第一部分专题2x

1、专题 2非谓语动词非谓语动词的形式及句法功能种类时态主动被动主语宾语宾补表语定语状语一般式to doto be done进行式to be×不定式doing完成式to haveto havedonebeen done一般式doingbeing done动名词完成式havinghaving been××donedone现一般式doingbeing donehaving been××分在完成式havingdonedone词过done(vi.)done(vt.)表一般式表完成××去被动与完成非谓语动词的核心考点1.非谓语动词作状语(

2、1)不定式作状语表示目的I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only 。George returned after the war ， only to be told that his wife had left him.(2)现在分词作状语一般式doing表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。The sun began to rise in the sky ， bathing the mountain in golden lig

3、ht.( 主动关系 )完成式having done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。I got to the office earlier that day ， having caught the 7:30 train from Paddington.被动式having been done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。Having been asked to work overtime that evening ， I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)(3)过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关

4、系。Seen from the top of the mountain ， the city is very beautiful.( 被动关系 )2.非谓语动词作定语(1)现在分词作定语现在分词 (短语 )作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home ，there was a pile of mails waiting for her.(2)不定式作定语不定式作定语表示未做的事情。His first book to be published next m

5、onth is based on a true story.不定式作定语的特殊用法：下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right ，courage，promise ，time ，opportunity ，way，the first ， the second， the last， the only 等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.(3)过去分词作定语过去分词 (短语 )作定语与它所修

6、饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.His first book published last month is based on a true story.注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing 形式，意为“令人的”； 动词 -ed 形式，意为“ (人 )感到的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look ， expression， tears， smile， voice 等名词。3.非谓语动词作宾语(1)动词 afford ，promise ，re

7、fuse，expect， hope，learn， offer ，wish ，want，fail ，plan，agree，forget ， like ，prefer ， decide， manage， try， arrange， determine，desire 等后面接不定式作宾语；动词come， get， grow 后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地”。David refused to accept my invitation.She has a hot temper， but you will grow to like her.注意 ：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词不定式”作宾语：teach，

8、 decide， wonder， show ，learn， forget ，ask， find out ， advise， discuss 等。I don t know how to deal with this kind of matter.(2)动词 admit， appreciate， avoid， consider(考虑 )， delay， dislike ， enjoy ， escape， excuse，finish ， imagine， keep， mind， miss， practise， risk ，resist， suggest 等后要接动名词作宾语。 Bill sugges

9、ted holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.动词短语 can t stand，give up ，feel like ，keep on，insist on，look forward to ，put off ，devote.to， object to ，be busy (in) ，get down to ，have difficulty/trouble (in) ，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in) ，have fun 等后要接动名词作宾语。I had great d

10、ifficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. 介词后要接动名词作宾语，如 what about，how about ，be fond of ，be good at 等的介词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth. as soon as 引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon 后也可以接名词。On his arrival/On arriving at the station ， he found the train had just started.注意： 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语；

11、表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。I like listening to music ，but today I don t like to. want， require， need 表“需要”讲，后用不定式时，要用其被动形式；用动名词时，用其主动形式 (表被动意义 )。The patient required to be examined.The patient required examining.4.非谓语动词作主语(1)动名词作主语Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added

12、pleasure.It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it 作形式主语 )(2)不定式作主语To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)5.非谓语动词作宾补(1)分词作补语的区别现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。 可接现在分词作宾补的动词( 短语 )常见的有： have，see，hear，find ，get，leave，notice， wat

13、ch ， keep， start， set， catch， smell ， feel ， send， listen to ， look at 等。I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.I won t have you speaking to your dad like that.I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.( 被动，正在进

14、行 )过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have， see， hear， find ， leave， want， make 等。Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.(2)不定式作补语接带 to 的不定式作宾补， 此类动词 (短语 )有：advise，allow ，ask，c

15、ause，command，encourage，expect，forbid ，force，get，invite ，leave，like ，mean，order，permit ，persuade，prefer，request，tell ， want， warn， wish， call on ， depend on/upon， long for ， wait forI didn t mean you to hear it.Were all longing for the new term to begin.等。接不带to 的不定式作宾补的动词(短语 )有： make， have， let 等使役动词

16、以及see， watch，notice， observe， look at ， feel， hear， listen to 等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则 to 不可省略。动词 help 后的不定式符号 to 可以省略，也可以保留。Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.She was seen to enter the manager s office ten minutes ago.(3)with 宾语宾补The man felt very happy with so many ch

17、ildren sitting around him.John received an invitation to dinner ，and with his work finished ， he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected president is having a hard time.6.非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容。The queen s work is laying eggs.(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动

18、作。His ambition is to go to Harvard University.注意： 现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。1.缺少非谓语动词的主动与被动意识误 We thought it wrong for her to punish.正 We thought it wrong for her to be punished.误 The man lay on his back ， with his whole body burying in the sand.正 The man lay on his back ， with his whole body buried

19、in the sand.2.缺少搭配意识误 Would you please stop to watch TV ？You have watched it for too long.正 Would you please stop watching TV ？You have watched it for too long.误 Your suit needs to iron.正 Your suit needs ironing.正 Your suit needs to be ironed.3.缺少前后主语一致意识(误 )Before handing in your test paper ，it is

20、necessary to go over the whole paper.(正 )Before handing in your test paper ，you should go over the whole paper.(正 )Before you hand in your test paper ， you should go over the whole paper.4.缺少结构意识误 Time permits ，I ll talk for another hour.正 Time permitting ， I ll talk for another hour.误 Having not be

21、en in the city long ，I was still a stranger there.正 Not having been in the city long ， I was still astranger there.考向 1作宾语或补足语单句语法填空1.I quickly lower myself ，ducking my head to avoid looking(look) directly into his eyes.(2018 全·国 )解析动词 avoid 后要接动名词作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛，故用looking 。2.Once his message

22、 was delivered，he allowed me to stay (stay) and watch.(2018全国)·解析固定短语 allow sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事，应该用to stay 作宾补。3.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken(take).(2018 天津 )·解析句意为：我需要一个新护照，所以我得去让人给我拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语 my photograph 与 take 之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。4.Fa

23、t and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required to process(process) the food thatwe eat，to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. (2017全国 )·解析require sth./sb.to do sth. 需要某物 / 某人做某事，此处用其被动语态结构，所以填动词不定式 to process 作主语补足语。5.Fast food is full of fat and salt ；b

24、y eating(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.(2017 全国 ) ·解析表示方式的介词by 之后接动名词作宾语。6.This included digging up the road ， laying(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over thetop.(2017 全·国 )解析included 后的 dig， lay ， build 是三个并列的动作，根据digging

25、 及 building 可知， lay也应用动名词形式作included 的宾语。7.But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models ，wants to prove(prove) that she hasbrains as well as beauty.(2017 全国 ) ·解析want to do sth. 想要做某事，动词不定式作want 的宾语。8.In addition to their simple beauty ， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable i

26、s their ability to “ air condition ” a house without using(use) electric equipment.(2015 全国 )·解析介词 without 之后的动词要用动名词形式。考向 2作主语或表语单句语法填空1.It took him a long time to acquire(acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.(2018 ·天津 )解析 句意为：他花了很长时间才获得成为一名好舞者所需要的各项技能。 考查动词不定式作主语。在 It ta

27、kes/took sb.some time to do sth句.型中， it 作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语。2.Traveling(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.(2018北京 )解析句意为：沿着古丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有意义的经历。“along the oldSilk Road ”作主语，要用动名词。考向 3作定语单句语法填空1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in

28、the mid-1980s， when Iwas the first Western TV reporter permitted(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescuedfrom starvation in the wild.(2016全国 )·解析因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。2.For 25 days， she never left her baby， not even to find somethi

29、ng to eat(eat)！ (2016·川四 )解析不定式to eat 作定语，修饰前面的不定代词something 。句意为：25 天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！3.Abercrombie&Kent ，a travel company in Hong Kong ，says it regularly arranges quick getawayshere for people living(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015全国)·解析句中已有谓语动词arranges，故应考虑此处填非谓语动词。由于live与

30、其所修饰的名词 people 之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式作定语。4.A study of travelers conducted(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one ofthe top 10 destinations in the world.(2015全国 )·解析 句意为： TripAdvisor 网站进行的一项对于旅行者的调查把阳朔列为世界十佳旅游目的地之一。根据句意和句子结构可知， study 与 conduct 构成逻辑上的被动关系，故此处应该使用过去分词作定语，修饰

31、名词 study。考向 4作状语单句语法填空1.The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve(improve)waterquality.(2018 全国· )解析句意为：为了改善水质，政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词而且谓语动词是 encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to improve 。2.Ordinary soap， used(use) correctly， can deal with bacteria effective

32、ly.(2018北京 )·解析因为句子中已有谓语动词，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。句子的主语与use 之间是被动关系，因此应该用过去分词作状语，used correctly相当于if it is used correctly这个条件状语从句的省略形式。句意为：普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，可以有效地清除细菌。3.Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period ，exceeding(exceed) the expected numberof 12,000 held by market analysts.(2018江苏 )·

33、解析句意为：在这段时期创造了大约13500 个新工作，超过了市场分析家认为的12 000的预期数字。 were created 是谓语， 因此 exceed 只能用非谓语动词形式， 句子的主语与 exceed之间为主动关系，因此用现在分词形式作伴随状语。4.Sixteen years earlier， Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook(cook) a meal.(2017浙江 )·解析Pahlsson 当时摘掉钻戒的目的是为了做饭，故用动词不定式作目的状语。5.Skilled workers also combine vari

34、oushardwoods andmetal to create(create)specialdesigns.(2016 全国· )解析句中已有谓语 combine，故此处应考虑填非谓语动词，combine various hardwoods andmetal 的目的是to create special designs，故填动词不定式作目的状语。6.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots， using(use) twi

35、gs( 树枝 ) to remove it.(2016 全国 ·)解析第二句中已有谓语cooked，且无其他连词，use 与主句主语存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。考向 5固定搭配单句语法填空1.But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting(rest).(2017 ·国全 )解析spend time (in) doing sth. 为固定搭配。2.If you find something you love doing outside of the

36、 office， you ll be less likely to bring(bring)your work home.(2016全国·)解析固定表达be likely to do. 很可能做某事。3.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool(cool)the house during the hot day ； at the same time， they warm up again for the night.(2015全国)·解析“

37、 形容词enough动词不定式 ” 为常用句式。对于语法填空中非谓语动词的解答，我们首先要通过句子的结构分析确定设空处是不是非谓语动词 (如例 1、 2)，然后根据非谓语动词的用法确定用具体的某种形式。(1)如果作主语或表语，就用动名词(如例4)或不定式形式。如果设空处前有“ for名词或代词 ” ，设空处就用不定式(如例 3)。(2)如果作定语，要判断该非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的逻辑关系，再根据不定式、动名词、分词作定语的用法确定设空处的所需形式(如例 5、 6)。(3)如果作宾语，要注意设空处前的词，若是介词(注意有时可能省略介词) ，设空处一定是动名词；若是及物动词，要根据非谓语动词作宾

38、语的用法判断其形式(如例 7)。(4)如果作目的状语或表示意外结果的结果状语或在形容词后作状语，就用动词不定式。如果作伴随、时间、条件、非意外的结果等状语，要根据与逻辑主语的关系，确定用现在分词还是过去分词。(5)如果作宾补，首先需弄清设空处与宾语的逻辑关系，如果是主动关系，答案可能是to do，doing或不带 to 的不定式；如果是被动关系，答案可能是being done， to be done 或 done。例 1 I had great difficulty finding(find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.例

39、 2 By this time of next year ， you will have learned(learn) English for more than a year. 例 3 It is a great honor for me to introduce(introduce) this English speech competition.例 4 Swimming(swim) is my favorite sport. 例 5 He has the ability to do(do) the work.例 6 Do you know the boy reading(read) a

40、book there? 例 7 He refused to take(take) part in anything illegal. .单句语法填空1.He suddenly appeared in class one day， wearing(wear) sunglasses.2.She wished that he was as easy to please(please) as her mother， who was always delighted with perfume.3.Built(build) in 1192 ， the bridge is over 800 years old.4.Collecting(collect) stamps seems to be his main hobby.5.I didn t talk much to the man sitting(sit) next to me.6.Weather permitting(perm