高一上学期语法总结

1、定语从句 1. 定语从句的结构及理解 2. 定语从句的关系词的使用 3. 定语从句的简化表达 知识总结归纳 （一）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句： 限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。 非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。 1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar. 2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water

2、, which must have been three meters deep. 3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying. 4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud. （二）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或

3、代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。 结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。 1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her. 2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will t

4、hink it means money. 3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme. 4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia. 5. Visitors can go on exciting rides

5、where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie. 6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story. （三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which 或whom. 1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the

6、manager of the company. 2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark. 知识重点与难点 （一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all, no, only等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用which。 1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at t

7、hat time. 2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me. （三）定语从句的简化表达： 1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. 2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. 3. The question that is being discussed is very important. 4. You are welcome to a p

8、arty to be given in our class at 7:45. 说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来： 1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. 2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. 3. The question being discussed is very important. 4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our

9、class at 7:45. 说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语，done短语，being done短语，to be done短语修饰。其结构和意思如下： 1. 被修饰名词+doing短语： 正在做.的人/正在发生的事。 2. 被修饰名词+ done短语： 被.的人/事 3. 被修饰名词+being done短语：正在被.的人/事 4. 被修饰名词+ to be done短语：将要被.的人/事 （1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ? （2）The “crazy” gesture, moving t

10、he index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil. （3）Did you see that car being repaired ? （4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed. （5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow. （6）Goods imported from abroad

11、 are not always better than those made in China. （7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon. 总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。 1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。 2. 分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。being done表示正在

12、被做的 3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done表示将要被做的 【典型例题】 例1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives. A. which B. that C. who D. it 分析：_ plays an important role in peoples lives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。 答案：A 例2 Uncle Li _ I worked three years ago has retired now. A. w

13、ho B. whom C. with whom D. to whom 分析：_ I worked three years ago作为定语从句修饰先行词Uncle Li，从句完整的表达是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词with。 答案：C 例3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he expl

14、ained 分析：定语从句_ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work修饰先行词the reason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。 答案：A 例4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before. A. who B. that C. which D. whose 分析：非限定性定语从句_ work is rather hard修饰先行词teachers, 它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系词用whose 答案：D 例5 T

15、he Olympic Games , _ in 776 BC, didnt included women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 分析：公元前776年被首次举行的奥运会，直到1912年才容纳女运动员。_in 776 BC做定语修饰The Olympic Games，指过去的内容，表示被动。用done做定语。 答案：C 例6 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction

16、work will start soon. A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built 分析：根据句意房子即将开工。_ for the teachers and the construction work修饰The houses应为The houses The houses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。 答案：B 例7 How many of us_, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion? A. attended B. at

17、tending C. to attend D. have attended 分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？_, say, a meeting that is not important to us修饰How many of us做定语。与全句动作同步. 答案：B 例8 She has three children, _ is working in Australia. A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them 分析：非限定性定语从句_ is working in Au

18、stralia修饰先行词three children，根据从句中的is判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。 答案：B 【模拟试题】 1. Susan is the very girl _ the good deed. A. whom I think did B. whom I think she did C. who I think did D. I think who did 2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket. A. by which B. on which C. with

19、which D. for which 3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month. A. where B. which C. to which D. on which 4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play. A. when B. in that C. which D. in which 5. 1. Dont you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importa

20、nce. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss 6. The food _ at the moment is for the dinner party. A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked 7. Do you know the teacher _ under the big tree ? A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read 【试题答案】 1. C Susan 正是我认为作

21、了好事的那位女孩。先行词the very girl在从句中做think的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句did the good deed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whom 2. C 定语从句_ he could buy a train ticket.修饰先行词money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with 3. C 定语从句_ he devoted much time意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote.to sth.关系词前加介词：to 4. A 定语从句_ I was given an opportunity to act in the play修饰先行词the

22、 day ：先行词the day在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。 5. C 短语_ tomorrow做定语修饰the question，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。 6. D 短语_ at the moment做the food的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定语表示：正在被的。 7. C 现在分词短语reading under the big tree做定语修饰the teacher 表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。 情态动词 1. 情态动词的推测表达 2. 情态动词表达虚拟语气 3. 某些情态动词的特殊用法

23、 知识重点与难点总结 知识重点： 情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用： （一）用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might，may，must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must表示“肯定”，may / might / can / could表示“可能”， must只用于肯定句中，may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 “可能不”, 而can / could可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能吗?”，其否定式cant / couldnt 表示“不可能”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结

24、构。 （二）对现在的事实进行推测： 主要结构：must / may / might +动词原形 be+名词/形容词/介词短语 be + doing 例句： 1. You must be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well. 2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night. 3. The teacher must be joking. 4. Freda isnt in class. She must be sick. 5. There m

25、ust be something wrong. 6. She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense. 7. He may be arriving this evening. 8. He may be traveling around the world. 9. The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully. 10. Can the news be true ? （三）对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+have done /

26、 been+名词/形容词/介词短语 例句： 1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth. 2. He couldnt have seen Anna yesterday. Shes gone abroad. 3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library. 4. He might have overslept again. 5. Where can Tom have gone ? 情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来”，“不然早就”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表

27、示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加 have done 结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构： should have done / ought to have done：本应该 shouldnt have done / oughtnt to have done：本不该 could have done：本来可以 neednt have done：本来没必要 would like to have done：本来很想 would rather not have done: 本来不愿意 could / might / have done: 不

28、然早就 例句： 1. You shouldnt have laughed at his mistakes. 2. You could have told us earlier. 3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week. 4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels. 5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train. 6. They would like to have seen

29、 that film last film. 7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him. 8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time. 知识难点： 某些情态动词的特殊用法： need 和dare 的两种形式的用法 need 和dare可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式（to do）结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词do/does/did/或dont/doesnt/didnt。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词n

30、eednt（没有必要，不必）相当于dont have to 例句： 1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes. 2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you neednt. 3. How dare you speak to parents like that ? 注意： 句型I dare say+从句。 意思是：我肯定 = Im sure或There is no doubt that+从句。 例句： I dare say that my uncle will get

31、the money if I die. will和would 表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 则指过去愿意做 例句： 1. He said that he would help us. 2. You may telephone if you will accept this job. would可以表达“过去习惯做”类似于“used to do” 例句： 1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river. 表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do? / Would

32、 you like to do? 例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ? shall 1. 用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议” 或“推荐” 例句： 1. Shall we start the meeting now? 2. Shall I watch TV now ? 3. Shall my son carry the case for you ? 2. 用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺” 例句： 1. You shall take whatever you like. 2. You shal

33、l not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again. 在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中，常用can /cant /could / couldnt表示，意思是：“可能吗?”；“不可能”。而不能使用mustnt或must等词。 【典型例题】 1. Do you think he will do me a favor ? As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _ be prepared to give you a hand, though. A. might

34、B. must C. can D. should 分析：本题考查情态动词推测性用法。 根据he is the last one to help others.（他是最不可能帮助别人的人），既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。 答案为A 2. Look, someone is coming. Guess who it _ be ? I think it _ be Tom. I dont think it _ be _ . A. can ; must ; can ; he B. may ; can ; must ; him C. must ; can ; must ; his D. mig

35、ht ; must ; can ; himself 分析：根据备选答案。 can表示推测时用于疑问句或否定句中。本题首句就应该是Guess who can it be? 第二句应该是I think it must be Tom.（说话人十分肯定）。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即：I dont think it can be him/he.（不可能是他）。答案为A 3. Do you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ? Sure. She _ around the campus now. A. must be walking B. mus

36、t walk C. may walk D. may be walking 分析：关键词Sure告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。must be doing表示肯定正在做。答案为A 4. I stayed at a hotel in New York. Oh, did you ? You _ with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would say D. must have stayed 分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此a hotel是泛指。所以D选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和

37、Barbara.住在一起的。Could have done表示：本来可以。答案为A 5. Why didnt you tell me there was no meeting today ? I _ all the way here through the heavy snow. A. neednt have driven B. cant have driven C. mustnt have driven D. shouldnt have driven 分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Neednt have done表示本来没必要。答案为A 6.

38、 I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word. A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave 分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Should have done正好表达了本句的意思。答案为B 7. A：Are you coming to Jeffs party ? B：Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead. A. must

39、 B. would C. should D. might 分析：根据B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。Might表示推测：可能。答案为D 8. A：I promise that she _ get a nice present on her birthday. B：Will it be a big surprise to her ? A. should B. must C. would D. shall 分析：A说：“我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall表示许诺。答案为D【模拟试题】 1. A：Is John coming by train ? B：He should,

40、 but he _ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may 2. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up. A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving 3. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm and gone to sleep again. A. m

41、ight B. should C. can D. will 4. You _ be tiredYouve only been working for an hour. A. must not B. wont C. cant D. may not 5. I didnt go to work yesterday afternoon because my car broke down. You _ mine. I wasnt using it. A. might borrow B. could have borrowed C. can have borrowed D. ought to borrow

42、 6. A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband. It _ her husband. He has been dead for ages. A. mustnt be B. couldnt have been C. may not have been D. mustnt have been 【试题答案】 1. 分析：根据B的回答“他应该（坐火车来），但是也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。本题考查了情态动词的推测用法。may表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为D 2. 分析：根据句意：White先生本应该在8:30到这里出席会议的，可他（在

43、8:30）没有到场。Should have done表示：本应该。答案为A 3. 分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。might have done 表示对过去的推测：可能已经答案为A 4. 分析：根据后半句Youve only been working for an hour.（你才刚干了一个小时）说明 You _ be tired（你不可能很累），cant 表示“不可能”答案为C 5. 分析：听到对方说“昨天车坏了而没去上班”，第二个人说“你本来可以借我的车去 上班。” 本来可以/能：could have done. 答案为B 6. 分析：第二个人是说：那个人不可能

44、是她丈夫，因为她丈夫已经去世多年了。根据对 话的语境，是在谈论过去的事，表示过去不可能：could not have done 答案为：B 与it有关的主要句型 it强调句型 知识总结归纳： （一）it用做形式主语或形式宾语：根据句子结构的需要，it用做形式主语或形式宾语，而真正的主语或宾语（to do 短语，doing短语，名词性从句）则放在句尾。 主要句型： Its +形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句 to do sth. doing sth. find / make / think / feel it +形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句 to do sth. doing sth. 例句： 1

45、. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English . 2. Its usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs . 3. Its a pity that I didnt think of it earlier. 4. Its no use going there so early. 5. Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice. 6. Didnt I

46、 make it clear to you that I was not coming ? 7. We found it strange that no one would take the money. （二）其他句型 1. It takes+时间段+sb.+ to do sth. 2. 表示“据说，据报道，/人们认为/相信/建议等 Its said that. Its reported that Its believed/thought/suggested that 例句： 1. It generally takes time to reach this pointbeing on the

47、 same wavelength . 2. It is believed that the two children went off exploring（探险）on their own and get stuck on the cliff . 3. Its suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem .4. It was once predicted（预测）that British and American English would become separate languages finally . （三

48、）it在强调句型中：在英语中，为了突出强调句子的某一个成分（谓语除外），达到强调或使听话人特别注意这一部分的目的。便形成了一种强调句型。 It is / was+被强调的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。 It is / was not until+时间+that+句子的其他部分。 例句： 1. I saw John on my way to school this morning. It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning. It was on my way to school that I saw Jo

49、hn this morning. It was this morning that I saw John on my way to school. 2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night. 3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began. 4. It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that frightened me s

50、o much . 5. It was the kindness and sympathy in their eyes that prevented me from doing so . 知识难点： （一）注意强调句型的变形，即以一般疑问句或特殊疑问句的形式出现的强调句型。 1. What is it that Joe cant find in the bathroom ? 2. Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia? 3. I cant quite remember when it was that we mar

51、ried. 4. Was it because he was very ill that he asked for leave? （二）是强调句型还是that主语从句或其他复合句 1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 2. It is these poisonous products that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles. 3. It was almost ten o

52、clock when our soldiers came back from the front. 4. Was it in this place that the last king died ? （三）注意强调句型中被强调部分带有定语从句 Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life. 【典型例题】 一. 单项选择： 1. I dont think possible to master a foreign language without

53、 much memory. A. this B. that C. its D. it 分析：本题考查it做形式宾语的句型。“我认为没有大量的记忆掌握一门外语是不可能的。”故选择D 2. Does matter if he cant finish the job on time ? A. this B. that C. he D. it 分析：本题考查it做形式主语的句型：如果他没能按时完成工作的话，这很要紧吗？故选择D 3. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but didnt help. A. he B. whi

54、ch C. she D. it 分析：本题考查it的代词用法。It指上一句的内容：Tom的母亲始终告诉他应该努力学习。 故选择D 4. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 分析：本题考查it做形式主语的句型：英语正在作为一种国际性语言被接受是一个事实。选择D 5. It was in the small house _ was built with stones by his father _he spent his child

55、hood. A. which ; that B. that ; where C. which ; which D. that ; which 分析：本题考查带有定语从句的强调句型用法。句中：“_ was built with stones by his father的定语从句。被强调的部分是in the small house _ was built with stones by his father。根据句意：他正是在他父亲用石头盖的房子里度过了他的童年。故选择A 二. 单句改错： 1. That is said that this novel has been translated int

56、o several languages. 分析：根据句意：据说这部小说已经被译成多种语言。表示据说，应当说：It is said that。That改为：It 2. Is this your turn to clean the blackboard ? 分析：根据句意：该轮到你擦黑板了吧？ 轮到某人做某事：It is ones turn to do.This 改为：it 3. It is known to everyone, the moon travels around the earth once every month. 分析：表示“众所周知”可以说：It is known to everyone that+陈述句。或：As is known to everyone，+陈述句。It 改为：As, 或去掉“，”加连词that 4. The official made this clear that he would do everythi