摘要在滇西北金沙江峡谷退耕还林区域的太安、龙蟠、石鼓、白沙

1、摘要：在滇西北金沙江峡谷退耕还林区域的太安、龙蟠、石鼓、白沙、上江和金江选择海棠果Malus micromalus、青梅Prunus mume、核桃Jugians regia、圆柏Cupressus duclouxian、楸木Catalpa bungei等退耕林地作为调查样地，并设置对照样地，如农耕地和云南松Pinus yunnanensis天然林，进行昆虫多样性调查，进而分析昆虫物种多度、多样性指数和群落稳定值等，判断退耕林地与对照样地的昆虫多样性动态，以测评退耕还林生态恢复状况与趋势，探索昆虫多样性快速评估方法。昆虫多样性快速评估(Rapid Assessment on Insect Di

2、versity，RAOID)是指在限定区域以量化手段获取和分析昆虫物种（类群）资料，对多样性状况给予快速判定的方法。基本步骤是：第一、选设调查样地与对照样地；第二、昆虫量化调查分析；第三、明确指示昆虫和其它指标组分；第四、建模进行综合评估。本文建立了由多样性指数、群落稳定值和指示昆虫3个组分和9项变量组成的昆虫多样性快速评估体系，通过主成分分析构建了昆虫多样性快速评估模型。2006年2月到2007年2月，调查2类样地198个样方，采集昆虫15目507种3536号。退耕林地14目315种1847号；农耕地10目202种1067号；云南松林12目235种622号。鞘翅目(Copleoptera)、

3、半翅目(Hemiptera)和膜翅目(Hymenoptera)的种类和个体数占样地昆虫总种数的63.71%和个体总数的70.39%。退耕林地的昆虫物种多度曲线比较接近对数级数分布模型，呈现富集种少，稀疏种多的现象。石鼓样点云南松林的Margalef丰富度指数R=15.9661、Simpson优势度指数D=0.9732、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H=4.0420和Pielow均匀度指数J=0.9122比核桃林 (R=15.7728，D=0.9472，H=3.6851，J=0.8002) 高。白沙样点，云南松林的多样性指数(R=14.7196，D=0.9746，H=3.9516，J=0

4、.9070)最高，圆柏林(R=14.4413，D=0.9598，H=3.7664，J=0.8671)次之，农耕地(R=12.5542，D=0.9416，H=3.4815，J=0.7991)最小。金江样点，农耕地的多样性指数(R=10.8256，D=0.9387，H=3.3535，J=0.8125) 比楸木林(R=10.7088，D=0.9132，H=3.2013，J=0.7851)高。太安、龙蟠和上江样点不同多样性指数所反映的退耕林地与对照样地的昆虫多样性有差异。2005年3月、2006年3月和2007年3月退耕林地昆虫多样性年际变化中，太安海棠果林的D(0.7410，0.7500，0.880

5、0)和R(2.3780，2.8853，3.4744)呈增加趋势，H(1.7160，1.3863，2.1640)和J(0.7160，1.0000，0.9849)存在波动；龙蟠青梅林的H(1.9960，1.1537，1.9062)、D(0.8170，0.6122，0.8437)、J(0.8330，0.8322，0.9796)、R(2.7490，1.5417，2.8854)存在较大波动；石鼓核桃林的H(1.8890，1.8675，1.7826)和R(2.6870，2.3297，2.3183)呈下降趋势，D(0.7960，0.8137，0.7601)和J(0.7360，0.8499，0.7174)存在

6、波动；白沙圆柏林的D(0.7770，0.7811，0.9219)和J(0.7690，0.8904，0.9849)呈增加趋势，H(1.8320，1.7327，2.5993)和R(2.5740，2.3392，4.6888)存在波动。白沙样点云南松林的昆虫种类与个体数量之比(S/N=0.4171)、捕食昆虫种类与植食昆虫种类之比(Sb/Sz=0.3256)以及捕食昆虫数量与植食昆虫数量之比(Nb/Nz=0.2453)最大，圆柏林(0.3990，0.3171，0.1735)次之，农耕地(0.1692，0.2400，0.1232)最小。而太安、龙蟠、石鼓、上江和金江样点的3个比值所反映出的退耕林地与对照

7、样地的稳定性情况都有差异。海拔范围和退耕年份相同，但为不同地点和不同林种的退耕林地，如龙蟠青梅林和上江楸木林；相同海拔范围和同林种，但不同退耕年份和地点的退耕林地，如上江楸木林(2000年)和金江楸木林(2002年)，昆虫多样性指数差异均未达到显著水平。缘蝽科(Coreidae)、瓢甲科(Coccinellidae)、蚁科(Formicidae)、蝽科(Pentatomidae)、叶甲科(Chrysomelidae)和步甲科(Carabidae)为退耕林地的指示昆虫类群。各样点退耕林地与对照样地的昆虫多样性快速评估指数比较显示，退耕林地的生态恢复状况各异。所有样地的昆虫多样性快速评估指数综合排

8、序表明，除排在第一的太安农耕地和最后的金江退耕林楸木林地外，其它退耕林地的昆虫多样性快速评估指数都高于农耕地，接近云南松林。说明除个别退耕林地外(人为干扰严重的)，退耕林地的生态环境得到恢复。建议在以后的工作中继续加强滇西北金沙江峡谷的退耕还林生态建设，并对退耕林地的昆虫多样性做长期监测，同时尽量减小对退耕林地的干扰。关键词：昆虫多样性；快速评估；退耕还林；指示昆虫；金沙江峡谷Abstract: Choosing plantations of Malus micromalus, Prunus mume, Jugians regia, Cupressus duclouxian and Catal

9、pa bungei converting the farmland for forestry as investigated plots, farmland and Yunnan pine Pinus yunnanensis forest as contral plots in the Taian, Longpan, Shigu, Baisha, Shangjiang and Jinjiang, insect diversity of the area converting farmland for forestry in The Jinshajiang Gorge has been inve

10、stigated. Species-abundance of insects, diversity indexes and the values of relative stability have been analysed and the changes of insect diversity in the plantations converting the farmland for forestry and contral plots have been judged. Aim to assess the situation and trend of converting the fa

11、rmland for forestry and explore the method of rapid assessment on insect diversity.Rapid assessment on insect diversity (RAOID) is a method that could be used to judge rapidly insect diversity by collecting and analysing the data of insect species by quantitative means in the limited area. The steps

12、 are as follows: First, choosing investigated plots and contral plots; Second, investigating and analysing quantitatively insect diversity; Third, clearing indicative insects and the other indicator components; Finally, consitituting model and assessing synthetically. This paper designed a system of

13、 rapid assessment on insect diversity that was made up of 9 variables belonging to three componets and consitituted a model of rapid assessment on insect diversity by Principal Component Analysis (PCA).From February 2006 to February 2007, 2 type plots and 198 samples were investigated. 3536 insect s

14、pecimens belonging to 15 orders, 507 species were collected. There were 1847 specimens belonging to 14 orders and 315 species in plantations converting the farmland for forestry, 1067 specimens belonging to 10 orders and 202 species in farmland, and 622 specimens belonging to 12 orders and 235 speci

15、es in Yunnan pine forest. The species and number of individuals of Copleoptera、Hemiptera and Hymenoptera accounted for 63.71 percent of all species and 70.39 percent of all individuals. The curves of insect species-abundance in the plantations converting the farmland for forestry were closed to log

16、series distribution model, which show that the species containing a great many of individual were less and the species containing few individuals were more. It was showed that Margalef richness index R=15.9661, Simpson dominance index D=0.9732, Shannon-Wiener diversity index H=4.0420 and Pielow even

17、ness index J=0.9122 in Yunnan pine forest were bigger than those in plantation of Jugians regia (R=15.7728，D=0.9472，H=3.6851，J=0.8002) in the Shigu sampling site. In the Baisha sampling sites, the indexes of diversity in Yunnan pine forest (R=14.7196，D=0.9746，H=3.9516，J=0.9070) were the biggest, tho

18、se in plantations of Cupressus duclouxian (R=14.4413，D=0.9598，H=3.7664，J=0.8671) took the second place, and those in the farmland (R=12.5542，D=0.9416，H=3.4815，J=0.7991) were smallest. In the Jinjiang sampling site, the indexes of diversity in farmland (R=10.8256，D=0.9387，H=3.3535，J=0.8125) were bigg

19、er than those in plantation of Catalpa bungei (R=10.7088，D=0.9132，H=3.2013，J=0.7851). In the Taian, Longpan and Shangjiang sampling sites, the insect diversity of plantations converting the farmland for forestry and contral plots that different indexes of diversity showed were different.In March 200

20、5, 2006 and 2007, the result of insect diversity annual change indicated that D (0.7410，0.7500，0.8800)and R(2.3780，2.8853，3.4744) in the plantations of Malus micromalus were increasing, H(1.7160，1.3863，2.1640) and J(0.7160，1.0000，0.9849) were fluctuation. H(1.9960，1.1537，1.9062)、D(0.8170，0.6122，0.84

21、37)、J(0.8330，0.8322，0.9796)、R(2.7490，1.5417，2.8854) in the plantation of Prunus mume were fluctuation widly. H(1.8890，1.8675，1.7826) and R(2.6870，2.3297，2.3183) in the plantation of Jugians regia had a tendency of decrease, D(0.7960，0.8137，0.7601) and J(0.7360，0.8499，0.7174) were fluctuating. D(0.77

22、70，0.7811，0.9219) and J(0.7690，0.8904，0.9849) in the plantation of Cupressus duclouxian were increasing, H(1.8320，1.7327，2.5993) and R(2.5740，2.3392，4.6888) were fluctuation.In Baisha sampling sites, the ratio of the insect species to the number of individuals (S/N=0.4171), the species of predatory

23、insect to phytophagous insect (Sb/Sz=0.3256), the number of predatory insect to phytophagous insect (Nb/Nz=0.2453) in Yunnan pine forest were biggest. Plantation of Cupressus duclouxian (0.3990，0.3171，0.1735) took the second place, farmland (0.1692，0.2400，0.1232) were smallest. In the Taian, Longpan

24、, Shigu, Shangjiang and Jinjiang sampling sites, the situation of stability demonstrated by S/N, Sb/Sz and Nb/Nz in plantation converting the farmland for forestry and contral plots were different.The differences of insect diversity of the plantations converting the farmland for forestry that were i

25、n the same altitude range and planted in the same year, but at different place and planted with different plants, such as plantation of Prunus mume in Longpan and plantation of Catalpa bungei in Shangjiang or in the same altitude range and planted with same plant, but planted in the different year a

26、nd at different place, such as plantation of Catalpa bungei in Shangjiang (2000) and Jinjiang (2003), were not remarkable.It was show that Coreidae, Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Pentatomidae, Chrysomelidae and Carabidae were the indicative insects of the platantions converting the farmland for forestr

27、y.Comparing the rapid assessment on insect diversity index from the plantations converting the farmland for forestry to the contral plots in the each sampling sites showed that the situation of ecological restoration in the plantations converting the farmland for forestry was different. The order of the rapid assessment on insect diversity index in all plots showed t