法律语言中模糊现象的研究

1、法律语言中模糊现象的研究    英文题名 A Study of Vagueness in Legal Language  关键词 模糊语言; 法律语言; 语用原则; 语用功能; 英文关键词 Vague language; Legal language; Pragmatic principles; Pragmatic functions; 中文摘要 模糊性是自然语言的一个重要特征。“模糊”的概念和理论是美国控制论专家札德教授1965年最先在一篇题为“模糊集”的文章中提出来的。而在中国,伍铁平教授是对模糊语言学进行系统研究的第一位学者。他创设了“模

2、糊语言学”,并出版了专著模糊语言学。但是将模糊理论与其他语体诸如新闻语体、广告语体、法律语体等结合起来进行分析,这方面的工作做得还不够。 法律在我们生活中无处不在。法律通过语言表现出来,语言是法律的载体。模糊性是语言的一个重要特征,所以法律必定会被语言的模糊性所影响。法律语言最鲜明的特点是准确性和严密性,但并不排除模糊语言的使用。模糊语言客观地存在于法律语言中。在特定情况下使用一些模糊表达,可以使法律语言达到实质上的准确性和概括性。本文从语义学角度和语用学角度出发,讨论法律语言中的模糊现象,分析法律语言中存在模糊语言的客观性和必要性,从语义学角度对法律模糊语进行分类划分,从语用学角度阐述法律模

3、糊语的语用功能。本文在前人研究的基础上,利用合作原则,礼貌原则和关联理论分析了模糊语言在法律英语中的作用,从语用角度探讨了法律语言中的模糊性,从而强调模糊语言在法律中的重要作用。 本文共分四章。第一章对模. 英文摘要 Vagueness is one of the most important characteristics of natural language. The concept of vagueness was first proposed by the American professor Zadeh in his article entitled Fuzzy Sets. In

4、China, Professor Wu Tieping is the first scholar who studies the vague theories systematically and published the famous book Vague Language. However, researches on the vagueness combined with other variety of language like legal language and advertising language are still limited. Law exists everywh

5、ere  Abstract 4-5 摘要 6-9 Introduction 9-13 Chapter 1 Vagueness in Language 13-25     1.1 Fuzziness and Fuzzy Linguistics 13-15     1.2 A Collective Study of Vagueness 15-17     1.3 Nature of Vagueness 17-21        

6、1.3.1 Definition of Vague Language 17-19         1.3.2 Distinction of Some Terms 19-21     1.4 The Causes of Vague Language 21-22     1.5 A Review of the Previous Studies 22-25 Chapter 2 Vagueness in Legal Language 25-41   &#

7、160; 2.1 Legal Language 25-26     2.2 Linguistic Features of the Legal language 26-29         2.2.1 Being Accurate 26-27         2.2.2 Being Objective and Impersonal 27-28        

8、2.2.3 Being Vague 28-29         2.2.4 Being Formal and Conservative 29     2.3 The Sources of Vagueness in Legal Language 29-32     2.4 Reasons for the Existence of Vagueness in Legal Language 32-36       

9、  2.4.1 Meeting the Requirement of Legislation 32-33         2.4.2 Difficulty in Communication 33         2.4.3 Meeting the Needs and Expectations of the Changing Society 33-36     2.5 The Previous Research in

10、the Field of Vagueness in Legal Language 36-41         2.5.1 Timothys Standard View 37         2.5.2 H.L.A Harts Open-Texture Theory 37-39         2.5.3 Ronald Dworkins Theory of Adjudication 39-

11、41 Chapter 3 The Linguistic Realization of Vagueness in Legal Language 41-50     3.1 Model for Categorization of Hedge in Legal Language 41-43         3.1.1 Definition of Hedge 41-42         3.1.2 The Categorization

12、 of Hedges 42-43     3.2 Findings about the Hedges Used in Legal Language 43-44     3.3 General or Abstract Lexes 44-48         3.3.1 Abstract Legal Terminology and Concepts 44-46         3.3.2 Subjec

13、tive and Psychological Lexes 46-48     3.4 Descriptive or Evaluative Lexes 48-49     3.5 Summary 49-50 Chapter 4 A Pragmatic Approach to Vagueness in Legal Language 50-69     4.1 Theoretical Grounds for Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language 50-51  &#

14、160;  4.2 Vague Language and Pragmatic Principles 51-57         4.2.1 The Cooperative Principle 52-54         4.2.2 The Politeness Principle 54-57     4.3 Pragmatics and Legal Pragmatics 57-58    

15、; 4.4 Notion of Pragmatic Vagueness 58-61     4.5 The Pragmatic Functions of Vagueness in Legal Language 61-69         4.5.1 Giving the Right Amount of Information 62-63         4.5.2 Deliberately Withholding Inform

16、ation 63-65         4.5.3 Making up for Linguistic Inadequacy 65         4.5.4 Protecting Oneself 65-66         4.5.5 Making Language More Polite 66-67        

17、4.5.6 Making Language More Persuasive 67-69 Conclusion 69-71 Bibliography 71-76 Acknowledgements 76     2.5 The Previous Research in the Field of Vagueness in Legal Language 36-41         2.5.1 Timothys Standard View 37      

18、   2.5.2 H.L.A Harts Open-Texture Theory 37-39         2.5.3 Ronald Dworkins Theory of Adjudication 39-41 Chapter 3 The Linguistic Realization of Vagueness in Legal Language 41-50     3.1 Model for Categorization of Hedge in Legal Language

19、41-43         3.1.1 Definition of Hedge 41-42         3.1.2 The Categorization of Hedges 42-43     3.2 Findings about the Hedges Used in Legal Language 43-44     3.3 General or Abstract Lexes 44-48 &#

20、160;       3.3.1 Abstract Legal Terminology and Concepts 44-46         3.3.2 Subjective and Psychological Lexes 46-48     3.4 Descriptive or Evaluative Lexes 48-49     3.5 Summary 49-50 Chapter 4 A Pragmat

21、ic Approach to Vagueness in Legal Language 50-69     4.1 Theoretical Grounds for Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language 50-51     4.2 Vague Language and Pragmatic Principles 51-57         4.2.1 The Cooperative Principle 52-54  

22、0;      4.2.2 The Politeness Principle 54-57     4.3 Pragmatics and Legal Pragmatics 57-58     4.4 Notion of Pragmatic Vagueness 58-61     4.5 The Pragmatic Functions of Vagueness in Legal Language 61-69     &#

23、160;   4.5.1 Giving the Right Amount of Information 62-63         4.5.2 Deliberately Withholding Information 63-65         4.5.3 Making up for Linguistic Inadequacy 65         4.5.4 Pro

24、tecting Oneself 65-66         4.5.5 Making Language More Polite 66-67         4.5.6 Making Language More Persuasive 67-69 Conclusion 69-71 Bibliography 71-76 Acknowledgements 76     2.5 The Previous Research in the

25、Field of Vagueness in Legal Language 36-41         2.5.1 Timothys Standard View 37         2.5.2 H.L.A Harts Open-Texture Theory 37-39         2.5.3 Ronald Dworkins Theory of Adjudication 39-41 C

26、hapter 3 The Linguistic Realization of Vagueness in Legal Language 41-50     3.1 Model for Categorization of Hedge in Legal Language 41-43         3.1.1 Definition of Hedge 41-42         3.1.2 The Categorization of

27、Hedges 42-43     3.2 Findings about the Hedges Used in Legal Language 43-44     3.3 General or Abstract Lexes 44-48         3.3.1 Abstract Legal Terminology and Concepts 44-46         3.3.2 Subjective

28、 and Psychological Lexes 46-48     3.4 Descriptive or Evaluative Lexes 48-49     3.5 Summary 49-50 Chapter 4 A Pragmatic Approach to Vagueness in Legal Language 50-69     4.1 Theoretical Grounds for Pragmatic Functions of Vague Language 50-51     4.2 Vague Language and Pragmatic Principles 51-57