英语语法入门笔记(崔荣容-)(共43页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语语法入门 崔荣容第一讲 语序和五种基本句式He learns English every day. 他每天学习英语。（中英语序不同）英语五种基本句式一、主+谓二、主+系+表 系动词：起到联系作用的动词，连接主语与表语。表语：描述主语的身份、性质、特征、状态三、主+谓+宾主语：动作发出者谓语：作出的动作宾语：动作的对象四、主+谓+间宾+直宾间宾：通常是人直宾：通常是物五、主+谓+宾+宾补 宾补：对宾语的补充说明一、主+谓 The universe remains. 宇宙长存 中英文语序一致二、主+系+表The food is delicious. 这个食物很好吃 中

2、英文语序一致三、主+谓+宾He took his bag and left.（left是第二个谓语）他拿着他的包离开了中英文语序一致四、主+谓+间宾+直宾Her father bought her a dictionary. buy sb sth（双宾语）她爸爸给她买了一本词典 （her与 a dictionary，两个宾语，一个是人、一个是物）中英文语序一致五、主+谓+宾+宾补We made him our monitor.我们选他当班长 （him与 our monitor，都是指同一个人，our monitor是对him的补充说明）中英文语序一致Nothing is impossible

3、to a willing heart!有志者事竟成！第二讲 be动词的形式和用法一、be动词的形式：be、am、is、are、was、were、being 、been1、 The man is back.2、 They are back.3、 He was back.4、 They were back.5、 They have been back.6、 Ill be back.上述“back”是副词，构成主系表结构。二、be动词的用法：起到联系前后的作用(一般翻译为“是”，或无实意而不作翻译)，多用于主系表结构。后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语成分。1、 The man is a t

4、eacher. a teacher是名词2、 Marys new dresses are colorful. colorful是形容词3、 My mother was in the kitchen. in the kitchen是地点副词。4、 I am 20. 数词也可做表语5、 Its me. 代词也可做表语三、be动词的练习1、 他们是老师They are teachers.2、 他曾是一名老师He was a teacher before.3、 他已经当了3年的老师He has been a teacher for 3 years.第三讲 be动词的否定/提问/回答一、be动词的否定在

5、am、is、are、was、were后面加not缩略式am not，isnt,arent,wasnt,werent1、 The man isnt back.2、 I am not back.3、 They arent back.4、 He wasnt back.5、 They werent back.二、使用be动词提问和回答Is he a teacher？Yes,he is./No,he isnt.Are you a teacher?Yes,I am./No,I am not.Were they teachers?Yes,they were./No,they werent.三、be动词的练习

6、：1、 他是医生吗？Is he a doctor? 不，他不是 No,he isnt.2、 他们昨天在教室吗？ Were they in the classroom yesterday? Yes,they were./No,they werent.3、 他们昨天不在教室They werent in the classroom yesterday.第四讲 代词的主格和宾格主格代词：I he she it you we they1、I am a teacher.2、He is a teacher.3、You are teachers.宾格代词：me him her it you us them1、

7、 He likes me.2、 We like her.3、 I like them.练习1、 我喜欢它 I like it.2、他们认识他 They know him.第五讲 名词性/形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词：（后接名词）单数形式：my your his/her/its ones复数形式：our your their1、 This is my book.2、 We love our motherland.3、 Those are your socks.名词性物主代词：单数形式：mine yours his/hers/its ones复数形式：ours yours theirs1、 T

8、he book is ours.2、 The apple is hers.练习1、 我的老师是中国人My teacher is Chinese.2、 这个电脑是他们的This computer is theirs.3、 我们的书在书架上Our book is on the shelf. 主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词Imemyminemyselfyouyouyouryoursyourselfhehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselfweusouroursourselvesyouyouyouryoursyourse

9、lvestheythemtheirtheirsthemselves第六讲 反身代词单数myself yourself himself herself itself复数ourselves yourselves themselves反身代词的用法：（指某人自己，通常是主语的“自己”）1、 Please help yourself to some fish.请随便吃些鱼吧yourself在动词help后作宾语。2、 We enjoyed ourselves last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心ourselves在动词enjoyed后作宾语。3、 The thing itself is not i

10、mportant.这件事本身不重要反身代词itself在名词The thing后作同位语，起到解释、说明名词的作用。练习1、 Take good care of（yourself ） 照顾好2、 She gained control of (herself ) 控制住了第七讲 实意动词的特征实意动词come go read watch play fly1、He comes from Shenyang. 实意动词comes作谓语，后接介词短语from Shenyang作宾语 动词come 有一般现在时“单三”的变化2、She is reading story books. 实意动词reading

11、作谓语，后接动词story books作宾语 动词read有现在进行时的变化3、They went to America yesterday. 动词go 有一般过去时“went”的变化4、We have watched the game for three times. 动词watch 有现在完成时“watched”的变化 现在完成时：动作已经发生或对现在造成影响5、My mother will fly back to China next month. 一般将来时：will+动词原形总结：实意动词有时态与数量（三单）上的变化练习：1、他昨天来上海了 He came to ShangHai y

12、esterday.2、我们正在写作业 We are writing homework.3、他们读这本书已经读3遍了 They have read this book three times.第八讲 实意动词的否定/提问/回答(一般现在时与一般过去时)使用助动词进行否定在助动词do does did后面加notdo not/dontdoes not/doesntdid not/didnt例句：1.I dont go to school by bus.2.She doesnt watch TV everyday.3.They didnt swim last night.使用助动词进行提问1. He

13、 often plays golf.Does he often play golf? Yes,he does./No,he doesnt. 2. They go to school by bus.Do they go to school by bus?Yes they do./No,they dont.3. Sam had breakfast yesterday.Did Sam have breakfast yesterday?Yes,he did./No,he didnt.练习：1. 他每天都学英语吗？Does he learn English everyday?是的，他每天都学英语Yes,

14、he does.2. Tom昨天没吃早饭Tom didnt have breakfast yesterday.第九讲 使用疑问词进行提问和回答（1）(一般现在时与一般过去时)使用疑问词进行提问when,where,who,what,how时间、地点、人物、干什么、怎样例句He bought three books yesterday. 1 2 31. Who bought three books yesterday? 对主语提问，原语序不变2. What did he buy yesterday? 对宾语提问时，将助动词提前，并还原动词。3. When did he buy three boo

15、ks?对状语提问时，将助动词提前，并还原动词。They wanted to go to ShangHai by air. 1 2 31. Who wanted to go to ShangHai by air?2. Where did they want to go by air?3. How did they want to go to ShangHai?第十讲 使用疑问词进行提问和回答（2）使用疑问词进行提问how long, how far, how often, why多长时间，多远， 多长时间一次，为什么1. They have been in China for three yea

16、rs.How long have they been in China? 对时间状语提问2.It is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing to Xian.How far is it from Beijing to Xian?3.They come to visit me once a week.How often do they come to visit me?4. She came late, because she missed the bus.Why did she come late?练习：1. 他们学汉语多长时间了？How long have t

17、hey learned Chinese?2. 你多长时间看一次电影？How often do you watch movies?3. 你的家离学校多远？How far is it from your house to your school?第十一讲 名词代表事物的词，包括具体和抽象的事物名词分两类：1 可数名词：是指数得过来的概念。如applepencilstudent可数名词有单数和复数之分apple-applespencil-pencilstomato-tomatoes2 不可数名词：无法计算的数量或抽象概念。如saltcoffeewater(historylove抽象)不可数名词无复数

18、，只用单数表示salt-saltcoffee-coffeewater-water3 可数名词变复数规则：（1） 一般末尾加后缀-s，friend-friends（2） 以szxchsh结尾的词，在该词末尾加后缀-es，bus-buses（3） 辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i,再加es，candy-candies (除a e i o u以外的字母为辅音字母)（4） 以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es. tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippos缩写(从非英语国家引进的词汇为外来词，如madam是从法国引进的外来词)3、 可数名词前可加a(an)或量词，有复数变

19、化以元音开头的名词前加an，以辅音开头的名词前加a，表示一个。applean appleapples a box of apples 量词Tomatoa tomatotomatoes a bag of tomatoes 量词4、 不可数名词前不可加a(an)，没有复数，但前面可以加量词。Coffeea cup of coffee练习：He bought me (a box of chocolate )一盒巧克力 (a bike) 一辆自行车第十二讲 代词：指示代词和不定代词指示代词（特指）：标识人或事物的代词，用来代替前面已提到的名词。常用的：thisthesethatthoseThis is

20、 his book.Those apples were his.不定代词（泛指）：指代不确定的人或事物。常用的：onethe othersomeanysomethingnothing例：No one knows where he is. 没人知道他在哪儿Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai,but the others want to go to Xian. 一些男孩想去上海，其他人想去西安Each of the students has got a book. 每个学生都有一本书。练习1.（These）teachers are from China.

21、 这些教师都是中国来的。2.I know(nothing )about this person. 我对这个人一无所知3.I have (something)to tell you. 我有事要告诉你第十三讲 形容词1、形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等，通常用在名词前，be动词后beautiful-beautiful girlThe girl is beautiful.2、The+形容词=复数名词（表示一类），作主语时，后面的动词使用复数的相应格式。 old-the old 老的老年人（一类人、复数名词） young-the young 年轻的年轻人（一类人、复数名词） The old

22、need more care than the young. The old是复数名词，后面的动词need不能用三单的格式。3、练习： （1）She is a ( good )student. 她是一个好学生。 (2)This bike is ( expensive ) 这辆自行车很贵 （3）（ The rich ）sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活第十四讲 副词1、副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及其他结构。一般表程度。 He runs fast. She is very beautiful. very修饰形容词beaut

23、iful They work very hard.副词的位置（1） 根据情况，放在助动词之后，实意动词之前或之后（2） 形容词之前，其它副词之前或之后（3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后He speaks very fast. fast在实意动词speak之后,在其它副词very之后。They have already left. already在助动词have后They have already been repaired.already在第一个助动词have后2、 常用的频度副词（alwaysusuallyoftensometimesnever）的位置通常放在实意动词前面，be

24、动词后面，助动词和实意动词之间。They always come early.Sam often writes homework at 7:00.练习：1、Please write the word( slowly)(慢慢地)2、They (sometimes)come here. (有时)3、The tree is ( very )tall.(非常)第十五讲 不定量表达法（1）不确定数量的表达法，用不确定的数量词来限定名词Some any most every all 1 some,any都表示“一些”，后面接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。some主要用于肯定句，希望得到肯定回答时，也可用在

25、疑问句中。any主要用在否定和疑问句中。 Id been expecting some letters the whole morning,but there werent any for me.2. most作形容词时表示“大部分的”，后面接复数名词Most people here are from China.3. every表示“每一个、所有”，后面接单数名词。Every one likes the film.4. all表示“所有”，后面接可数名词复数、不可数名词单数。All the cars are parked in the parking lot.All the coffee i

26、s served on time.练习：1. Some boys went camping yesterday.(一些)2. All the children like to play football.(所有的)3. Most teachers want to work here.（大多数）第十六讲 不定量表达法（2）1. both表示“两者都”，可作形容词、代词和副词，either是“两者之一”，neither是“两者都不”。Both his eyes were severely burned.There are trees on either side of the street.Nei

27、ther answer is correct.2. many修饰可数名词，表示“许多”；much修饰不可数名词，表示“许多”。a lot of(lots of)、plenty of均可修饰可数与不可数名词。many books much watera lot of/lots of books/water练习：1. Both the hands are washed.(两个都)2. Xiaowang drank much (a lot of )coffee last night.(很多)第十七讲 不定量表达法（3）1.a few,为肯定含义“几个”；few，为否定含义“没几个”，以上两个词均和可

28、数名词复数连用。A few books are put into the box.Few books are put onto the box.2.a little为肯定含义“一点儿”，little为否定含义“没多点”，以上两个词均可和不可数名词连用。There is a little water in the bottle.There is little water in the bottle.3. none和no one的意思相同，主要作代词，翻译为“一个也不，一点也不”，用法稍有区别。none可以接of短语，动词可用单数也可用复数。no one不能接of短语，动词只能用单数。No one

29、 knows the answer.None of us have(has)arrived.练习：A few books are put into the box. (几本)There is a little water in the bottle. (一点儿)None of us have(has) arrived. (没有一个)第十八讲 There/Here be句型1.There/Here+be，根据上下文，有多种翻译方法，可以翻译成“有”、“是”，be动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化。There is a book on the bookshelf. 有There are some bo

30、oks on the bookshelf. 有Here is the bus stop. 这儿是Here are your books. 这儿是如Here are your books的正常语序为Your books are here，主语是Your books，are是be动词，here就表语，所以，There/Here+be为倒装句，实质为主系表结构。练习：1. There is a lot of water in the bottle.(有)2. Here is your car.(这是)3. There are many students in the room.(有)第十九讲 一般现

31、在时和现在进行时1.一般现在时：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或动作。主语是单数第三人称，动词有单三的变化，主语是非第三人称单数时，动词为原形。 They often get up at 7:00. He often gets up at 7:00. 一般现在时，动词的单三变化: (1)在动词尾直接加-s，如：playplays (2)以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加-es，如:guessguesses (3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i,再加-es，如： Studystudies 一般现在时否定和疑问句用do、does帮助构成 He doesn't like the ca

32、r. Does he like the car? Yes,he does./No,he doesn't.They don't like the car. Do they like the car? Yes,they do./No,they don't.2.现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。句中通常有now等时间副词呼应，基本构成形式为be+doing。They are watching TV.He is watching TV.I am watching TV.动词现在分词的变化规则：（1）一般情况下，直接在动词后加-ing，如work-working (2)动词

33、以不发音的-e结尾，要去e加ing，如take-taking(3)重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加-ing，如:cut-cutting(4)以-ie结尾的动词，变y再加-ing，如:lie-lying现在进行时变否定句和疑问句时，将be动词否定或提前。（1）They aren't watching TV. Are they watching TV? (2)He isn't watching TV. Is he watching TV? (3)Am I watching TV?Yes,you are./No,you aren't.练习：1. He works (wo

34、rk) very late every day.2. Do you study English yourself?Yes, I do.3. They are playing (play)soccer now.第二十讲 一般过去时和过去进行时 1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的行为。基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他，一般动词在动词后面加ed，还有一些不规则动词有不规则变化。Playplayed comecame1. He worked very hard last night.2. They came here by car. 动词一般过去时变化规则：（1）

35、一般在动词后加-ed。如：playplayed（2） 在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：likeliked（3） 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后，改y为i,再加-ed。如：supplysupplied（4） 在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：planplanned2.过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。其形式为was/were+doing They were waiting for you. He was talking with his friends just now.练习：1. They went (g

36、o)swimming yesterday.2. Sam was watching (watch)TV at 7:00 last night.第二十一讲 将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或状态。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。 如：tomorrow （明天） next week （下周） in the future (将来)1.“助动词will或shall+动词原形”，表示将要发生的事情。（1） They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.（2） We shall leave for Shanghai next

37、month.离开去上海 2.“be going to+动词原形”用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，意为“打算、就要”。They are going to play football this afternoon.She is going to learn French next year. 3.“be doing”表示位置转移的动词。如：go,come,leave, start,arrive,可用现在进行时表示将来时。 （1）They are leaving for Japan. 离开去日本(2)She is arriving tomorrow. 练习：1.

38、 They are coming (come)here soon.2. Sam is going to learn (learn)Chinese next month. will learn也可以3. Peter and Mike will finish(finish) the job tomorrow moring.第二十二讲 完成时1. 现在完成时（have+p.p.），动作过去发生，已经完成，对现在造成影响或后果，动作可能还会持续，可使用的时间状语为：already(已经)和yet（还）。（1） They have already arrived in Shanghai.（2） She

39、has played soccer for 3 hours.（3） She hasnt finished the homework yet.2. 过去完成时（had+p.p.），表示句中的动词发生在过去之前，即过去的过去，已经完成，对过去造成了一定的影响或后果。（1） They had arrived in Shanghai.（2） She had played soccer for 3 hours.（3） She hadnt finished the work yet. 练习：1. He has stopped (stop)the car outside.2. She hasnt been

40、(not be)to Sichuan yet.3. Have they planned (plan) to stay here?第二十三讲 动词的用法1.动词根据功能分为四类：实意动词（Notional Verb）：有实际意义的动词系动词（Link Verb）：起联系作用的动词助动词（Auxiliary Verb）：帮助构成句子成分的动词情态动词（Model Verb）：有情态含义的动词，后接实意动词原形。（1）动词有数量和时态的变化，时态通常有三大时态：现在、过去和将来时。（2）根据动作进行的状态可分为：一般时、进行时和完成时（3）使用动词时通常将（1）和（2）结合，如:一般现在时、一般过去

41、时、一般将来时；现在进行时、过去进行时；现在完成时、过去完成时 He goes to school every day. He went to hospital last night.动词形态变化总结：动词原形 单三 现在分词 过去式 过去分词play plays playing played playedhave has having had hadgo goes going went gone第二十四讲 情态动词（1）can/could/may/might1. can/could：“能怎样”，表示“现在/过去”的能力，可用be able to代替；“可能怎样”，表示客观可能性（can的可能

42、性大）；“可以怎样”，通常用“can/could I”表示请求和允许的语气，could更委婉。He can/could/is able to swim. 能He can/could come tomorrow. 可能来 Can/could I stay here? 可以留下吗？Can he sing an English song?Yes,he can./No,he cant.2. may/might：表示可能性（may的可能性大）；通常用“may/might I”表示请求、允许的语气，might更委婉。口语中常用的回答：(1)May I smoke here?Yes, please.No,

43、you cant/mustnt.（禁止、不准）(2)He may/might come here by bus.(3)May/might I join you?Yes, please./No, you cant./No, you mustnt. 对may/might I开头的提问，肯定回答时，通常用“Yes, please.”。否定回答时，通常用 “cant(不能)”,慎用禁止性的“mustnt(不准)”，一般不用“may not（可能不）表猜测，语气很弱”。3. 练习：（1） She could speak French before, but now she cant.（2） Might/

44、May/Could/Can（按语气程度排序）I come in? Yes, please.第二十五讲 情态动词（2）must/have to/should/ought to1. must/have to：“必须怎样”，表示必须、必要（must主观多一些、have to客观多一些，表“不得不”）have to有时态和数量的变化，而must无此变化。Must和have to二者的否定意义不大相同。如：You mustnt go.你不准去。You dont have to go.你不必去。You neednt go. 你不必去。（1） You must get up early. 主观必须（2） I

45、ts going to rain, I have to go home now.不得不对must和have to提问的否定回答，须用“neednt和 dont have to”,表示“不必”：Must I come here early tomorrow?No, you neednt./No,you dont have to.2. Should/ought to：“应该怎样”，表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；should强调主观看法，而ought to强调客观要求。在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to.You should/ought to do the job

46、 right now.Should they stay here now?练习：1.I must （必须）go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow.2.You should （应该）work harder than that.第二十六讲 情态动词（3）need1. need：“需要”a. 作情态动词He need come here early.He neednt come here early.Need he come here early?Yes, he need./No, he neednt.b. 作实义动词，有第三人称单数和时态的变化，可用作不

47、定式need to do sth。He needs to come here early.He doesnt need to come here early.Does he need to come here early?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt. 练习：1、 You neednt/dont need to do it again. 你不需要重复做了2、 He neednt/doesnt need to worry about it. 这件事他无需担心3、 Does he need to do homework first? 他需要先做作业吗？第二十七讲 情态动词（4

48、）had better/would rather1. had better表示“最好做某事”，had虽然是过去式，但不表征过去，better后接动词原形。He had better eat more.Youd better finish it right now.2. would rather表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是为好”，语感比“had better”要轻。You would rather deal with it now. 处理3. 否定形式分别为： had better not+动词原形 would rather not+动词原形 He had better not eat more

49、. You would rather not deal with it now.4. 练习：You had batter stay here.你最好待在这儿I would rather not say it.我还是不说的好第二十八讲 情态动词（5）used to +v/would +v1. used to，would表示过去习惯性动作，可译为“过去常常”a. used to可指过去的状态或情况，would指过去反复发生的动作。The novel used to be popular. 这小说过去很流行。b. would表示过去反复发生的动作。如果某一动作无反复性，就不能用would，只能用us

50、ed to.He would practice English every week.I used to live in Beijing.c. used to表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束，would则表示有可能再发生。People used to believe that the earth was flat.平的He would go to the park as soon as he was free.练习：1. The windows used to be open. 过去一直开着2. They would gather together every week. 聚在一

51、起3. Sam used to play golf, but he doesnt now.第二十九讲 情态动词（6）否定和疑问1. 情态动词的否定：情态动词+ not+ v原形He cant sing an English song.He may not know her. 可能不He mustnt go there. 不准He doesnt have to go there. 2. 使用情态动词进行提问：情态动词+主语+v原形Can he sing an English song?Yes,he can./No,he cant.Must he go there?Yes,he must./No,

52、he neednt. （不必）Does he have to go there?Yes,he does./No,he doesnt.May I smoke here?Yes, please.No, you cant（不能）/mustnt.（不准）练习：1. May I stay here? Yes,please.2. Must she go back now? No,she neednt.3. Does he have to get up at 9:00? Yes,he does.第三十讲 情态动词（7）情态动词+have+p.p.（+现在完成时）1.“情态动词+have+p.p.”：表达过去的事实；或推测的含义，表“可能已经”。（但助动词should例外）He may/might have arrived. 他可能已经到了 （可能性最小）He can/could have arrived. 他可能已经到了 （可能性小）He must have arrived. 他准是已经到了 （可能性大）可能性大小排序：must、can、could、may、might 2. “should+have+p.p.”本应该 “neednt+have+p.p