外文翻译---屋顶花园绿化

1、德国屋顶花园绿化（德）渥尔纳·皮特·库斯特摘要本文介绍了德国屋顶花园的类型、构造、工作原理、政府的政策支持。屋顶花园是必需品，而不是奢侈品。关键词：风景园林；屋顶花园；综述；开敞型1 屋顶花园的优势屋顶花园拥有很多优势，这是一个毋庸置疑也不可否认的事实。有些人还存有疑虑或持相反观点，其主要原因是这些人不了解屋顶花园的技术发展。在30年前或者仅仅15年前，这些疑问更多地与技术相关，如今疑问主要与成本相关。现在我们能否拥有屋顶花园已完全不成问题，因为屋顶花园是必需品，而不是奢侈品。1 高度水分保持根据屋顶花园的设计，直接的水分流失量将减少70%90（100）%。排水口的数量能够

2、大大减少，管道的直径也可以更小，因此能够节省大量建筑费用。所收集的水资源也同样能够通过日常的蒸发和输送达到自然循环。2 空间的利用将普通的未被使用的屋顶区域设计为屋顶花园，尤其是作为公共娱乐和运动建筑的屋顶，不仅充分利用宝贵的空间，同时也降低了购买土地的费用。3 动植物栖息的大自然屋顶花园很少被打扰，环境优美，益虫可以找到一方生存的净土，鸟儿也可以找到一片栖息地。布满屋顶花园的城市就是在都市里建立了适合小动物生存的大自然。4 降低灰尘与烟雾浓度屋顶花园帮助过滤灰尘和烟雾颗粒，从大气和雨水中吸收危害性物质，并将其从土壤中去除。5 延长屋顶使用寿命屋顶花园保护防水层不受气候、紫外线以及其他损伤，这

3、大大延长了建筑的使用寿命。裸露屋顶在夏天高温时可以达到100以上，而夜间降至20以下，这就意味着防水层材料、连接处和其他材料都处在极度疲劳的状态。由于系统所具备的蒸发、阴凉和大气循环的冷却效应，一个屋顶花园最高温度为25（德国），并且降温缓慢。6 降低噪声屋顶花园至少可以减少3分贝噪声，同时隔绝噪声效能达到8分贝。这对于某些位于机场附近或有喧闹的迪斯科舞厅等大型设备的建筑来说最为有效。7 作为附加的隔热层系统能够带给屋顶一片阴凉，空气流通以及蒸发能够大大冷却屋顶并保护屋顶不受高温伤害。对于建筑物的顶层至少能够节省50%用于空调的能源，可以节省50%的冬季供暖能源。8 改善气候环境屋顶花园能够冷

4、却周围环境的大气并增加湿度，从而创造出一个小气候。大气的生成改善了城市的大气状况，减少大气污染。9 避免热岛效应植物蒸腾的水分吸收热量，并冷却大气。绿化植被净化大气并且减少潜在的烟雾威胁，因此屋顶花园拥有巨大的潜力。2 德国屋顶花园的特色中德两国屋顶绿化区别的主要表现之一是：在德国，80%的屋顶绿化都是开敞型。在中国，开敞型屋顶绿化非常少见。虽然仅有少量的样板工程，但是开敞型屋顶绿化的益处已经越来越明显。现在已经有很多的学术机构和行业组织正在致力于制订新规定和标准。在德国，开敞型屋顶绿化面积取决于绿化形式和质量施工的不同，50%都被计算入绿地率，有的时候甚至更多。德国政府对于绿化有着一整套政策

5、支持系统。在一些特定的区域，比如“新建工业区”，主要是指那些新建的大型工业区域，开敞型屋顶绿化往往被视为一种义务，开发商被强制进行屋顶绿化。另外一个鼓励开发商绿化屋顶的方法就是为被覆盖表面减免雨水流失费。在德国，开敞型屋顶绿化被看作是半覆盖表面，因此，此项雨水流失费用至少可以节约50%。在德国，屋顶花园覆盖整个屋顶区域。屋顶绿化系统同样也安装在人行道、行车道、游乐区域以及池塘之下。在中国的密集型屋顶绿化，绿化区域往往彼此分离。这样就使得灌溉效率十分低下、后期养护困难重重，设计师设计时无从下手，因为他们不得不考虑排水口在什么位置。在德国，地下停车场顶盖绿化也被看作是屋顶绿化，因为所使用的技术是相

6、近的。在中国，地下停车场顶板的绿化却需要至少3M覆土才被承认为绿地。3M覆土显然是对金钱和自然资源的浪费。原土的比重约为2.8t/立方米，也就是说如果覆土厚度达到3M，覆土荷载约为8.4t/立方米。这样一来，主体结构就需要大量的钢筋和混凝土。这样不仅成本加高，开发商还失去了整整一层楼的开发空间。中国的原土资源非常紧缺，大量使用原土资源无疑是对远郊区域自然环境的破坏。最重要的是：没有任何一种绿化形式需要3M的覆土。在德国，无论是密集型绿化形式还是开敞型绿化形式，屋顶绿化都必须具备防植物根穿刺的防水层或者是单独的隔根层。但是在中国的很多工程的防水材料质量存在严重的问题，不能够很好地保护建筑屋顶结构

7、。3 屋顶花园的类型31 屋顶绿化类型屋顶形式千差万别，有平屋顶、坡屋顶、拱形屋顶、蝶形屋顶等等。同时屋顶绿化系统也是千差万别的。在这里，仅介绍其中最为普遍的几种绿化系统，它们分别是：开敞型屋顶绿化、半密集型屋顶绿化以及密集型屋顶绿化。3.1.1 开敞型屋顶绿化系统开敞型屋顶绿化，又称粗放型屋顶绿化，是屋顶绿化中最简单的一种形式，具有以下基本特征： 低养护 免灌溉 从苔藓、景天到草坪地被型绿化 整体高度620cm 重量为60200kg/平方米在德国，这种绿化形式非常普遍，绿化效果比较粗放和自然化，让人们有接近自然的感觉，所选用的植物往往也是一些景天科的植物，这类植物具有抗干旱、生命力强的特点，

8、并且颜色丰富鲜艳，绿化效果显著。由于开敞型屋顶绿化具备重量轻、养护粗放的特点，因此比较适合于荷载有限以及后期养护投资有限的屋顶。我们亲切地称它为“生态毯”。3.1.2 半密集型屋顶绿化系统半密集型屋顶绿化，是介于开敞型屋顶绿化和密集型屋顶绿化之间的一种绿化形式，植物选择趋于复杂，效果也更加美观，它所具备的特点如下： 定期养护 定期灌溉 从草坪绿化屋顶到灌木绿化屋顶 整体高度1225cm 重量为120250kg/平方米半密集型屋顶绿化居于自然野性和人工雕琢之间，很自然，低矮灌木和彩色花朵完美结合，但是由于系统重量的增加，设计师可以加入更多的设计理念，设计更加自由，一些人工造景也可以得到很好地展示

9、。3.1.3 密集型屋顶绿化系统密集型屋顶绿化，是植被绿化与人工造景、亭台楼阁、溪流水榭的完美组合，它具备以下几个特点： 经常养护 经常灌溉 从草坪、常绿植物到灌木、乔木 整体高度15100cm 重量为1501000kg/平方米密集型屋顶绿化是真正意义上的“屋顶花园”，高大的乔木、低矮的灌木、鲜艳的花朵，植物的选择随心所欲；还可设计休闲场所、运动场地、儿童游乐场、人行道、车行道、池塘喷泉等。3.2 屋顶绿化系统工作原理如何有效解决中国气候干燥，淡水资源紧缺的现状？如何利用有限的雨水资源？蓄排水系统无疑是最佳选择，土壤、蓄排水盘、保湿毯，层层保水，互相补充，蓄水量可达70%以上。蓄排水系统，顾名

10、思义，除了蓄水功能，强大的排水功能也是其优势的凸现之处，蓄排水盘结构的特殊设计能够保证在水分饱和的情况下，将水排至排水口，整个系统蓄、排结合。除了让植物根系直接吸收水分，不容忽视的是通过蒸发，以蒸发的形式供给水分，排水系统的特殊设计使这二者有机结。另外也更加充分地利用水资源，完全杜绝了植物干湿交替频繁的现象。3.3 屋顶绿化土壤简介3.3.1 良好的屋顶绿化土壤的特点： 良好的稳定性 不易受风力、水力侵蚀 根据植物调节水量 良好的通风和渗水性能 良好的吸收与缓冲性能 重量轻 免受杂草、疾病以及有害物质侵害 避免飞溅的火花以及光线引起的火灾3.3.2 屋顶绿化土壤成分分析图3.2 屋顶绿化土壤成

11、分分析3.3.3 屋顶绿化土壤制作过程将矿物质（主要是瓦片）压碎，与有机物质（主要是灌木与乔木的残枝）混合，加入普通土壤中。图3.3 屋顶绿化土壤制作过程4 政府的政策支持与规范的制订4.1 政策支持回顾一下德国屋顶绿化历史：德国已有相关的屋顶绿化技术和世界范围内最大的屋顶花园市场。现在市场上使用的系统产品有了多年历史，基础技术也已经有25年历史了。早期，德国的屋顶花园仅仅作为环境议题予以考虑。幸运的是，自从1973年的石油危机和绿色组织的不断壮大，人们也逐渐地改变了原有的行为和态度。在20世纪80年代中叶，当绿色组织最早加入当地政府的时候，一些有关推广屋顶花园的议题就被提上了议事日程。起初当

12、地政府部门要求在一些建筑区域进行屋顶绿化作为对自然的补偿，首先是轻工业区，之后是写字楼、公寓楼以及相关建筑。当屋顶花园建设逐步写入当地建筑规范之后，还有很多官员存在理解上的问题。他们关系的是开发商是否真的肯于进行屋顶绿化，屋顶花园使工程成本升高，会促使开发商选择其他城市进行项目兴建。但是之后的事实证明，屋顶花园并不是那么昂贵，并且还存在一些益处，使开发商反而欢迎屋顶花园，那就是屋顶花园可以提升他们的声誉。随着绿色组织的不断壮大以及人们意识的不断提高，屋顶花园越来越流行。新修订的鼓励开发商兴建屋顶花园的相关规范也不断颁布。但是绝大多数的开发商仍然需要通过法律和规定的强制才能完成屋顶花园的建设，这

13、样一来就导致了其他的一些问题出现：因为成本要尽量节省至最低，一些屋顶花园质量不能得到保证，如不是完全被绿化，覆土厚度有限，只能允许某些景天科植物生存。单一绿化屋顶花园并不是政府希望看到的结果，甚至有时植物并不能完全成活、一些屋顶开始出现渗水等，这些都不同程度地损害了屋顶绿化的声誉。随着时间的推移，一些地方政府认识到利用屋顶花园来提高公共福利水平，降低税率甚至直接或间接补贴屋顶绿化不失为上策。通过政府部门的规定、补贴政策以及额外财政支持，令屋顶花园的推广更加容易。根据地方政府关于中水费用的最新规定，中水费用中50%应该来自淡水消费，另50%来自被覆盖表面。新规定内容如下：10cm以上的覆土以及适

14、当绿化的屋顶花园被看作是至少能够蓄存年降水量的50%（保存的这50%将会通过蒸发被二次利用，从屋顶流失的水分往往小于50%，因为屋顶花园往往能够储存大量水分甚至更多）。这些新规定实际上是一种对屋顶花园的间接补贴，不会花费政府一分钱，甚至还会节省公共费用，因为这是一项人民的福利措施。考虑到日益增加的淡水费用，一些年后房产所有人就能够还清贷款。在德国的一些城市以及省份，地方政府已经认识到了屋顶花园的优势并且开始予以补贴每平方米15欧元。在德国，面积大于500平方米的屋顶绿化成本完全可以低于15欧元，其形式往往是特定区域常绿的开敞型屋顶花园。4.2 标准和技术指南在德国，从所周知的是DIN，即德国国

15、家工业标准，而在园林绿化方面，更加有权威的是FLL，即园林绿化研究、发展与建设团体制订并颁布的同名规范。园林绿化研究、发展与建设组织（FLL）于1975年成立，研究、创立、普及并推广一切与园林绿化发展相关的原则、指南与规范，从而确保环境质量。这些法律出版物涵盖了园林绿化材料、植物与种植技术、园林工程的施工与养护等等一切相关内容。绿色屋顶的设计、安装以及后期养护技术指南（“FLL-Richtlinien”,Fuidelines for the Planning, lnstallation and Maintenance ot Greed Roofs）主要针对的是屋顶绿化工程相关技术指导，涉及内容

16、包括：屋顶绿化的设计，屋顶绿化工程的施工和屋顶绿化产品安装的技术，以及屋顶绿化完成之后养护工作的规定和技术指南。这项指南是当今屋顶绿化领域内最全面也是最权威的一项指南，德国乃至整个欧洲的园林绿化行业都需遵循这项规定。Roof Garden in Germany（Germany）Werner Peter KuestersAbstractThis paper introduces the types of roof garden in Germany, structure, working principle, the government's policy support. Roof g

17、arden is a necessity, not luxury.Key words: landscape architecture; Roof garden; Review; Open type1 the advantage of roof gardenRoof garden has many advantages; it is a needless to say it is undeniable fact. Some people still have doubts or take the opposite point of view; the main reason is that th

18、ese people don't understand the technology development of roof garden. In the 30 years ago or just 15 years ago, these questions more associated with technology. Now questions mainly related to the cost. Now we can have roof garden has completely is not a problem, because of the roof garden is a

19、 necessity, rather than a luxury.(1) Maintain moistureAccording to the roof garden design, direct moisture loss will be reduced 70% 90 (100) %. Drain can greatly reduce the number of the diameter of the pipe can be smaller, so we can save a lot of buildings. The collected water also can be transmitt

20、ed through daily evaporation and natural circulation. The use of spaceOrdinary unused roof area for roof garden design, especially as a public entertainment and sports building roof, not only make full use of valuable space, but also reduce the cost of buying land.(3) Nature of animal and plant habi

21、tatRoof garden is rarely bother, a beautiful environment, beneficial insects can find a pure land to survive; the birds can also find a habitat. Is full of roof garden city is established suitable for small animals to survive in cities the nature.(4) Reduce the concentration of dust and smokeRoof ga

22、rden to help filter the dust and smoke particles from the air and rain in the absorption of harmful substances, and its removal from the soil. could prolong the service life of roofRoof garden protection waterproof layer is not affected by climate, ova and other damage, which greatly extend the serv

23、ice life of the building. Bare roof at high temperature can reach above 100 in summer, while night fell to below 20 , which means that the waterproof layer material, joint and other material was in a state of extreme fatigue.Because the system of evaporation, shade, and the cooling effect of atmosph

24、eric circulation, a roof garden the highest temperature is 25 (Germany), and cool down slowly. Reduce noiseRoof garden at least 3 db noise can be reduced, and noise isolation efficiency reaches 8 decibels. That for some there is noisy disco near the airport or for buildings and other large equipment

25、 is the most effective. As additional thermal insulation layerSystem is able to bring a piece of a cool roof, air flow and evaporation can greatly cooling roof and protect against high temperature damage. To the top floor of the building can save at least 50% for air conditioning energy, can save 50

26、% of the winter heating energy. To improve the climate environmentRoof garden to cooling ambient atmosphere and increase of humidity, thus creating a microclimate, atmosphere generated to improve the urban atmospheric conditions, reduce air pollution.(9) Avoid heat island effectTranspiration moistur

27、e absorbing heat and cooling the atmosphere; green vegetation, purify the atmosphere and reduce the potential threat of smoke, so the roof garden has great potential.2 Characteristic of roof garden in GermanyChina and Germany rooftop greenery other one of the main performances is: in Germany, 80% of

28、 the roof greening is open type. In China, the open type of roof greening is very rare. Although only a small number of model projects, but the benefits of open type roof greening has become increasingly obvious. Now has a lot of academic institutions and industry groups are working to develop new r

29、ules and standards.In Germany, the open type of roof greening area depends on the green form and quality of construction, 50% were calculated in the rate, sometimes even more.The German government for greening has a set of policy support system. In some specific areas, such as "new industrial z

30、one, is mainly refers to the newly built large industrial area, open type roof greening is often seen as a kind of obligation, developers have been mandatory for roof greening.Another encouraging developer to green roofs is to be covered surface relief rain erosion. In Germany, the open type of roof

31、 greening is seen as a half covered surface; therefore, the rainwater drain cost can save at least 50%.In Germany, roof garden covers the whole area. Roof greening system is also installed on the sidewalk, driveway, recreation area, and the pond. In China intensive green roofs, green areas are often

32、 separated from each other. Irrigation efficiency is very low, which makes the late maintenance difficulties, when designers design a hindrance, because they had to consider drain in what position.In Germany, underground parking lot is also seen as roof greening, roof greening for the use of technol

33、ogy is similar. Underground parking garage roof greening in China, but need at least 3 m turns the soil to be recognized as green. 3 m apparently turns the soil is a waste of money and natural resources. The proportion of the original soil of about 2.8 t/m3, that is to say, if the thickness of overb

34、urden soil reaches 3 m, turns the soil load of about 8.4 t/m3. As a result, the main structure will need a lot of steel and concrete. Not only cost is higher, developers also lost a whole floor space for development. China's soil resource is very scarce, extensive use of the original soil resour

35、ces is undoubtedly damage to suburban areas of the natural environment. The most important thing is: there's no need a greening form 3 m turns the soil.In Germany, whether intensive greening form or open type greening, roof greening plant roots puncture proof for the waterproof layer or a separa

36、te root isolation layer. But many of the engineering of waterproof material in China there are serious quality problems, will not be able to well protect building roof structure.3 The type of roof garden3.1 Roof greening typesDiffer in thousands ways of roof form, with a flat roof, sloping roof, roo

37、f arch, butterfly roof and so on. Roof greening system is differ in thousands ways at the same time. Here, only a few of the most common greening system is introduced in this paper, they respectively are: the open type of roof greening, half intensive green roofs and the intensive green roof.3.1.1 O

38、pen type of green roof systemsOpen type of roof greening, also called extensive green roof, roof greening is one of the simplest form, has the following basic features:(1) Low maintenance(2) Free of irrigation(3) From moss, stonecrop to type lawn is green(4)The overall height 6 20 cm(5)Weight is 60

39、200 kg/m2In Germany, this green form is so common, greening effect is more extensive and natural, make people feel closer to nature, the chosen plants tend to be some crassulaceae plants, this kind of plant has the characteristics of drought resistance, vitality is strong, bright color and rich, gre

40、ening effect is remarkable.Due to the open type of roof greening has the characteristics of light weight, maintained extensive, therefore more suitable for the roof load limited and later maintenance investment co., LTD. We affectionately call it "ecological carpet".3.1.2 Half intensive gr

41、een roof systemsHalf intensive green roofs, is between the open type of roof greening and intensive between a form of green roof garden, plant selection becomes complex, result is more beautiful, also it has the characteristics as follows:1 Maintenance on a regular basis2 Irrigation on a regular bas

42、is3 From the lawn greening roof greening to shrubs4 The overall height 12 25 cm5 Weight is 120 250 kg/m2Half intensive between natural wild and artificial carve in the roof garden, very natural, low shrubs and flower color combination, but due to the increase in weight system, designer can add more

43、design concept, design more freedom, some artificial landscape also can get a good show.3.1.3 Intensive green roof systemsIntensive green roofs, green vegetation and artificial landscape perfect combination, pavilions, streams waterside pavilion, it has the following characteristics:(1) Constant mai

44、ntenance(2) Often the irrigation(3) From the lawn, evergreen shrubs and trees(4) The overall height of 15-100 cm or more(5) Weight is 150 1000 kg/square meter or moreIntensive green roof is in the true sense of "roof garden", the tall trees, low shrubs, flowers, plant choice follow one'

45、;s inclinations; Can also be designed leisure places, sports venues, children's playground, sidewalks, roadway, fountain, pond, etc.3.2 Roof greening system principle of workHow to effectively solve the Chinese climate is dry, the present situation of the shortage of fresh water resources? How t

46、o make use of limited water resources? Drainage system is undoubtedly the best choice, soil, drainage plate storage, protect wet blanket, layer upon layer water, supplement each other, storage capacity can reach more than 70%.Accumulation of drainage system, as the name implies, besides the function

47、 of water storage, powerful drainage as well as the advantages of protruding, drainage plate storage structure of the special design can guarantee under the condition of the water saturation, the water to drain; the system as a whole row of storage.In addition to plant roots absorb moisture directly

48、, cannot be ignored by evaporation, evaporation in the form of water supply, drainage system of the special design makes the two organic knot. Also more fully utilization of water resources, to completely eliminate the plants dry and wet alternation frequent phenomenon.3.3 Roof greening soil profile

49、3.3.1 Good characteristics of roof greening soil(1) Good stability(2) Susceptible to wind and water erosion(3) According to the adjustment of water plants(4) Good ventilation and porous(5) Good absorption and buffer performance(6) Light in weight(7) From the weed, disease and harmful substances(8) A

50、void splashing sparks and light caused by the fire3.3.2 Roof greening soil composition analysisFigure 3.1 roof greening soil composition analysis3.3.3 Roof greening soil production processCrushed minerals (mainly tiles), and organic substances (mainly shrubs and trees of branches) mix, add to the co

51、mmon soil.Figure 3.2 roof greening soil production process4、The government's policy support and standard formulation4.1 Policy supportRoof greening history review of Germany: Germany existing roof greening technology and largest rooftop garden market worldwide. Now use the system on the market h

52、as years of history, basic technology also has a history of 25 years. Germany's roof garden, early, is only a consideration of environmental issues. Fortunately, since the 1973 oil crisis and the growing green group, the people also gradually change the original behavior and attitude. In the mid

53、 - 1980 - s, when the green groups at the earliest to join the local government, some issues about promotion of roof garden have been on the agenda.Initially required by local government departments in some construction area of roof greening as the compensation of nature, first is light industrial a

54、rea, followed by office buildings, apartment buildings and related structures. When the construction of roof garden gradually into the local building code; there are many officials to understand the problems. Their relationship is whether developers really need for roof greening, roof garden project

55、 cost rise, developers tend to choose other cities for project construction.But after it has been proved that the roof garden is not so expensive, and there are some benefits, roof garden, to make developers instead of welcome that's roof garden can improve their reputation. With the growing gre

56、en groups and people consciousness unceasing enhancement, roof garden more and more popular. New revised encourage developers to build a rooftop garden related specification has been issued. But the vast majority of developers still need to pass laws and regulations of mandatory to complete the cons

57、truction of roof garden, thus causing some of the other problems appear: because of cost savings as far as possible to a minimum, some roof garden quality cannot be guaranteed, if green is not completely, the covering soil thickness is limited, can only allow certain crassulaceae plants to survive.S

58、ingle green roof garden is not the result of the government wants to see, and even sometimes plants cannot fully survive, some roof began seeping in. These are damaged the reputation of roof greening in different degrees. With the passage of time, some local governments realize the use of roof gardens to improve the level of public welfare, lower taxes and even subsidies directly or indirectly roof greening is the best policy. Through government regulation and subsidies, and additional financial support, the roof garden promotion more easily.According to