毕业论文-微型车怠速不良原因与控制措施

1、商丘科技职业学院毕业论文目 录1前 言32微型车的概述42.1微型车定义42.2微型车的发展前景43 汽车故障的诊断与检测53.1故障诊断一般原则54 怠速的基本概述54.1 怠速定义54.2怠速不良现象64.2.1怠速不稳，易熄火64.2.2冷态怠速不稳，易熄火84.2.3热态怠速不稳，易熄火84.2.4发动机热态怠速过高94.2.5发动机怠速时上下波动104.2.6使用空调或转向时怠速不稳或熄火115 怠速控制系统115.1怠速控制系统功能115.2怠速控制系统的组成125.3怠速控制的方法措施146 结 论15参考文献16摘 要从改革开放以来我国人民生活水平不断提高！汽车正逐步走进千家万

2、户。作为汽车的心脏发动机的好坏直接影响到汽车的动力性与经济性。如今汽车发动机的技术已经发展近半世纪，其技术水平已有了一个质的飞跃！大大提高了汽车的经济性与动力性。然而，现代汽车存在多样性的问题！如：怠速不稳、怠速熄火、冷车怠速不良和热车不良等问题。汽车怠速运转的时间占汽车运转总时间的30%，怠速运转的好坏直接影响到汽车使用中燃油经济性和排放污染的好坏！又能反应汽车的技术性、稳定性、动力性等各种技术指标。怠速工况下的故障率远远大于其它工况的故障率。给汽车维修带来不小的困难！如何检测和维修怠速中所发生的各类故障，应是我们每个维修人员共同面对的挑战。关键词： 怠速不良 怠速不稳 故障诊断 1前 言随

3、着汽车的逐渐普及，汽车维修行业已成为一个迅速崛起的庞大行业，并且在社会上越来越得到广大人民重视。随着汽车新技术的不断发展，新技术日新月异，随之而来的汽车问题也对汽车维修行业提出了更高更新的要求。汽车维修从业人员的业务素质和技术水平，直接影响到汽车维修质量和汽车维修行业的声誉。因此，必须加强汽车维修从业人员的素质和技术培训，提高为汽车维修行业服务的本领。国家标准GB/T167391997汽车维修业开业条件中明确规定：“各工种技术工人必须经过专业培训，取得工人技术等级证书，并经交通行业培训，取得上岗证，持证上岗”。国家劳动和社会保障部也制定了对汽车维修从业人员实行从业制格制度。为贯彻落实好上述有关

4、持证上岗制度的规定，搞好汽车维修从业人员的岗位培训工作，我在此论述有关汽车怠速方面不良问题的故障原因和控制措施，使大家能学习到有关怠速不良问题的技术知识，可供大家参考学习。为汽修行业的良好发展做出一份力量。2微型车的概述2.1微型车定义微型车也被称为A00级车，一般情况下，属于该级别的车其轴距在2.0米至2.3米之间，车身在4.0米之内，搭载的发动机排量在1.0升左右。我国国家标准规定:发动机排量不超过1L,整车总质量小于1500kg,车长小于3.5m,车宽小于1.5m,载质量不超过1000kg的汽车为微型汽车。国外微型汽车是指发动机排量在1.0-1.3L的紧凑型轿车;0.5-0.8L排量范围

5、的轿车，称为超微型轿车。2.2微型车的发展前景2008年微型车逆市上行、一枝独秀是多方面原因共同促成。经济上：处于“寒冬”情况下，消费者出于节能环保因素和自身利益的考虑，促使消费者理性选择了物美价廉、适应性强、油耗低的微型车。政策上：随着中国消费税的调整和燃油税的开征，中国汽车产业政策也正进一步向微型车领域倾斜，消费者购置微型车的成本明显降低。企业上：由于微型车行业销量上升，各大汽车集团推出新款微型车，由于物美价廉、生产资料和“国情车,正符合金融危机下的人民群众要求。综上所述，微型车关注度迅速上升，国家政策支持和经济形势明显好转，汽车市场也持续火热，微型车逐渐升温。使得微型车发展为家庭主要代步

6、工具。但事物都有两面性，微型车在新技术发展的同时，一些故障也频频出现，而且故障现象呈现复杂性、多样性的一些“疑难杂症”，使得维修工作也很艰难！3 汽车故障的诊断与检测3.1故障诊断一般原则1、先思后行 对故障现象先进行综合分析，了解故障原因后再进行故障检查。可避免检查的盲目性，迅速排除故障。 2、先外后内 先检查电控系统以外的可能故障予以检查。 3、先简后繁 能以简单方法检查的可能故障部位应优先检查。如：直观检查最为简单，我们可以用问、看、摸、听、嗅和试等直观检查方法，将一些较为显露的故障部位找出来。4、先易后难 由于结构特点和使用环境等原因，发动机的某一故障现象通常是由一些总成部分的原因引起

7、的，应先对这些常见故障部位进行检查。若还不能找出故障在找其它不常见的故障部位，可迅速排除故障。 5、代码优先 有故障代码的汽车，在对汽车检查前，按厂家提供的方法，读取故障代码，再按故障代码的内容排除故障。 6、先备后用 检测微机控制系统元件性能的好坏、电气线路是否正常，常以其电压或电阻等参数来判断。4 怠速的基本概述4.1 怠速定义首先，介绍一下怠速不是一种速度，而是一种工作工况。其次，介绍一下我们把汽车发动机工作状态分为多种工况，如加速工况、减速工况、全负荷工况、怠速工况等，其中怠速工况我们简称“怠速”。怠速定义是指发动机空转运转时，完全放松油门油门踏板，这时发动机就处于怠速状态。发动机怠速

8、时的转速被称为怠速转速，它是维持发动机对外没有输出功率时的最低转速。怠速转速可以通过调整节气门大小等来调整其高低，至到调到怠速转速以发动机不抖动、耗油最少时的最低转速为最佳。4.2怠速不良现象4.2.1怠速不稳，易熄火1】故障现象：发动机起动正常，但不论冷车或热车，怠速均不稳，怠速转速过低，易熄火。2】故障原因：1、 进气系统有漏气。2、 燃油压力太低。3、 空气滤清器堵塞。4、 喷油器雾化不良、漏油或堵塞。5、 怠速调整不当。6、 怠速控制阀或旁通空气阀工作不良。7、 火花塞工作不良。8、 空气流量计有故障。9、 气缸压缩压力过低不均匀。3】故障诊断与排除：1、 先进行故障自诊断，检查有无故

9、障代码。如果有，按故障代码查找故障部位。2、 检查进气系统各进气管路接头、各真空软管、废气再循环系统和燃油蒸气回收系统是否漏气。3、 检查怠速控制阀的工作是否正常。拔下怠速控制阀接线插头，如果发动机转速无变化说明怠速控制阀或控制电路有故障，应检修或更换。如图4-1。 图4-1 步行电动机型怠速控制阀 1控制阀 2前轴承 3后轴承 4密封圈 5丝杠机构 6线束插接器 7定子 8转子4、 怠速时逐个短路各缸高压线，检查发动机转速的下降值是否相等。如果某缸在短路高压线时，发动机转速基本不变，说明该缸工作不良或不工作，应检查该缸火花塞或喷油器或控制电路是否正常、该缸压力是否过低。5、 仔细听各缸喷油器

10、在怠速时的工作声音。如果各缸喷油器工作声音有差异，说明各缸喷油量不相等，应拆检或更换。6、 检查各缸的高压火花。如某缸的火花太弱或断火，应检测分火头、分电器盖、高压分线、点火器、发动机转速传感器及其连线、插头等。7、 拆检各缸各缸火花塞，检查电极是否烧蚀过甚或积碳，火花塞电极间隙是否正常。8、 检查燃油压力。怠速时的燃油压力应为250kpa左右。如燃油压力偏低，应检查油压调节器、电动汽油泵、汽油滤清器及电动汽油泵的进油滤网、连接管路等。9、 调整发动机怠速。检查空气流量计是否卡滞，检查气缸压缩压力。如压力低于0.8Mpa，应拆检发动机。4.2.2冷态怠速不稳，易熄火1】故障现象：发动机冷态运转

11、时怠速不稳或过低，易熄火，冷态后怠速恢复正常。2】故障原因：1、 附加空气阀故障。2、 怠速控制阀故障。3、 冷却液温度传感器故障。3】故障诊断与排除：1、 先进行故障自诊断，检查有无故障代码。如果有，按故障代码查找故障部位。2、 检查附加空气阀。拆下附加空气阀，检查在冷态时附加空气阀的阀门是否开启，如不能开启或过小，应清洗或更换。3、 检查怠速控制阀。熄火后拔下怠速控制阀线束，待发动机起动后再插上，如果发动机转速无变化，说明怠速控制阀不工作，应检修。4、 测量冷却液温度传感器。如果有短路、断路或阻值不符，应更换。4.2.3热态怠速不稳，易熄火 1】故障现象：发动机冷态运转时怠速正常，热态后怠

12、速不稳、转速过低或熄火。2】故障原因：1、 怠速调整过低、控制阀有故障。2、 冷却液温度传感器有故障。3、 火花塞、点火线圈、点火器喷油器工作不良。4、 发动机转速传感器工作不良。3】故障诊断与排除：1、 先进行故障自诊断，检查有无故障代码。如果有，按故障代码查找故障部位。尤其是点火线圈、点火器及发动机转速传感器的检查。2、 检查发动机的初始怠速转速、冷却液温度传感器、怠速控制阀、各缸火花塞、喷油器工作是否正常。4.2.4发动机热态怠速过高1】故障现象：发动机冷态时能以正常快怠速运转，但热态后保持快怠速，导致怠速转速过高。2】故障原因：1、 节气门卡滞，关闭不严。怠速调整不当。2、 附加空气阀

13、、怠速控制阀、冷却液温度传感器、曲轴箱强制通风阀、空调开关、动力转向器压力故障。3】故障诊断与排除：1、 检查怠速时节气门是否全闭，节气门拉索是否卡滞。2、 进行故障自诊断，检查有无故障代码。如果有，按故障代码查找故障部位。3、 检查附加空气阀。将附加空气阀进气管夹紧怠速好转，说明附加空气阀在热态不能关闭。应检修或更换。4、 检查冷却液温度传感器。若拔下冷却液温度传感器线束插头后，发动机怠速好转，说明冷却液温度传感器有故障，应检修或更换。5、 检查怠速控制阀。发动机熄火后拔下怠速控制阀线束插头，待起动后再插上，如果发动机随之变化，说明怠速控制阀工作正常。否则应检修。6、 接通空调开关后或转动转

14、向盘时，如果发动机转速没有变化，说明怠速自动控制系统有故障，应检修。7、 把曲轴箱强制通风阀软管夹紧，如果发动机转速随之下降，说明曲轴箱强制通风阀在怠速时开度过大，应检修。4.2.5发动机怠速时上下波动1】故障现象：怠速时发动机转速不断地上下波动。2】故障原因：1、 节气门位置传感器安装调整不当，在怠速时怠速触点不能闭合。2、 喷油器雾化不良或堵塞。3、 空气流量计、怠速控制阀或者自动控制电路有故障。4、 冷却液温度传感器信号不正确。5、 氧传感器失效或反馈信号控制电路有故障。3】故障诊断与排除：1、 先进行故障自诊断，检查有无故障代码。如果有，则按所显示的故障码内容查找故障部位。2、 怠速时

15、逐个短路各缸高压线，检查发动机各缸工作是否均匀。3、 检查冷却液温度传感器、空气流量计、怠速控制阀是否符合标准值，工作是否正常，否则应检修或更换。.4、 拆下怠速控制阀后，将蓄电池正极接至B1和B2端子，负极按顺序依次接通S1-S2-S3-S4端子时，随步进电动机的旋转，控制阀应向外伸出；蓄电池负极按相反顺序依次接通S4-S3-S2-S1时，则控制阀应向内缩回。若不符合以上情况应更换怠速控制阀。如图4-2。 图4-2 怠速控制阀测量方法4.2.6使用空调或转向时怠速不稳或熄火1】故障现象：发动机在怠速运转中使用空调或汽车转向时怠速过低、不稳，甚至熄火，切断空调或汽车直行时怠速运转正常。2】故障

16、原因：1、 初始怠速调整过低，使怠速自动控制无法正常运行。2、 怠速控制阀不工作，导致怠速过低、运转不稳或熄火。3、 空调开关或转向液压开关及其控制线路有故障，电脑接收不到接通空调和转向的电信号，导致怠速过低。3】故障诊断与排除：1、 先进行故障自诊断，检查有无故障代码。如果有，按故障代码查找故障部位。2、 按规定程序重新检查调整发动机的初始怠速。3、 检查怠速控制阀是否工作正常。拔下怠速控制阀线束插头，若发动机转速没有变化，则说明怠速控制阀不工作，应更换2。5 怠速控制系统5.1怠速控制系统功能怠速控制（ISC）已经成为发动机集中控制系统的基本控制内容之一。怠速控制的目的是在保证发动机排放要

17、且运转稳定的前提下，尽量使发动机的怠速转速保持最低，以降低怠速时的燃油消耗量。电控喷射式发动机在怠速工况时，空气通过节气门缝隙或旁通节气门的怠速空气道进入发动机，并由空气流量计（或进气绝对压力传感器）对进气量进行控制，电控燃油喷射系统（EFI）则根据各传感器信号控制喷油量，保证发动机的怠速运转。怠速控制系统的功能是根据发动机的工作温度和负载，由ECU自动控制怠速工况下的空气供给量，维持发动机以稳定怠速运转。如图5-1。(a) (b) 图5-1 怠速进气量控制方法 a)节气门直动式 b)旁通空气式 1节气门 2进气管 3节气门操纵臂 4执行元件 5怠速空气道5.2怠速控制系统的组成怠速控制系统主

18、要由传感器、ECU、和执行元件三大部分组成，如图5-2所示。传感器的功用是检测发动机的运行工况的负载设备的工作状况，ECU根据各种传感器的输入信号确定一个怠速运转的目标转速，控制执行元件的工作，以调节进气量，使发动机的怠速转速达到所确定的目标转速。到进气管 图5-2 发动机怠速控制系统结构图在怠速控制系统中，ECU需要根据节气门位置信号和车速信号确认怠速工况，只有在节气门全关、车速为零时，ECU控制的怠速系统才起作用。如图5-3。 图5-3 ECU控制简图1冷却液温度 2压缩机S W 3液力变矩器负荷信号4比 较 5节气门全闭信号 6车速信号 7目标转速 5.3怠速控制的方法措施怠速控制的实质

19、就是对怠速工况下的进气量进行控制。在发动机集中控制系统中，控制怠速进气量的方法可分为两种基本类型：节气门直动式和旁通空气式。节气门直动式通过执行元件改变节气门的最小开度来控制怠速进气量，而旁通空气怠速控制系统中，设有旁通节气门的怠速空气道，由执行元件控制流经怠速空气道的空气量。目前应用比较广泛的是旁通空气式怠速控制系统。按执行元件的类型不同，旁通空气式怠速控制系统又分步进电动型、旋转电磁阀型、占空比控制电磁阀型、开关型等。怠速控制的方法及执行元件的类型因车而异，目前应用较多的是步进电动机控制的旁通空气式怠速控制系统。不同车型的怠速控制系统，其控制内容也不完全相同，控制内容通常包括：起动控制、暖

20、机控制（快怠速控制）、负荷变化控制、反馈控制和学习控制等。6 结 论随着汽车经济的发展，汽车产业已成为我国五大支柱产业之一，关系到国家经济的安全和可持续发展，但中国的汽车发展史比较晚、起步晚、技术实力弱等因素。使我国汽车整体质量保证不先进。问题多且故障复杂多变。为了能提高和改变维修行业人员的维修技术水平和能力，能在正常的维修保养，以及在汽车出现各种问题能科学地、快捷地、准确无误地为车主解决无后顾之忧！本文从我国汽车现状出发，提出了解决微型车怠速不良和控制措施问题的整体思路和方法。对解决汽车在怠速问题方面的理论和实际问题方面，以及提高汽车维修行业人员操纵科学性、正规性等方面有一定帮助。但本文有不

21、足之处或遗留问题。如是否存在例外情况或本论文尚未和难以解决或解释的问题，也可请各位老师提出进一步研究本课题的建议。参考文献1 谭本忠.汽车故障排解思路与实例.北京：机械工业出版社，2008.10（2009.7重印）.2 吕传章.汽车维修与检测诊断.北京：人民出版社，2001.7 3 张西振.汽车发动机电控技术.第二版.北京：机械工业出版社，2009.2您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest China's Shaanxi

22、province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansu's Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014.

23、It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The car

24、avan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine youn

25、g musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around

26、100 shows every year to local nomadic people. "I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early '80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn't help but sing the folk songs," Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and

27、 the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. "The nomadic people were very excited about our visits," Nasun recalls. "We didn't have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local

28、people joining in." For him, the rewarding part about touring isn't just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as "red burgeon", and today's performers of the troupe still tour the re

29、gion's villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijing's Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art tr

30、oupe. "Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged," Nasun, the art troupe's president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elde

31、rly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast China's Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one

32、 of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical element

33、s with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle."Although I learned the piano s

34、ince childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root," he says. "Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled." The first round of

35、spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight

36、” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to

37、1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did

38、 not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. "The successful transaction of two works

39、with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the dem

40、and for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. "Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions

41、 has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auction

42、s titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins an

43、d stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her ho

44、meland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept

45、China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing

46、 has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in China's cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episod

47、es at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the trunca

48、ted one not difficult to follow. What's lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior year

49、s reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at what's to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were writt

50、en in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine

51、a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated int

52、o lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an

53、emphasis on the commonalities. But whether inside or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. Sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has becomehow shall I put it?a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural

54、export. Judging by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from China but not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay titled Self-Reliance. If you've not yet read it, I strongly

55、encourage you to do so. In this essay, the venerable Emerson talks about eschewing the trappings of society and finding one's own path. He urges the reader to find rectitude and lead a moral life. He professes that, only by being self reliant, as opposed to relying on the government and being di

56、ctated to by society, can one begin leading a decent and purposeful life. He avers that such a life is the only life worth living. I agree with him. This essay was written during a time of social upheaval in America, and it is rather odd that Emerson authored it, as he was a part of the upper crust of society at the time. It just so happened that he looked around him, at the indolence and the wantonness of the people in his circle; he wondered how in the world he came to belong there. Indeed his penning and publishing this essay caused his excomm