills. 中英对照中英对照。Microbiology, fifth EditionA very effective study technique to you SurveyQuestion ReadReviseRecord ReviewSQ4R TechniqueOn p

5、age XXV Survey 浏览浏览Briefly scan the chapter to become familiar with its general content. The survey should give you a feel for the topic and how the chapter is approaching it. Question提问提问 As you reach each main heading or subheading, try to compose an important question or two that you believe the

6、section will answer. This habit facilitates促进 active reading and learning. Read精读精读 Carefully read the section. Read to understand concepts and major points, and try to find the answer to your preview questions. Revise修正修正After reading the section, revise your questions to more accurately reflect th

7、e sections contents. Record记录记录 Underline the information in the text that answers your questions. This process will give you good material to use in preparing for exams. Review复习复习 Review the information by trying to answer your questions without looking at the text. You will retain much more if yo

8、u review the material several times. Chapter 1 Introduction第一章第一章 绪言绪言Chapter outline1 What is a microbe?2 The importance of Microbiology.3 Microbes in our lives.4 The history of microbiology.5 Important events in the development of microbiology.第第一一章章绪绪言言请带着以上问题听课请带着以上问题听课第第一一章章绪绪言言一、一、微生物概述微生物概述二、

9、二、微生物学的重要性微生物学的重要性三、三、微生物学的研究内微生物学的研究内 容与成就容与成就 四、四、微生物学的应用前景微生物学的应用前景五、五、显微镜下的微生物显微镜下的微生物 一、微生物概述一、微生物概述1、 什么是微生物什么是微生物?2、 生物中哪些是微生物生物中哪些是微生物3、 微生物的特点微生物的特点第第一一章章绪绪言言第第一一章章绪绪言言1、 什么是微生物什么是微生物whats microbes?|微生物微生物(microbe，microorganism)通通常是指只有借助显微镜才能看得见常是指只有借助显微镜才能看得见的微小生物。的微小生物。|微生物微生物是指大量的、极其多样的、

10、是指大量的、极其多样的、只有借助显微镜才能看得见的微小只有借助显微镜才能看得见的微小生物类群的总称。生物类群的总称。|微生物通常包括微生物通常包括病毒病毒、亚病毒（类亚病毒（类病毒、拟病毒、朊病毒）病毒、拟病毒、朊病毒）、具原核具原核细胞结构的细菌细胞结构的细菌、古菌古菌以及以及具真核具真核细胞结构的真菌（酵母、霉菌、蕈细胞结构的真菌（酵母、霉菌、蕈菌等）菌等）、原生动物原生动物和和单细胞藻类单细胞藻类，它们的大小和特征见它们的大小和特征见表表1.1所示。所示。|Definition of microbe:The word microbe (microorganism) is used to

11、describe an organism that is so small that, normally, it cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. Viruses, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa and some Algae are all included in this category.第第一一章章绪绪言言Most of the archaea, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are single-celled microorganisms, and eve

12、n the multicelled microbes do not have a great range of cell types. Viruses are not even cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and incapable of independent existence.The size and cell type of microbes 表表1.1 微生物形态、大小和细胞类型微生物形态、大小和细胞类型 AcellularProkaryoteukaryoteProtozoaEukaryoteEu

13、karyote2、 生物中哪些是微生物生物中哪些是微生物生生 物物细胞生物细胞生物非细胞生物：病毒、亚病毒、朊病毒非细胞生物：病毒、亚病毒、朊病毒原核生物：细菌、古菌、放线菌原核生物：细菌、古菌、放线菌See Page 11.See Page 11.真核生物：真菌、单细胞藻类、真核生物：真菌、单细胞藻类、 原生动物原生动物Bacteria = Eubacteria(真细菌真细菌) + Archaea(古菌古菌) Microbial worldOrganisms (living)Infectious agents (non-living)Prokaryotes (unicellular)euka

14、ryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae (unicellular or multicellular)Fungi (unicellular or multicellular)Protozoa (unicellular)Other (multicellular organisms)Page 11Page 7-103、微生物的特点、微生物的特点|体积小，比表面积大体积小，比表面积大|吸收多，转化快吸收多，转化快|生长旺，繁殖快生长旺，繁殖快|适应强，易变异适应强，易变异|分布广，种类多分布广，种类多*微生物的生物多样性？微生物的生物多样性？二

15、、微生物学二、微生物学(Microbiology)的重要性的重要性微生物与人类生活所有方面微生物与人类生活所有方面紧密联系，下面仅列出几个：紧密联系，下面仅列出几个：环境、医药、食品、生物技术、环境、医药、食品、生物技术、科学研究、工业、农业科学研究、工业、农业|The Environment: (microbial ecology, page10-11)Microbes are responsible for the cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, all essential components of living organisms

16、. They are found in association with plants in symbiotic（共生的） relationships, maintain soil fertility and may also be used to clean up the environment of toxic compounds. Some microbes are devastating（全然的） plant pathogens, which destroy important food crops, but others may act as biological control a

17、gents against these diseases.Wastes biological treatment.|Medicine. (page 8-10)The disease-causing ability of some microbes such as smallpox, cholera (霍乱) and malaria(疟疾) is well known. However, microorganisms have also provided us with the means of their control in the form of antibiotics and other

18、 medically important drugs, antibiotics and probiotics, for example.|Food.Microbes have been used for thousands of years, in many processes, to produce food, from brewing and wine making through cheese production and bread making, to the manufacture of soy sauce. At the other end of the scale, micro

19、bes are responsible for food spoilage(变质), and disease-causing microbes are frequently carried on food.|Biotechnology.Traditionally microbes have been used to synthesize many important chemicals such as acetone and acetic acid. More recently, the advent (出现) of genetic engineering techniques has led

20、 to the cloning of pharmaceutically important polypeptides into microbes, which may then be produced on a large scale.|Research.Microbes have been used extensively as model organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetic processes as they are much easier to work with than more complex ani

21、mals and plants. Millions of copies of the same cell can be produced in large numbers very quickly and at low cost to give plenty of homogeneous experimental material. An additional advantage is that most people have no ethical (伦理的) objections to experiments with these microorganisms.三、微生物学的研究内容与成就

22、三、微生物学的研究内容与成就1. 微生物学的基本内容微生物学的基本内容2. 微生物学发展中的重大事件微生物学发展中的重大事件 3. 几个重要人物几个重要人物1、微生物学的基本内容、微生物学的基本内容 微生物细胞的结构和功能，研究细微生物细胞的结构和功能，研究细胞的构建及其能量、物质、信息的胞的构建及其能量、物质、信息的运转；运转；微生物的进化和多样性，研究微生微生物的进化和多样性，研究微生物的种类，它们之间的相似性和区物的种类，它们之间的相似性和区别，以及微生物的起源；别，以及微生物的起源；生态学规律，研究不同微生物之间生态学规律，研究不同微生物之间以及它们同环境之间的相互作用；以及它们同环境

23、之间的相互作用；微生物同人类的关系。微生物同人类的关系。 2、微生物学发展中的重大事件微生物学发展中的重大事件 (page 3 table 1.1)时时 间间重重 大大 事事 件件1857巴斯德证明乳酸发酵是由微生物引起的巴斯德证明乳酸发酵是由微生物引起的1861巴斯德用曲颈瓶实验证明微生物非自然发生，推翻了争论已久的巴斯德用曲颈瓶实验证明微生物非自然发生，推翻了争论已久的“自生说自生说”1864巴斯德建立巴氏消毒法巴斯德建立巴氏消毒法1867Lister创立了消毒外科，并首次成功地进行了石炭酸消毒试验创立了消毒外科，并首次成功地进行了石炭酸消毒试验1867-1877柯赫证明炭疽病由炭疽杆菌引

24、起柯赫证明炭疽病由炭疽杆菌引起1881柯赫等首创用明胶固体培养基分离细菌，巴斯德制备了炭疽菌苗柯赫等首创用明胶固体培养基分离细菌，巴斯德制备了炭疽菌苗1882柯赫柯赫*发现结核杆菌发现结核杆菌1884柯赫法则首次发表；柯赫法则首次发表；Metchnikoff*阐述吞噬作用；建立高压蒸汽灭菌和革兰氏染色法阐述吞噬作用；建立高压蒸汽灭菌和革兰氏染色法1885巴斯德研究狂犬疫苗成功，开创了免疫学巴斯德研究狂犬疫苗成功，开创了免疫学1887Richard Petri发明了双层培养皿发明了双层培养皿1888Beijerinck首次分离根瘤菌首次分离根瘤菌1890Von Behring*制备抗毒素治疗白喉

25、和破伤风制备抗毒素治疗白喉和破伤风1891Steinberg与巴斯德同时发现了肺炎球菌与巴斯德同时发现了肺炎球菌1892Ivanowsky提供烟草花叶病毒是由病毒引起的证据；提供烟草花叶病毒是由病毒引起的证据；Winogradsky发现硫循环发现硫循环1897Buchner用无细胞存在的酵母菌抽提液对葡萄糖进行酒精发酵成功用无细胞存在的酵母菌抽提液对葡萄糖进行酒精发酵成功1899Ross*证实疟疾病原菌由蚊子传播证实疟疾病原菌由蚊子传播1909-1910Ricketts发现立克次氏体；发现立克次氏体；Ehrtich*首次合成了治疗梅毒的化学治疗剂首次合成了治疗梅毒的化学治疗剂1928Griff

26、ith发现细菌转化发现细菌转化1929Fleming*发现青霉素发现青霉素1935Stanley*首次提纯了烟草花叶病毒，并获得了它的首次提纯了烟草花叶病毒，并获得了它的“蛋白质结晶蛋白质结晶”1943Luria*和和Delbruck*用波动试验证明细菌噬菌体的抗性是基因自发突变所致；用波动试验证明细菌噬菌体的抗性是基因自发突变所致；Chain*和和Florey*形成青霉素工业化形成青霉素工业化生产的工艺生产的工艺19441944AveryAvery等证实转化过程中等证实转化过程中DNADNA是遗传信息的载体；是遗传信息的载体；WaksmanWaksman* *发现链霉素发现链霉素1946-1

27、9471946-1947LederbergLederberg* *和和TatumTatum发现细菌的接合现象、基因连锁现象发现细菌的接合现象、基因连锁现象19491949EndersEnders* *、RobbinsRobbins* *和和WellerWeller* *在非神经的组织培养中，培养脊髓灰质炎病毒成功在非神经的组织培养中，培养脊髓灰质炎病毒成功19521952HersheyHershey* *和和ChaseChase发现噬菌体将发现噬菌体将DNADNA注入宿主细胞；注入宿主细胞；LederbergLederberg* *发明了影印培养法；发明了影印培养法；ZinderZinder和

28、和LederbergLederberg发现普遍性转导发现普遍性转导19531953WatsonWatson* *和和CrickCrick* *提出提出DNADNA双螺旋结构双螺旋结构19561956UmbargerUmbarger发现反馈阻遏现象发现反馈阻遏现象19611961JacobJacob* *和和MonodMonod* *提出基因调节的操纵子模型提出基因调节的操纵子模型1961-19661961-1966HolhyHolhy* *、KhoranaKhorana* *、NirenbergNirenberg* *等阐明遗传密码等阐明遗传密码19691969EdelmanEdelman*

29、*测定了抗体蛋白分子的一级结构测定了抗体蛋白分子的一级结构1970-19721970-1972ArberArber* *、NathansNathans* *和和SmithSmith* *发现并提纯了限制性内切酶发现并提纯了限制性内切酶；TeminTemin和和BaltimoreBaltimore发现反转录酶发现反转录酶19731973AmesAmes建立细菌测定法检测致癌物；建立细菌测定法检测致癌物；CohenCohen等首次将重组质粒转人大肠杆菌成功等首次将重组质粒转人大肠杆菌成功19751975K Khlerhler和和MilsteinMilstein* *建立生产单克隆抗体技术建立生产单

30、克隆抗体技术19771977WoeseWoese提出古生菌是不同于细菌和真核生物的特殊类群；提出古生菌是不同于细菌和真核生物的特殊类群；SangerSanger* *首次对首次对 X174X174噬菌体噬菌体DNADNA进行了全序列进行了全序列分析分析1982198219831983CechCech* *和和AltmanAltman* *发现具催化活性的发现具催化活性的RNA(ribozyme)RNA(ribozyme)；McClintockMcClintock* *发现的转座因子获得公认；发现的转座因子获得公认；PrusinerPrusiner* *发现朊病毒发现朊病毒(prion)(pri

31、on)1983-19841983-1984GalloGallo和和MontagnierMontagnier分离和鉴定人免疫缺陷病毒；分离和鉴定人免疫缺陷病毒；MullisMullis* *建立建立PCRPCR技术技术19881988DeisenhoferDeisenhofer等发现并研究细菌的光合色素等发现并研究细菌的光合色素19891989BishopBishop* *和和VarmusVarmus* *发现癌基因发现癌基因19951995第一个独立生活的生物第一个独立生活的生物( (流感嗜血杆菌流感嗜血杆菌) )全基因组序列测定完成全基因组序列测定完成19961996第一个自养生活的古生菌基

32、因组测定完成第一个自养生活的古生菌基因组测定完成19971997第一个真核生物第一个真核生物( (啤酒酵母啤酒酵母) )基因组测序完成基因组测序完成 The discovery of microorganismsThe spontaneous generation conflictThe recognition of microbial role in diseaseThe discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matterThe development of microbiology in this century16

33、32-1732，荷兰人，布匹商。右为他发明的显微镜并首次为人，荷兰人，布匹商。右为他发明的显微镜并首次为人类做了比较精确的微生物记录与描述。类做了比较精确的微生物记录与描述。(the science of microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid 16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Robert Hooke and Leeuwenhoek made their first records of mic

34、robes.)Leeuwenhoeks drawings of bacteria from the human mouth.A drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.lensObject being viewedadjustingscrews1822-1895，法国人。否定自生说、发明巴斯德消毒等Disproved Spontaneous generationIn the field of observation, chance favo

35、rs only prepared minds. - Louis Pasteur1843-1910，德国人。病原菌、消毒、外科手术、柯赫法则、pure culture techniques and 培养微生物的方法比如凝固剂 Page 15, Kochs Postulates.(1)Find the suspected organism in all cases of the disease and demonstrate its absence in healthy individuals;(2)Isolate the organism in pure culture;(3)Reproduce

36、 the same disease in suitable experimental animals;(4)Re-isolate the same organism from the artificially infected animals. |Fannie Eilshemius (1850-1934) and Walther Hesse (1846-1911) |Wendell M. Stanley, 1935, got the crystallized virus, the tobacco mosaic disease virus, TMV|亚历山大本杰明|治疗细菌真菌感染|动物助生长与

37、防病添加剂|抗药与耐药性问题(注意)|益生素的概念|扫描电子显微镜|透射式电子显微镜等等|Some Well-Known Modern Microbiologists |Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren“for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer (胃炎/溃疡)disease“|for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by doubl

38、e-stranded RNA Andrew Z. Fire Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA Craig C. Mello University of Massachusetts Medical School The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer“; for their discovery of human immunodef

39、iciency virus Harald zur Hausen, born 1936 in Germany, German citizen, MD at University of Dsseldorf, Germany. Professor emeritus and former Chairman and Scientific Director, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.Franoise Barr-Sinoussi, born 1947 in France, French citizen, PhD in virolo

40、gy, Institut Pasteur, Garches, France. Professor and Director, Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.Luc Montagnier, born 1932 in France, French citizen, PhD in virology, University of Paris, Paris, France. Professor emeritus and Director, Wor

41、ld Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention, Paris, France.2011年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann an和Ralph M. Steinman.Bruce A. Beutle(布鲁斯比尤特勒)r和Jules A. Hoffmann(朱尔斯-霍夫曼)因为“他们在先天免疫活化方面的发现”而获此殊荣；另一半奖金给了Ralph M. Steinman(拉尔夫斯坦曼)，因为他发现了树突状细胞在过激免疫中的作用。“今年的诺贝尔医学奖获得者发现了免疫活化的关键原理，这彻底改变了我

42、们对于免疫系统的理解。”诺贝尔官方称。布鲁斯比尤特勒1957年出生于美国芝加哥，是美国免疫学家和遗传学者。他目前是加州拉霍亚斯克利普斯研究所遗传学学系主任。朱尔斯-霍夫曼1941年生于卢森堡埃希特纳赫，1969年在法国斯特拉斯堡大学获得生物学博士学位，从1993年-2005年期间，他出任斯特拉斯堡的法国科学研究中心下属分子和细胞生物学学院负责人。他还在多个法国和国际科学委员会中任职。拉尔夫斯坦曼生于1943年，是一位来自洛克菲勒大学的免疫学家和细胞生物学家，他在1973年提出了树突状细胞的概念，其时他在赞威尔-A-科恩的实验室做博士后。他因对树突状细胞的研究获得一系列奖项，他还是美国医学会和美

43、国国家科学院会员。2013年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖美国科学家詹姆斯罗思曼、兰迪谢克曼以及德国科学家托马斯祖德霍夫，以表彰他们发现细胞的囊泡运输调控机制。兰迪- W. 谢克曼发现了囊泡传输所需的一组基因；詹姆斯- E. 罗斯曼阐明了囊泡是如何与目标融合并传递的蛋白质机器；托马斯- C. 苏德霍夫则揭示了信号是如何引导囊泡精确释放被运输物的。James E. Rothmanwasborn1950inHaverhill,Massachusetts,USA.HereceivedhisPhDfromHarvardMedicalSchoolin1976,wasapostdoctoralfellowatMa

44、ssachusettsInstituteofTechnology,andmovedin1978toStanfordUniversityinCalifornia,wherehestartedhisresearchonthevesicles囊泡ofthecell.RothmanhasalsoworkedatPrincetonUniversity,MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerInstituteandColumbiaUniversity.In2008,hejoinedthefacultyofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Connecticut,USA,

45、whereheiscurrentlyProfessorandChairmanintheDepartmentofCellBiology.Randy W. Schekmanwasborn1948inStPaul,Minnesota,USA,studiedattheUniversityofCaliforniainLosAngelesandatStanfordUniversity,whereheobtainedhisPhDin1974underthesupervisionofArthurKornberg(NobelPrize1959)andinthesamedepartmentthatRothmanj

46、oinedafewyearslater.In1976,SchekmanjoinedthefacultyoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,whereheiscurrentlyProfessorintheDepartmentofMolecularandCellbiology.SchekmanisalsoaninvestigatorofHowardHughesMedicalInstitute.Thomas C. Sdhofwasbornin1955inGttingen,Germany.HestudiedattheGeorg-August-Universitt

47、inGttingen,wherehereceivedanMDin1982andaDoctorateinneurochemistrythesameyear.In1983,hemovedtotheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas,Texas,USA,asapostdoctoralfellowwithMichaelBrownandJosephGoldstein(whosharedthe1985NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine).SdhofbecameaninvestigatorofHowardHugh

48、esMedicalInstitutein1991andwasappointedProfessorofMolecularandCellularPhysiologyatStanfordUniversityin2008.四、微生物学的应用前景四、微生物学的应用前景z继续采用微生物作为生命科继续采用微生物作为生命科学的研究材料学的研究材料z微生物生产为生物产业的三微生物生产为生物产业的三大支柱之一大支柱之一. .z微生物与工业生产微生物与工业生产z微生物与农业生产微生物与农业生产z微生物与发酵食品和调味品微生物与发酵食品和调味品z微生物与环境保护微生物与环境保护z微生物与生物技术产业微生物与生物技术产

49、业z多样性微生物的开发多样性微生物的开发z微生物基因组学微生物基因组学zSome career opportunities for Microbiologists. Page 7, table 1.2五、显微镜下的微生物五、显微镜下的微生物 Single Rod (Bacillus)Streptobacillus Arrangement (Note bacilli in chains)|Scanning Electron Micrograph of Streptococcus pneumoniae Image provided by Dr. Richard Facklam .Courtesy

50、of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. |Electron Micrograph of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Diplococcus Caption:- Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Gram-negative, coccus prokaryote (dividing); causes gonorrhea（淋病）. File Name:- 97218ACategory:- Bacteria Type of Image:- SEMMagnification:- x4,250-(Based

51、on an image size of 1 inch in the narrow dimension)|Filamentous Bacterium |TMV|Microscopy and Specimen Preparation1: the instruction of varied microscopy.2: Preparation and staining of specimens. Fixation, dyes and simple staining, differential staining. (page XX)|Examples of dark-field and phase-co

52、ntrast microscopy.|Examples of fluorescence microscopy.|Procedure of Gram-Staining|Example of flagella staining|Microbes are the organisms which are so small that normally cant be seen without the add of microscope. Viruses, bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa and Algae. |As a scientific discipline（学科）, Micro

53、biology is the study of the characters of growth, metabolism and utilization of microorganisms.|Microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate(无生命的) matter but arise from other microorganisms.|Many diseases result from viral, bacterial, fungal, or protozoan infections. Kochs postulate（科赫法则） may be used to establish a causal