of whom和of which用法归纳

1、of whom和of which用法归纳1. of表示同位关系：即用于在A+of+B结构，其中的A和B为同位关系。如：Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子，都在国外工作，他们每周都给她打电话来。Weve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子，没有一种是完全防水的。2. of表示整体与部分的关系：即用于“部分+of+整体(which, whom)”结构。如：He

2、 went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb. 他和一队人一起去了，其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students. 我遇到了摘水果的人们

3、，其中有几个人是大学生。3. of表示所属关系：即of用于构成所有格。如：Hes written a book the name of which Ive forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我给忘了。The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. 那幢屋顶被损坏的房子现在已经修好了。4. of与其他的词构成固定搭配：即of与从句中的某个词语构成固定搭配。如：Hes married to a singer of whom you may have heard. 他与一位歌唱家结了婚，你可能听说过这个人。(介词of

4、与动词hear构成固定搭配，意为“听说”)注意：介词of后面除接关系代词which, whom外，有时也可能是whose。如：She had a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes were missing. 她有一个玩具熊，它的两只眼睛都丢了。表示部分与整体of which/whom在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which/whom或者of which/whom都可以。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数，也可以是few, several, some, half, many, much, most, all, none, either, ne

5、ither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority等。Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. 我校有80个教师，其中50个是女的。He has lots of books, most of which are English ones. 他有许多书，其中大部分是英语书。注意：这里的of which不能用whose代替，这与表示所属关系的of which不同：The room the door of which (=whose

6、door) is blue belongs to me. 门是蓝色的那间房是我的。英语定语从句的3个重要概念：1. 定义：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。如：The man you talked about is our headmaster. 你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的单车。The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵叶子红色的树是去年栽的2. 先行词

7、：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。如：The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。(现行词是名词) Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 任何愿意帮助他人的人都欢迎来参加我们的组织。(现行词是代词) His mother is out of danger, which excites their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴

8、奋不已。(现行词是句子) 3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做关系词。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分关系代词和关系副词，其中关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又做从句中的某个句子成分。如：Li Lei is one of the students who are working very hard. 李蕾是一个学习非常努力的学生。(引导词who) There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你的人。(引导词but

9、) He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我们带到了我们以前从未去过的地方。 (引导词where) of whom/which引导的定语从句：在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which / whom或者of which / whom都可以。但与表示所属关系不同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。一、表示整体中的部分The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an

10、angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。There are two bottles left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quit

11、e. 只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。二、表示所属关系Hes written a book, the name of which Ive forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我忘了。句中的the name of which=whose name。It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered

12、. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。句中的the details of which=whose details。表示部分与整体of which/whom在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which/whom或者of which/whom都可以。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数，也可以是few, several, some, half, many, much, most, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority等。Our school ha

13、s 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. 我校有80个教师，其中50个是女的。He has lots of books, most of which are English ones. 他有许多书，其中大部分是英语书。注意：这里的of which不能用whose代替，这与表示所属关系的of which不同：The room the door of which (=whose door) is blue belongs to me. 门是蓝色的那间房是我的在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体”

14、的关系时，用of which / whom或者of which / whom都可以。但与表示所属关系不同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。一、表示整体中的部分The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。I bought a dozen eggs, six of wh

15、ich broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。There are two bottles left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite. 只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。二、表示所属关系Hes writ

16、ten a book, the name of which Ive forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我忘了。句中的the name of which=whose name。It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。句中的the details of which=whose details。一、用法说明 介词+whom只能指人；介词+ which只能指物。如： Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour

17、. 瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。 Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dong s birt一、用法说明介词+whom只能指人；介词+ which只能指物。如：Look, there comes Tom, for whom I have waiting for an hour. 瞧，汤姆来啦，我等他等了一个小时。Last Saturday evening, I went to Wu Dongs birthday party, in which I met a foreigner named Jim. 上周星期六的晚上我去参加了吴东的生日聚会，在会上我会

18、到了一个叫吉姆的外国人。She came into the house, on whose wall there was a portrait of Einstein. 她进入了房间，房子的墙壁上有一张爱因斯坦的画像。 二、注意事项(1) 有时，前面的介词可移到定语从句的中间或后面，此时whom可用who, that代替；which可以用that代替。而且who, whom, which, that都可省略。如：The man with whom you talked just now is our manager. The man who you talked with just now i

19、s our manager. 你刚才与他谈话的那个人就是我们的经理。He handed me a pen, with which I wrote down my address for him. He handed me a pen, which I wrote down my address with for him. 他递给我一支钢笔，我就用那支钢笔给他写下了我的地址。(2) 当先行词是时间、地点、原因从句时，介词+ which一般在定语从句中分别做时间、地点、原因状语，于是介词+ which可以分别用when, where, why代替。但若介词+ which不是作时间、地点、原因状语，

20、则不能用when, where, why代替。如：Last week, I visited Shanghai, in which I have made several friends. Last week, I visited Shanghai, where I have made several friends. 上周我参观了上海，在那儿我叫上几个朋友。I will remember the day forever on which I won the first place in the contest. I will remember the day forever when I wo

21、n the first place in the contest. 我将永远记住我在竞赛中获得第一名的那一天。三、介词的选用介词+关系代词引导定语从句时，介词往往受上下文的约束，究竟使用哪个介词时得从下面几方面来进行考虑。(1) 从先行词跟介词的搭配习惯出发。如：In front of my house, there is a tree, in which some birds are singing. 我的房子前有一棵树，鸟儿正在树上唱歌。(在树上一般用介词in) (2) 从定语从句中的动词、形容词对介词的习惯要求出发。如：(from )The computer for which I pa

22、id 5,000yuan is made in Shenzhen. 我花了五千元所买的这台电脑使深圳造的。( pay 与for搭配)(3) 从先行词、定语从句中的动词或形容词两方面同时考虑出发。如：Do you know the girl with whom the man talked just now? 你认识跟那个男谈话的女孩吗？(talk 究竟接to, with还是接about, 这该由动词及现行词一起决定) (4) 复合介词+关系代词。如：Go down this road, at the end of which you can see a high building and it

23、 is our office building. 沿着条路走，在路的尽头你会看到一座高大的建筑，那就是我们的办公大楼。(5) 名词+介词+ 关系代词。如：He has three children, one of whose children is studying abroad now. 他又三个小孩，其中一个在国外读书。注意：当定语从句的动词与介词是不可分割的固定搭配时，介词不能放到关系代词之前。如：She has a little daughter, who is looked after by her grandma. 就不能写成：She has a little daughter,

24、after whom is looked by her grandma. 因为，look after 是不可分开的固定短语。介词+关系代词 （转载）定语从句是中学阶段英语学习的主要语法之一，也是高考题的命题热点所在，其中定语从句中关系代词前介词的判断更是高考英语命题的一个高频考点。下面，我们先来看看近两年高考中部分定语从句中“介词+关系代词”结构。01. Eric received training in computer for one year, _B_ he found a job in a big company.(辽宁)A. after that B. after whichC. a

25、fter it D. after this02. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _B_ they can be controlled on purpose.(重庆)A. with whichB. to which C. of which D. for which03. It is reported that two schools, _D_ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. (四川)A .they both B. wh

26、ich bothC. both of themD. both of which04. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _D_ wanted to buy it (安徽)A. none of themB. both of whomC. none of whomD. neither of whom05. He was educated at the local high school, _A_ he went on to Beijing University.(江苏)A. after which B. after that

27、 C. in which D. in that06. She was educated at Beijing University, _A_ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (全国II)A.after whichB. from which C. from that D. after that07. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us _B_ we gave some bells and glasses. (

28、湖南)A. to whichB. to whom C. with whomD. with which08. I was given three books on cooking, the first _B_ I really enjoyed. (浙江)A. of thatB. of whichC. thatD. which09. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction_D_ she had come. (

29、重庆)A. of whichB. by whichC. in whichD. from which对于“介词+which / whom”结构的考查，高考英语主要涉及以下几个方面：1. 考查定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(1) 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配Water is the natural medium in which fish live. 水是鱼类赖以生存的自然环境。(注意搭配live in)The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配search for) This

30、 is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(注意搭配argue about) I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。(注意搭配discuss sth with sb)注：有一些介词为固定搭配的一部分，此时它们的位置应注意。如：The boy (whom) my sister is looking after is getting better.不能说成：

31、The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.(2) 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配 (from )He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar. 他我要去参考一些我不熟悉的参考书。(注意搭配be familiar with)2. 考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。如：This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers

32、 desk. 这是我们的教室，前面有老师的讲台。(注意搭配in the front of our classroom)Ill never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me. 我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。(注意搭配on the day)3. 考查表示所属关系的of which whomOn the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence, the meaning of which I dont understand. 老师在黑板上写了一个句子，句子的意思我不明白。(注意搭配the mean

33、ing of the sentence)4. 考查表示整体与部分关系的of which whomI have five English dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. 我有5本英语词典，其中最好的是朗文词典。(注意搭配of the five dictionaries)The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 多数公共汽车已经上满了人，周围是一伙愤怒的群众。(注意搭配most of the buses) I

34、 met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students. 我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有好几个是大学生。(注意搭配several of them) 5. 考查表示同位关系的of which whomHer sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning. 她的两个儿子都在国外工作，今天早上给她来了电话。(注意搭配both of her sons)【模拟测试】用适当的介词和关系代词填空：1. Do you like the book _ she spent $

35、10? 2. Do you like the book _ she paid $10?3. Do you like the book _ she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book _ she often talks? 5. He built a telescope_ he could study the skies.6. There is a tall tree outside, _ stands our teacher.7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the Yellow

36、River.8. The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill.9. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.11. The workers, some _ stayed for four years, came from different cou

37、ntries.12. The committee consists of 20 members, 5 _ are women.13. The book contains 50 poems, most _were written in the 1930s.14. There are two left, one _ is almost finished, and the other _ is not. 【参考答案】1. on which 2. for which3. from in which 4. about which5. through which6. under which7. of wh

38、ich8. from which9. to whom10. of which11. of whom12. of whom13. of which14. of which, of which 限制性定语从句： 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。 例句： Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting? Where is the book which I bought

39、 this morning? 非限制性定语从句： 作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。 例句： This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet. Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well. The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a sch

40、ool.一、 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性） 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charle

41、s Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems no

42、t to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 二、 从形式上看，限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连，两者没有停顿；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从意义上讲，限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，两者密不可分；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，两者关系不那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些区别，一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉

43、语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词，非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。通常对定语从句处理如下： （1） 限制性定语从句译成前置定语 These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population. 这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化和价值观念。 （2） 非限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句 In almost all developin

44、g countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards. 几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的增长，而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提高人民的生活水平。 但是，有时候因为意思上的关系，或者出于汉语句子结构上的考虑，要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句，而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。 （3） 限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句 Each team plays ten or elev

45、en games each season which begins in September and ends in November. 每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛，每个赛季九月份开始，十一月份结束。 （4） 非限制性定语从句译成前置定语 He appeared to be returning home from a walk, for his buckle shoes, which followed a fashion long since out of date, were covered with dust. 他好象是散步之后回家去，因为他那早已过时的扣鞋上布满了灰尘。 （5） 有的

46、定语从句，从意义上看实际相当于一个状语从句，表示原因，目的，结果，让步等关系。这样的定语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句，但是要加上相应的连接词以表明其与主句的关系。 Norway is, quite naturally, paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world. 挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展

47、，因为这些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区的和平和安全 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 三、下面是些例题，你做做看。 一、that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如： 【考例一】She heard the terrible noise, _brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 【解析】选B。后半句为非限制性定语从句，尽管先行词noise属于事物，也不能用that而要用which来引导。which指代noise，在从句中作主语。 二、除which外，还可用when，wh

48、ere，whose，whom等引导非限制性定语从句，且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句时相同。如： Next month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。(关系副词when指代表示时间的名词next month，并作从句的状语。) She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友。 (关系副词where指代表示地点的名

49、词Macao，并在从句中作状语。) 【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 【解析】选B。whose在从句中作表示所属关系的定语，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物时，常可转换为of which；指人时常可转换为of whom。 【考例三】 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm,

50、_many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time 【解析】 先行词5:30 pm与time之间是一种同位关系，可用which来作定语替代。从句中的完成状态，常与by短语连用。故选D。 三、在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。如： He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother. 他迫切地想到医院去看望他的继母，他把继母当自己的亲妈妈一样爱戴。 四

51、、非限制性定语从句的关系代词which，既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。如： 【考例四】 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course,_made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what 【解析】选B。指代“Dorothy总是高度评价自己在那场戏中所担任的角色”的整个事件。 【考例五】Carol said the work would be done by October,_personally I doubt very

52、 much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 【解析】表示时间的名词October，用“我个人非常怀疑”来修饰，意思不通。应该修饰整个主句， 表示对“Carol说在十月前能做好这项工作”怀疑。故选D。 五、引导非限制性定语从句时as和which的差异：从句置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时，两者都可以使用。 如： 【考例六】_is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 【解析】逗号表明

53、为非限制性定语从句。选B。 【考例七】_is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. It 【解析】答案为B。与考例六同理。典型定语从句易错题详解The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains. A. which wasB. it wasC. which wereD. them were【易错】容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和

54、it 误认为是其后句子的主语。【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _ some fruit shops.A. which is B. it isC. which areD. them are(2) The murder ha

55、ppened in an old building, beside _ the city police station.A. which areB. it isC. which is D. them are(3) Next month well move to a new building, next to _ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.A. which areB. it isC. which isD. them areA man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “I

56、s there a hospital around _ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”A. that B. whichC. where D. what【易错】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？_ is known to everybody, the moon