综合英语第二册Unit7讲义

1、Unit7 QuoteHistories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Francis Bacon历史使人睿智，诗歌使人智慧，数学使人细致，自然哲学使人深邃，道德使人严肃;逻辑与修辞使人善辩。读史使人明智,读诗使人聪慧,演算使人精密,哲理使人深刻,伦理学使人有修养,逻辑修辞使人善辩。史鉴使人明智；诗歌使人巧慧；数学使人精细；博物使人深沉；伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑与修辞使人善辩。

2、4. Questions about the text -What issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with? -What is the main idea? -Whats the authors purpose of writing? -How is the text arranged?What issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with?- How should students regard grades, both good and bad? A

3、re grades as important as they are assumed to be? Do good grades necessarily lead to achievements and bad grades result in failure in a students later life?What is the text mainly about?-.The text is mainly about grades , disappointment and attitudes towards them by considering exactly what the grad

4、e B means and doesnt mean.Whats the authors purpose of writing?-to tell his student that he should view his grades and his disappointment correctly. What type of writing is this essay? -argumentation. Apart from the first paragraph, the rest of the text falls clearly into three parts, each of which

5、is marked at the beginning by a key word or words. Try to find these key words.-Paragraphs 25: Disappointment-Paragraphs 6-8: The student as performer; the student as human being.-Paragraphs 9-10: PerspectivePart 1 （paragraph 1）Understanding the paragraph: 1) What does this part mainly talk about? 2

6、) What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly? 3)What, according to the author, has caused the feeling of disappointment? 4) Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragraph? If yes, what is it? If not, where is it stated in the text?Main idea of this part: It introduces

7、the topic of the letter: grade B for the course and the feeling of disappointment.What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly?-The author has mentioned briefly the change in the way grades are regarded, i.e. the norm has shifted upward.What, according to the author, has caused the feel

8、ing of disappointment?-It has to do with the general social climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special programs. This is why the author says there is nothing he can do to remove the feeling of disappointment.Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragra

9、ph? If yes, what is it? If not, where is it stated in the text?- The purpose of writing the letter is not stated in this paragraph. It is not specifically mentioned until the third paragraph.Ø Im certain that nothing I can say will remove that feeling of disappointment, particularly in a climat

10、e where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special program. (Paragraph 1)Translation:Ø 我肯定无论我说什么都不会消除你的沮丧心情，特别是在我们生活的环境中，考试分数直接决定你是否有资格读研究生和申请一些特别的学习项目。l norm n.1) an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree withe.g. You must adapt to the n

11、orms of the society you live in.2) the norm = a situation or type of behavior that is expected and considered to be typical e.g. One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 常态Derivation: normal a.; normally ad.normalize v. ; normalization n.标准，规范正常的，正规的 n.正常；标准；常态常态使正常，使标准化norm

12、 n. normal a.normality n.normalize v.过了几天，洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。It was several days before the floodwater sank and life returned to normal.我们的关系正常了。Our relationship has been normalized.l shift vt.& vi.1) to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especial

13、ly slightly（使）移动，（使）转移2)  to change a situation, discussion etc by giving special attention to one idea or subject instead of to a previous one 转移注意力等3）to change opinions 转变；改变意见、信仰等e.g. She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other. 她不安地把重心从一只脚转移到另一只脚。 The wind is expected to sh

14、ift (to the east) tomorrow. The White House hopes to shift the medias attention away from foreign policy issues. 白宫希望把媒体的注意力从外交政策问题上转移开。 Public opinion was beginning to shift to the right (= become more right-wing ) 公众舆论开始右倾。Derivation: shift n.shiftless a. lazy and having no interest in working har

15、d or trying to succeed懒惰的，不求上进的，得过且过的N. 1) if workers in a factory, hospital etc work shifts, they work for a particular period of time during the day or night, and are then replaced by others, so that there are always people working 工厂、医院等轮班制中的当班时间² I work shifts. 我轮班工作。² A shift system h

16、as been introduced.实行了轮班工作制。² do/work a (10-/12-/24- etc hour) shift Dave had to work a 12-hour shift yesterday. 戴夫昨天要上一个12小时的班。² night/day etc shift The thought of working night shifts put her off becoming a nurse. 想到要上夜班，她就打消了当护士的念头。² early/late shift Im on the early shift tomorrow.

17、 明天我要上早班² shift work/worker/working people who do shift work 做轮班工作的人2). a shift key 键盘上的shift键，换挡键To run the spell-checker, press SHIFT and F7. 要使用拼写检查程序l with the result that: in consequence; as a consequence of 因此；从而；其结果是E.g. To increase sales, firms could hire more people without caring too

18、much about productivity, with the result that growth in revenue correlated closely with growth in headcount. 为了增进销售，各企业可以雇佣更多的人而不用操心员工的生产力，因此，营业额的增长与员工数量的增加呈现紧密的相关性。Practice： 盗贼戴上手套，因而没有留下指纹The burglar wore gloves, with the result that there is no fingerprint to be found.建国以来我们犯的几次错误，都是由于要求过急，目标过高，脱

19、离了中国的实际，结果发展反倒慢了。The mistakes we have made since the founding of the Peoples Republic were all due to over-eagerness: disregarding Chinas realities, setting excessively high targets, with the result that progress was slowed.Translate the following sentences into English.1. 他因急性阑尾炎住院治疗，结果连期末考试都没参加。 (

20、with the result that)He was hospitalized with acute appendicitis, with the result that he missed the final examination. l eligibility n. the qualifications or abilities required for doing somethingDerivation:² eligible a.² eligible (for sth. / to do sth.)1)她的资历和经验确定她适合做这项工作。 2) 只有在公司工作三年以上

21、的人才能得到住房补贴。1）Her qualifications and experience confirm her eligibility for the job.2）Only those who have worked in this company for at least three years are eligible for housing allowancePart 2 （paragraph 2-5）Understanding the paragraph:Main idea: The author tells how he understands a grade: a grade

22、, which is just a fuzzy representation of the students mastery of a certain subject but not a precise judgement of the students ability or character, is over-emphasized in American society.Question: 1) How does the author explain the notion of disappointment?2) What does the author think has given r

23、ise to a B students feeling of disappointment ?How do you interpret the second sentence in Paragraph 2 “The essence of success is that theres never enough of it to go round in a zero-sum game where one persons winning must be offset by anothers losing, one persons joy offset by anothers disappointme

24、nt”.Explanation:“Zero-sum game” refers to a situation in which if one person gains an advantage from it, someone else involved in it must suffer an equivalent disadvantage.Paraphrase:There does not exist the situation in which all those who are involved will turn out successful and no one feels disa

25、ppointed. Wherever there are winners, there are losers. When someone feels happy about his success, someone else may feel disappointed at his failure. In a highly competitive society where the importance of winning is emphasized so much, it is inevitable that those who fail in the competition will f

26、eel disappointed.Translation: Ø 我们所生活的社会就像一个零和游戏，只要有人赢，就会有人输；只要有人感到幸福，就会有人感到沮丧。从来都不存在大家都成功而没有人失落的情况。这就是成功的核心因素。 winning is not the most important thing its the only thing.Explanation: This is a special type of negation. The author is not negating the importance of winning; rather, with the sent

27、ence that follows the negative one, the author gives the utmost emphasis to the importance of winning. What the author wants to say is “Winning is of primary importance; nothing could be more important than winning.”Translation: 成功不是最重要的事情它是唯一的事情e.g. To improve your oral English, practicing is not t

28、he most important thing its the only thing.Ours is a time of information explosion; to keep up with the times, updating our knowledge is not the most important thing its the only thing.To lose, to fail, to go under, to go broke these are deadly sins in a world where prosperity in the present is seen

29、 as a sure sign of salvation in the future.Paraphrase: Being unsuccessful in ones life and career and financially disadvantaged are regarded as shameful or even sinful because in this world people tend to think that only those who are successful now can be saved from evil in the future. In a differe

30、nt society, your disappointment might be something you could shrug away. But not in ours. Paraphrase: If you are in a different society, you could just ignore you disappointment, but in our society, its inescapable. Translation: 假如你处在另一个社会里，你可以对你的沮丧置之不理，但是在我们这个社会里是无法回避的。l inadequacy 1) U a feeling t

31、hat you are not as good, clever, skilled etc as other people 人不够好，不胜任 Unemployment can cause feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. 失业会使人缺乏自信，产生自卑感。2) U the fact of not being good enough in quality, ability, size etc for a particular purpose 质量、能力、大小等不足，欠缺 + of the inadequacy of local health ca

32、re 当地医疗保健服务的不足3) .C usually plural,一 a fault or weakness 缺点，不足之处 Im quite aware of my own inadequacies. 我很清楚自身的不足之处。Derivation:inadequate a.inadequately ad.Antonym:adequacyExercise: Use the following words to fill in the blanks.inadequacy inadequately adequacy adequate adequately1. Unemployment can

33、often cause feelings of and low self-esteem. 2. He doubted her for the job. 3. Will future oil supplies be to meet world needs? 4. While some patients can be cared for at home, others are best served by care in a hospital. 5. Our scientific research is funded. l essence n. the most basic and importa

34、nt idea or qualityE.g. The essence of his argument was that education should continue throughout life. Yet change is the very essence of life. Collocation:² in essence 本质上，大体上 In essence, both sides agree on the issue.² of the essence 非常重要的，不可缺少的 In any of these discussions, of course, hon

35、esty is of the essence.Derivation:essential a. & n.essentially ad.l go round1) The main road was flooded so we had to go round by narrow country lanes.-绕道2）It is unprofessional to go round criticizing your colleagues. -（四处活动，在交际方面活跃） There is a rumour going round that she has been arrested.-（流传，

36、传播）There is a lot of flu going round at that moment.-（传染，流行）3）（0f a number or quantity of sth）be enough for everyone to have a share (指某物的数或量）足够每人一份There arent enough chairs to go round.椅子不够坐。Is there enough food to go round? 食物够每人一份吗？前来听讲座的人数远远超出原来的估计，分发给大家的讲义不够了。As many more people came to the lec

37、ture than expected, there were not enough handouts to go round.l offset vt. to counterbalance or compensate forIn basketball, he offsets his small size by his cleverness and speed. Forests can help offset human-caused climate warming, and scientists want to know how big a role these particular fores

38、ts will play.Collocation:offset sth. by sth. / doing sth.l go under to fail; to be overwhelmed 破产，沉没，失败，屈服 His business went under because of competition from the large corporations.Poor Donaldson had no head for（在某方面缺少天分）business, and it was not long before he went under.l go / be broke to become p

39、enniless; to go bankrupt 破产了，没钱，身无分文的，穷的The business kept losing money and finally went broke.I cant afford to go on holiday this year Im broke. A lot of small businesses went broke during the recession.经济不景气，很多小公司都倒闭了。v. a.n.salvagesalvageablesalvation打捞，抢救可抢救的，可打捞的得救，拯救；赎罪房子里没有什么东西可救的了。There is no

40、thing that is salvageable in the building.天气干旱了这么久，这场雨成了农民的救星。After so much dry weather, the rain has been the farmers salvation. Questions:1) How does the author explain the notion of disappointment? (Paragraph 2).-Disappointment is a negative feeling. It is the stuff bad dreams are made of. What d

41、eserves our attention here is that the author explains disappointment in relation to success.2) What does the author think has given rise to a B students feeling of disappointment.-As far as the author is concerned, the cause of the students disappointment is to a large extent social. In a society w

42、here the importance of winning is overemphasized, it is considered shameful to be a loser. Whats more, prosperity in the present is assumed to ensure ones salvation in the future. In this general social climate, therefore, a B student will naturally feel disappointed. Paragraph 3What is the main ide

43、a?It reveals the purpose of writing this letter: the students should learn how to correctly deal with the grade B and disappointment from it.What does the phrase “put sth. in perspective” mean? (Paragraph 3)-It means “judge the importance of sth. correctly.” So what the author wants to do is to show

44、 the students how they should regard / view their disappointment correctly.l perspective n. 1） a way of regarding situations, facts, etc.； 思考问题的角度，观点，想法2）a sensible way of judging and comparing situations so that you do not imagine that something is more serious than it really is 对事物的合理判断，正确认识3） a m

45、ethod of drawing a picture that makes objects look solid and shows distance and depth, or the effect this method produces in a picture 透视（画）法；透视效果，透视感e.g.His fathers death gave him a whole new perspective on life.The novel is written from the perspective of a child.I think Tom has lost all sense of

46、perspective . The artist took the use of perspective.² in / out of perspective: 可见物体的位置或比例正确/不正确； 恰当/不恰当E.g.The background of this picture is all out of perspective.² view / put / see sth. in perspective ： 从角度观察、处置、看待 sthE.g.He sees things in their right perspective.l take at face value to

47、 accept something for what it appears to beE.g.She took his stories at face value and did not know he was joking. If you take his remarks only at their face value, you will not have understood his full meaning.Translation:如果这一生中我学会了一件事的话，那就是绝不要听什么就相信什么。If there is one thing I have learned in life, i

48、t is never to take anything you are told at face value. 我们不应只看到失败的表面，而要从失败中得出经验教训。We shouldnt take failures at face value. Instead, we should learn from our failures.他的话，你得好好想一想，千万不要他说什么你就信什么。l be apt to to have the tendency toE.g.A careless person is apt to make mistakes.E.g.My pen is rather apt to

49、 leak.Synonym:be inclined tobe likely tol mislead: make you think or act wrongly 误导，误入歧途E.g.He deliberately misled us about the nature of their relationship. 关于他们究竟是什么关系，他故意给我们留下错误印象。E.g.This sentence has misled us into thinking that the answer was wrong. 这句话误使我们认为那个答案是错误的。Paragraph 4Questions:1) Wh

50、y does the author think that grades are misleading? (Paragraphs 4 )2) Try to find out what a grade means and what it does not mean. (Paragraphs 4 5)Ø Lacking more precise measurement tools, we must interpret your B as a rather fuzzy symbol at best, representing a questionable judgment of your m

51、astery of the subject. (Paragraphs 4 )Ø Translation-由于缺乏更精确的衡量工具，我们至多只能把B看作一个模糊的符号，表示对你掌握某一科目的程度的判断，不过这种判断的准确性很值得怀疑.熟练的，精通的熟练，精通proficient ficiency n.我可以说对唱歌很在行。Id say I am quite proficient at singing.l correspond to to match; to be similar or equal to,相当于，符合于The American Congress correspo

52、nds to the British Parliament.假定，设想；承担；认为假定，假如假定，设想 assumption of sthv.conj.n. assumeassumingassumption我以为你能讲流利的英语。I assumed you could speak English fluently.假定那是真的，我们现在该怎么办？Assuming that it is true, what should we do now?l assumption n. what is thought to be true or will happen, without any real pr

53、oofThese calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise.Im working on the assumption that the money will come through.Collocation:assumption of sth. Translation:1. 这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.2. 看见不明飞行物时，有些人就设想在其他行星上有生命。Some peo

54、ple assume that there is life on other planets when they see UFOs.inadequacy assumption correspond to essence offset conventional go under perspective proficiency be apt to4. A great many companies in the fierce financial risk. 5. Everyone sees things from his or her own 6. She live in the country,

55、but her husband wanted to live in the city. 7. Toms as a professor is well known. 8. English is always thought to be a nation. 9. The working of this machine that of the human brain. 10. The of their sons coming back after the war proved to be wrong. Why does the author think that grades are misleading? (Paragraphs 4 )-A grade is just a symbol, which is supposed to reflect the level of a students performance, and the students performance is assumed to correspond to his knowledge. But the students may have acqui