施工手册第四版)第二章常用结构计算2-1 荷载与结构静力计算表

1、.Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central "eight rules" and opposing "the four winds" and practicing "three Suns", and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on o

2、utstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the party's political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the party's political disciplines. C

3、onscientiously abide by the party's political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the party's political discipline

4、 problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strict

5、ly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs furtherplan environment

6、al impact assessment before and after project approval," the principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges,

7、 into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax,

8、financial and other resources, and construct "Government credit + business credit" credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to ra

9、ise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create "policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land" as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint

10、a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further

11、 reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central "eight rules" an

12、d opposing "the four winds" and practicing "three Suns", and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the party's political

13、discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the party's political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the party's political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, i

14、deological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the party's political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are l

15、ess grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture invo

16、lves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs furtherWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure

17、smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related tran

18、sactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance". To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS+, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieve

19、d information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS+, and ERP, and SCM, tec

20、hnology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero." To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped

21、trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, a

22、nd stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can

23、 control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system,

24、 achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to en

25、sure that potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards . Work, full play party, and branch, and m

26、embers in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction2 常用结构计算2-1 荷载与结构静力计算表2-1-1 荷载1结构上的荷载结构上的荷载分为下列三类：（1）永久荷载 如结构自重、土压力、预应力等。（2）可变荷载 如楼面活荷载、屋面活荷载和积灰荷

27、载、吊车荷载、风荷载、雪活载等。（3）偶然荷载 如爆炸力、撞击力等。建筑结构设计时，对不同荷载应采用不同的代表值。对永久荷载应采用标准值作为代表值。对可变荷载应根据设计要求，采用标准值、组合值、频遇值或准永久值作为代表值。对偶然荷载应按建筑结构使用的特点确定其代表值。2荷载组合建筑结构设计应根据使用过程中在结构上可能同时出现的荷载，按承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态分别进行荷载（效应）组合，并应取各自的最不利的效应组合进行设计。对于承载能力极限状态，应按荷载效应的基本组合或偶然组合进行荷载（效应）组合。0SR （2-1）式中 0结构重要性系数；S荷载效应组合的设计值；R结构构件抗力的设计值。

28、对于基本组合，荷载效应组合的设计值S应从下列组合值中取最不利值确定：（1）由可变荷载效应控制的组合 （2-2）式中 G永久荷载的分项系数；Qi第i个可变荷载的分项系数，其中YQ1为可变荷载Q1的分项系数；SGK按永久荷载标准值GK计算的荷载效应值；SQiK按可变荷载标准值Qik计算的荷载效应值，其中SQ1K为诸可变荷载效应中起控制作用者；ci可变荷载Qi的组合值系数；n参与组合的可变荷载数。（2）由永久荷载效应控制的组合 （2-3）（3）基本组合的荷载分项系数1）永久荷载的分项系数当其效应对结构不利时：对由可变荷载效应控制的组合，应取1.2；对由永久荷载效应控制的组合，应取1.35；当其效应对

29、结构有利时：一般情况下应取1.0；对结构的倾覆、滑移或漂浮验算，应取0.9。2）可变荷载的分项系数一般情况下应取1.4；对标准值大于4kN/m2的工业房屋楼面结构活荷载应取1.3。对于偶然组合，荷载效应组合的设计值宜按下列规定确定：偶然荷载的代表值不乘分项系数；与偶然荷载同时出现的其他荷载可根据观测资料和工程经验采用适当的代表值。3民用建筑楼面均布活荷载标准值及其组合值、频遇值和准永久值系数（见表2-1）民用建筑楼面均布活荷载标准值及其组合值、频遇值和准永久值系数 表2-1项次类别标准值（kN/m2）组合值系数c频遇值系数f准永久值系数q1（1）住宅、宿舍、旅馆、办公楼、医院病房、托儿所、幼儿

30、园0.50.4（2）教室、试验室、阅览室、会议室、医院门诊室2.02食堂、餐厅、一般资料档案室0.53（1）礼堂、剧场、影院、有固定座位的看台3.0（2）公共洗衣房3.04（1）商店、展览厅、车站、港口、机场大厅及其旅客等候室0.5（2）无固定座位的看台0.35（1）健身房、演出舞台4.0（2）舞厅4.06（1）书库、档案库、贮藏室5.0（2）密集柜书库12.07通风机房、电梯机房7.08汽车通道及停车库：（1）单向

31、板楼盖（板跨不小于2m）客车4.0消防车35.0（2）双向板楼盖和无梁楼盖（柱网尺寸不小于6m×6m）客车0.6消防车20.09厨房（1）一般的2.0（2）餐厅的4.010浴室、厕所、盟洗室：（1）第1项中的民用建筑2.0（2）其他民用建筑0.511走廊、门厅、楼梯：（1）宿舍、旅馆、医院病房托儿所、幼儿园、住宅2.0（2）办公楼、教室、餐厅、医院门诊部0.5（3）消防疏散楼梯，其他民用建筑3.50.70.

32、50.312阳台：（1）一般情况0.5（2）当人群有可能密集时3.5注：1本表所给各项活荷载适用于一般使用条件，当使用荷载较大或情况特殊时，应按实际情况采用。2第6项书库活荷载当书架高度大于2m时，书库活荷载尚应按每米书架高度不小于2.5kN/m2确定。3第8项中的客车活荷载只适用于停放载人少于9人的客车；消防车活荷载是适用于满载总重为300kN的大型车辆；当不符合本表的要求时，应将车轮的局部荷载按结构效应的等效原则，换算为等效均布荷载。4第11项楼梯活荷载，对预制楼梯踏步平板，尚应按1.5kN集中荷载验算。5本表各项荷载不包括隔墙自重和二次装修荷载。对固定隔墙的自重应按恒荷

33、载考虑，当隔墙位置可灵活自由布置时，非固定隔墙的自重应取每延米长墙重（kN/m）的1/3作为楼面活荷载的附加值（kN/m2）计入，附加值不小于1.0kN/m2。设计楼面梁、墙、柱及基础时，表2-1中的楼面活荷载标准值在下列情况下应乘以规定的折减系数。（1）设计楼面梁时的折减系数1）第1（1）项当楼面梁从属面积超过25m2时，应取0.9；2）第1（2）7项当楼面梁从属面积超过50m2时应取0.9；3）第8项对单向板楼盖的次梁和槽形板的纵肋应取0.8；对单向板楼盖的主梁应取0.6；对双向板楼盖的梁应取0.8；4）第912项应采用与所属房屋类别相同的折减系数。（2）设计墙、柱和基础时的折减系数1）第

34、1（1）项应按表2-2规定采用；2）第1（2）7项应采用与其楼面梁相同的折减系数；3）第8项对单向板楼盖应取0.5；对双向板楼盖和无梁楼盖应取0.8；4）第912项应采用与所属房屋类别相同的折减系数。注：楼面梁的从属面积应按梁两侧各延伸二分之一梁间距的范围内的实际面积确定。活荷载按楼层的折减系数 表2-2墙、柱、基础计算截面以上的层数123456892020计算截面以上各楼层活荷载总和的折减系数1.00（0.90）0.850.700.650.600.55注：当楼面梁的从属面积超过25m2时，应采用括号内的系数。楼面结构上的局部荷载可换算为等效均布活荷载。4屋面活荷载水平投影面上的屋面均布活荷载

35、，按表2-3采用。屋面均布活荷载，不应与雪荷载同时组合。屋面均布活荷载 表2-3项次类别标准值（kN/m2）组合值系数b频遇值系数f准永久值系数q1不上人的屋面02上人的屋面2.03屋顶花园3.0注：1不上人的屋面，当施工或维修荷载较大时，应按实际情况采用；对不同结构应按有关设计规范的规定，将标准值作0.2kN/m2的增减。2上人的屋面，当兼作其他用途时，应按相应楼面活荷载采用。3对于因屋面排水不畅、堵塞等引起的积水荷载，应采取构造措施加以防止；必要时，应按积水的可能深度确定屋面活荷载。4屋顶花园活荷载不包括花圃土石等材料自重。5施工和检修

36、荷载及栏杆水平荷载（1）设计屋面板、檀条、钢筋混凝土挑檐、雨篷和预制小梁时，施工或检修集中荷载（人和小工具的自重）应取1.0kN，并应在最不利位置处进行验算。注：对于轻型构件或较宽构件，当施工荷载超过上述荷载时，应按实际情况验算，或采用加垫板、支撑等临时设施承受。当计算挑檐、雨篷承载力时，应沿板宽每隔1.0m取一个集中荷载；在验算挑檐、雨篷倾覆时，应沿板宽每隔2.53.0m取一个集中荷载。（2）楼梯、看台、阳台和上人屋面等的栏杆顶部水平荷载，应按下列规定采用：1）住宅、宿舍、办公楼、旅馆、医院、托儿所、幼儿园，应取0.5kN/m；2）学校、食堂、剧场、电影院、车站、礼堂、展览馆或体育馆，应取1

37、.0kN/m。当采用荷载准永久组合时，可不考虑施工和检修荷载及栏杆水平荷载。6动力系数建筑结构设计的动力计算，在有充分依据时，可将重物或设备的自重乘以动力系数后按静力计算进行。搬运和装卸重物以及车辆起动和刹车的动力系数，可采用1.11.3，其动力作用只考虑传至楼板和梁。直升飞机在屋面上的荷载，也应乘以动力系数，对具有液压轮胎起落架的直升飞机可取1.4；其动力荷载只传至楼板和梁。7雪荷载屋面水平投影面上的雪荷载标准值，按下式计算：skrs0 （2-4）式中 sk雪荷载标准值（kN/m2）；r屋面积雪分布系数（表2-4）；s0基本雪压（kN/m2）。基本雪压可按全国基本雪压图（图2-1）近似确定。

38、*;36 a nouzové záchranné plány pezkoumat systém zmny, cílem specifikace bezpenostní havárie havarijní plány managementu, perfektní havarijní plány systém, rozíené nouzové plány vdecké a cílené, a

39、 úinnost pohlaví, podle lidová republika íny praskla události mly metody a lidová republika íny bezpenostní metody a výroby bezpenostní havárie havarijní plány ízení pístupu (národní Ann vzení generál

40、 iní 17,), právních pedpis a naízeních, vyvinutý tento systém. Druhé, rozsah tato zásada platí pro nouzové pípravy, revize a revizní práce. Zatetí, vypracování pohotovostních plán na 1, píprav pohotov

41、ostních plán by mly splovat tyto základní poadavky: 1.1 v souladu s ustanoveními písluných zákon, pedpis, pravidel a norem; 1.2 v kombinaci s skutené situace organizace bezpenost produkce; 1.3 obsahují analýzu rizik podniku; 1.4 odpovdnost havar

42、ijní personál a organizace jasné a konkrétní opatení 1.5 má jasnou a konkrétní havarijní prevenci a nouzové postupy a odpovídající jeho schopnosti nouzové reakce; 1.6 jasné nouzových ochranných opatení a m

43、e splnit mimoádné poadavky projektu; 1.7 plán pro základní prvky je úplný, kompletní plán pílohy poskytnuté informace jsou pesné 1.8 plány a související nouzové vzájemný vztah. 2, projekt v souladu s píslu

44、nými zákony a pedpisy a výrobu a provoz výroby bezpenostní nehody havarijní píprav smrnice (dále jen pravidla), v kombinaci s nebezpeími, analýzy rizik a moností charakteristik nehod a vypracovat písluné pohotovostní plány. 3

45、, projektového oddlení nouzový systém pro komplexní havarijní plány, speciální havarijní plány a vlastní eení. 3.1 vechny druhy rizika pro firmu, komplexní havarijní plán formulované manaery spolenosti. Komplexn

46、7; popis aktivaního signálu patí organizace spolenosti a její odpovdnost za havarijní, pipravenost na systém a postupy pro reakci, prevenci nehod a nouzovou podporu, havarijní plány a cviení jako hlavní obsah. 3.2 u uritých druh rizik, poád

47、ané editelem Zhi rozvíjet konkrétní pohotovostních plán. Speciální pohotovostní plány, vetn analýzy rizik, moné nehody charakteristiky a nouzových organizace a odpovdnost, nouzové postupy a preventivní opatení, v pí

48、pad nouze a tak dále. 3.3 pro nebezpenjí klíové posty klíové pozice a klíových oblastí (vetn hlavních rizik), poádanéstreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improv

49、e news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideol

50、ogical work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the "four winds"

51、; some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didn't, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is not high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less. Especia

52、lly based on rational thinking on major issues, applying theory to guide the work done is not good enough, not really understand and grasp the spirit and essence of the scientific Outlook on development, did not truly achieve mastery, to apply, to a certain extent, affect the development and impleme

53、ntation of ideas and initiatives. Second, work arrangements, and less supervision. Propaganda and ideological work is the objective, which needs to keep the continuity efforts deployed, but stressed in the work time, less supervision. For example, color weekends in the summer theatrical activities,

54、city square performances, urging townships, communities and rural areas shows the implementation is inadequate, insufficient cultural an educational role to play. Third base enough, master grass-less real. Propaganda and ideological work in the new situation of characteristics and regularity of enou

55、gh, deep enough for grass-roots public opinion Dynamics survey, for grass-roots typically drive less. For example, rural culture team active, . I'm not actively take the initiative to take up, the lack of spirit of daring to, resulting in some job had a lot of power, but no tangible results. Thi

56、rd, innovation, lack of motivation. Emancipation did not end, innovation does not exist. In practical work, not your head, previous work experience, lack of innovation initiatives, study on the characteristics of propaganda and ideological work under the new situation through, grip on grassroots ide

57、ological trends and changes are not deep, to promote new initiatives and explore new methods of ideological and cultural work is not much, and some lack of relevance and timeliness. 4, discipline, lowering, and hard work are lacking. While working and enterprising spirit down. No real solution to tr

58、eat yourself right, correctly treat past honors, their complacency, and work to see their scores more, less checking his own shortcomings, like to listen to the praise, satisfied face, online promotion, there are typical, and lack of high standards and strict requirements, the effect is real. Second

59、 hard drive less. On hard andstreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the r

60、egulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the "four winds" some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didn't, with less close contact. Theoretical study