英语专业论文终稿TheSunAlsoRises分析

1、论 文 摘 要欧斯特米勒尔海明威（18991961）是20世纪最著名的小说家之一,也是“迷惘的一代”的代言人。太阳照样升起是海明威的第一部长篇小说，主要叙述战后一群流落在法国的美国年轻人的独特生活。在这部小说中，海明威塑造了一位颇有争议的女性形象勃莱特·阿什利。本文将从女性主义理论入手，结合小说创作的时代背景，分析小说中女主角勃莱特·阿什利对男权社会所做的反抗，揭示其反抗失败的原因，探索女性真正走上独立自主道路的途径，从而给现代女性以启示。关键词：太阳照常升起；女性主义；反抗；失败AbstractErnest Hemingway（18991961）was one of th

2、e most famous writers in 20th century and the spokespersonof the lost generation. Hemingways first and probably his most accomplished novel The Sun Also Rises was talked about the life about an unique group of young Americansliving in France after the World War I. In this novel, he produced a vivid

3、but controversial female images-the main character “Brett Ashley”. This thesis starts from the feminist theory, combining the background of the novel,and analysesBrett Ashleys rebellions against the patriarchal society, and reveals the reasons for its failure, and exploresthe wayfor women to gain th

4、e independence. In the end , the thesis enlightens the modern women.Key words: The Sun Also Rises; feminist; rebellion; failureTable of ContentsAbstract (Chinese) .IAbstract (English) .II1. Introduction.12.An Brief Survey ofFeminism and The Sun Also Rise22.1 Feminism. . .22.2 The Sun Also Rise. .33.

5、 An Analysis of Brett Ashleys Rebellions against the Patriarchal Society.43.1 Fight against Traditional Conventions .43.2 Emphasis on Self-consciousness. .53.3 The Pursuit of Love and Happiness.64. The Causes of Brett Ashleys Failure. 84.1 Spiritual Dependence on Men. .

6、 .84.2 Financial Dependence on Men. .95. Conclusion.10References.12Acknowledgements1316 / 201. IntroductionErnest Hemingway(1899-1961), theprolificAmerican writer,was awardedNobel Prize in literature in 1954. In 1926, Hemingways first and probably his mostaccomplishednovel The SunAlso Riseswaspublis

7、hed, which madeHemingwaystand out as an internationalcelebritybecause hegraspedthe socialchangesin America after World War I andsucceeded inconveyingthe exact feelingof the lost generation in written form. The Sun Also Rises talked about the stories of the lost generation and like other Hemingways w

8、orks, many tough man roles were created. However, in The Sun Also Rises, he also produced a vivid female images-the main character “Brett Ashley” in his stories, through Brett Ashley. Since The Sun Also Rises was published, the critics from all over the world made comments about this novel from vari

9、ous angles, such as symbolism, structuralism, impressionism, post-modernism and so on. BertramD.Sarason (1965:73) talked about that the differences between the Brett Ashley and Lady Duff. And George Green (1976:45) argued that thematter of color and the Hemingway's criticism of race prejudice ha

10、ndling of race. Since the 1990s , a few critics tried to interpret the works of Ernest Hemingway with the latest European and American contemporary critical theory. Lorie Watkins Fulton (2005:3436) analyzed the Brett Ashley and The Sun AlsoRisesfrom the Jakes narration. Linda Wagner-Martin (2007:134

11、) wrote the new essays about The Sun Also Risesfrom the new development of the society and the new image of the “Lost Generation”.In the 1930s, Hemingways works were introduced to China, and gradually become popular among Chinese readers, and a lot of critics read this novel and made some comments.

12、For example, Chen Shidan (1998:87) compared the works of Hemingway with the works of Zhang Xianliang. And Cao Minglun (2004:2) studied The Sun Also Rises from the religion meaning of death. So this thesis starts from the feminist theory, combining the background of the novel,and analysesBrett Ashley

13、s rebellions against the patriarchal society, and reveals the reasons for its failure, and exploresthe wayfor women to gain the independence. In the end , the thesis enlightens the modern women.2. Feminism and The Sun Also Rise2.1 FeminismHundred years ago, womens social statue was quite low, women

14、was treated as appendage to men, they only had rights of living, their manner, speaking and behavior were regulated by a series of serious rules and discipline. With the education spreading among women and the awakening of the female self-consciousness, they came to realize that they should defend t

15、heir economic, political and other rights and pursue equal treatment like men. Then there appear feminism. Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, cultural, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to es

16、tablish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. Afeminist advocates or supports the rights and equality of women. First-wave feminism was a series of activities during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. In the U.S.and U.K., it focused on promoting equal contr

17、act, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused mainly on gaining political power, particularly the right of womens voting, though some feminists were active in campaigning for womens sexual and economic rights at this time. Se

18、cond-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s and continuing to the 20th and it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second-wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality not only suffrage, but things like ending discrimination. Second-wave feminists treat womens c

19、ultural and political inequalities as its main purposes that to be deal with. During this period, feminist encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives deeply by means of public promoting. Third-wave feminism is started from 1900 to the present. It arose as a response toward failure

20、s of the second-wave and also as a response to the movements created by the second-wave. Third-wave feminism often correct the second-waves ideas and movements that are not good for females. It accommodates contradictions; conflict and changes. The third-wave has its origins in the mid-1980. 2.2 The

21、 Sun Also RisesThe Sun Also Rises is a 1926 novel written by American author Ernest Hemingway about a group of American and British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in Pamplona to watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights. An early and enduringmodernist no

22、vel, it received mixed reviews upon publication. It is recognized as Hemingway's greatest work. The novel was published in the United States in October 1926 by the publishing house Scribner's. A year later, the London publishing house Jonathan Cape published the novel with the title of Fiest

23、a. Since then it has been continuously in print.Hemingway began writing the novel on his birthday in 1925, finishing the draft manuscript barely two months later in September. After setting aside the manuscript for a short period, he worked on revisions during the winter of 1926. The basis for the n

24、ovel was Hemingway's 1925 trip to Spain. The setting was unique and memorable, showing seedy café life in Paris, and the excitement of the Pamplona festival, with a middle section devoted to descriptions of a fishing trip in the Pyrenees. Hemingway's spare writing style, combined with h

25、is restrained use of description to convey characterizations and action, became known as demonstrating the Iceberg Theory.The novel is a romance; the characters are based on real people of Hemingway's circle, and the action is based on real events. In the novel, Hemingway presents his notion tha

26、t the "Lost Generation", considered to have been decadent, dissolute and irretrievably damaged by World War I, was resilient and strong. Additionally, Hemingway investigates the themes of love, death, renewal in nature, and the nature of masculinity.3.An Analysis of the Liberation of Women

27、 in The Sun Also Rises3.1 Fight against Traditional Conventions After World War I, the female role began to have a great transformation, from passive, private and shy, to individualist of new experience. In the past, women had to keep themselves in home and do the houseworks. How

28、ever, after the war, women began to throw off their restraints, toss away their corsets and flee their country homes for jobs in cities. And local ethics were shocked to find thatinstead of doing chores at home, women began to playing golf, driving a car, smoking, dancing, drinking in the bar. All o

29、f these behaviour which challenges traditional social structures can be seen in the behavior of Lady Brett Ashley.“Brett was damned good-looking. She wore a slipover jersey sweater and tweed skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boys. She started all that she was built with curve likethe hull

30、of a racing yacht, and youmissed none of it with that wool jersey.”(Hemingway,954: 24) Fromthose line, Bretts physicalfeatures werevividlyrevealed to readers.Bretts short hair showed her individualityand her dress expressed her sexuality. Brett hated the traditional feminine ideals of proper behavio

31、r. Moreover, Brett dared to step off the limitation. She said, “I've always done just what I wanted. ”(Hemingway,1954: 202)She dared to do what she want to do even that is wrong. Brett entered the public place without any reason but relaxation and the public place were the bar and the bullfight

32、place. At that time, those places were considered that only men can existed andnot the right placesfor women to stay. Women who came to such places would be considered disturbing. Although Brett knew that coming to those places was not right, she totally rejected such a rule and did whatever she wan

33、ted. Once breaking with the traditional moral, Brett found it difficult for her to go back and she thought that she can find a right way to self-liberation and real independence in the evil world. What Brett did was for finding the equality and liberty in the society and wanting to be the center of

34、the pubic. Being watched by men, she would feel flattered. It is obvious that Brett no longer defined herself as a new womanIn the story, Cohn, Mike and Jake was surrounding Brett. In the past, women like Brett chased by a lot of men have already married to one guy which she most likes. However, in

35、this novel, Brett refused to commit to anyone of them, preferring remainbeing single. In order to breaking the traditional morals and finding the real independence, she ignoredthose mens feelings and was unwilling to commit fully to any men who obsessed with her, even though she had affairs withthem

36、. As a modern woman, Brett Ashley betrayed the traditional rules and had many affairs with men. For Brett, having an affair with a man did not mean that she loved him nor wanted to marry him. She seemed just like to enjoy freedom without any restriction by men. Once she found she did not want to hav

37、e relationship with that man, she would leave him without any hesitation.“Could not we live together, Brett? Could not just we live together? ” (Hemingway, 1954: 228) When Jake mentioned again the possibility of them living together, Brett treated him as a kid who was just daydreaming. Maybe, to Bre

38、tt,the marriage was a kind of burden that would destroy her independence and stop her fighting against traditional conventions. 3.2 Emphasis on Self-consciousness What Brett Ashley did in the story was tried to emphasize on her self-consciousness. What is self-consciousness?

39、 If describing someone or something as self-conscious, that means that they are strongly aware of who or what they are. The 1920s, a transitional period for women or an age of revolution, was an uneasy time to live for everyone because it was difficult to give up the traditional moral code and still

40、come up with a new code for the society. At that time, men and women can not coexist in the real world. In the novel, Brett Ashley said, “I've always done just what I wanted. ”(Hemingway,1954: 202)She dared to do what she just want to do. She was strongly aware of who she was and what she wanted

41、. At the same time,Brett Ashley wanted to gainher self-consciousness and totally ignored the traditional morals about women. If she hurt some men, she would not feel anything about it.Once, Jack asked “Do not you love me? but Brett just said “Love you?I simply turn to all jellywhenyou touchme?” and

42、Jack asked again “Wed better keep away fromeach other. Dont we? she said, “But, darling, I haveto see you. It is not all that you know.” (Hemingway,1954:62)Jake and Brett deeply loved each other, but Brett refused Jakes request to live together, because she can not accept the man she loved was impot

43、ence and she knew that she can not stand that kind of life at all. In the relationship between Brett and Romero, when she realized that Romero wanted her to change into a more traditional woman, she would rather split with Romero. However, except for not being changed by anyone, to some extent, Bret

44、t felt guilty for seducing Romero. She explained to Jake, “Im thirty-four, you know. I'm not going to be one of these bitches that ruins children. You know it makes one feel rather good deciding not to be a bitch.” (Hemingway,1 954: 29) She knew she can not be that kind of women ruin the lives o

45、f other children and sometimes she felt horrible for what she had done.Therefore, Brett bravely pursuit her self-consciousness as a new woman, even though she lived in the scaring reality, and was confusing about what she was doing. At the end of the story,she still chose marriage as a kind of goal

46、of her life, although she did not love the man, and no longer believed in the marriage. In fact, Brett just needed the traditional form to gain theself-consciousness3.3The Pursuit of Love and Happiness In this novel, the characters lived in an absurd world and there was no way to establish a signifi

47、cant relationship between themselves even though they make great efforts to find one. Brett Ashleywas remembered by all the readers because of herquestfor true love. However,the men aroundher could not satisfied to her demands and offer her real peaceandhappiness. Apartfrom the terriblemarriage,Hemi

48、ngway wrote four scenes oflove: Jake Barns, RobertCohn, Pedro Romero, MikeCampbell. In the story,Jake Barnes, an American veteran of the First World Warmaybe the only man Brett loved truly except her first lover who died in the war. Although Brett sleeps with many men,she lovesJake. Although there w

49、as some kinds of true love between them, Jakes impotence resulting from the war lets the relationship between Brett and Jack fall apart. “Could not we live together,Brett? Could not just we live together?”(Hemingway, 1954:228)When Jake begged Brett to be with him, she told Jake that she would have t

50、o go with other men behind Jakes back and she knew he would not be able to stand. However, Brett did not want to hurt Jake, because she truly loved Jake, she would like to be with him, and when she really needed some help, she would come to JakeAt the end of the story, helpless Brett turned to Jake

51、for help again even though she know they can not really be together, and finally things that happened forced them to face the reality. These are the final lines of thenovel, presentingBrett and Jakes finaldialogue, spoken in taxi.“We could have hadsuch a damned good time together.”Brettsaid. (Heming

52、way,1954: 270).As a Jew,Cohn can not fit in the disorder society of the twenties. At the age of 34, he was still like a boy andhold a romantic view of life. He was shy and insecure andall his experiences was received just by reading some books. In the relationshipwith Brett, he was so afraid of reje

53、ction from Brett, and when it happened, he refused to accept. Cohn was a dreamer and really proud of his affair with Brett and believed that this relationship made him a hero. Actually, for Brett, Cohn was just a guy she had an affair with. When Brett met Romero and fall in love immediately, Cohn ga

54、ve up his romantic pursuit.In contrast to Jake Bamss physical impotence, bullfighter Romero had a figure of strength. When Brett saw Romero for the first time, she could not take her eyes off him, she was fascinated by Romeros qualities of masculinity. “I'vegotto do something. I've got to do

55、 somethingIreallywant to do. I've lostmy self-respect.”(Hemingway,1954: 24)In Bretts mind, Romeros strength, courage and confidence would be able to seduce her weakness and lossIn the relationship with Brett, Romero has followed his rules. He wanted Brett to be his woman, but he had his own expe

56、ctations for a woman and wanted to changed Brett into a new woman. Moreover,he would marry Brett if she could fit his own image of wife. Romero still wanted tokeep the traditional gender standardswhich were just what Brett tried to abandon, and the modernity that Brett believed in was what Romero co

57、uld not accept.When Brett realized that Romero wanted her to change into a more traditionally feminine woman, she refused to grow her hair to fit Romero's image of an ideal woman. “Me with long hair,Idlook solikehell. ”(Hemingway,1954:71) When Romero said that, she realized that they were living

58、 in different worlds and it was impossible for them to fulfill the dream of love Even though Brett knew she loves Jake, after she had love affairs with Cohn and Romero, she was engaged to marry another named Mike. Mike Campell was a Scottish war veteran and had a terrible temper. When he first met Brett in Paris, he fall in love with B