LectureSubordination I 语法教程 章振邦 上外PPT课件

1、Teaching contents1. Coordination and subordination 2.Subordinate clauses (finite) Nominal clauses Relative clauses Adverbial clauses3. Some few notes on adverbial clauses并列和从属是两种不同的连接手段。 eg. The rain stopped. The sun came out. The rain stopped and the sun came out. When the rain stopped, the sun cam

2、e out. 从句 主句 从属：把次要思想置于结构上的从属地位，从而突出句子的主要思想。1. Coordination and subordinationSubordinators 从属连词从属连词 Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinators, which, in terms of word formation构词法, can be classified into. ,简单从属连词,复杂从属连词,关联从属连词.边际从属连词 after although because before directly for if

3、immediately lest like since that though till unless until when(ever) where(ver) whereupon while whilst,etcAlso known asSimple subordinator 简单从属连词Also known as Some of these end in “that”assuming thatbut thatconsidering (that)except (that)excepting (that)for all (that)given (that)granted (that)granti

4、ng (that)in thatin order thatinsofar thatin the event thatnow (that)provided (that)providing (that)save thatseeing (that)so (that)such thatsupposing (that)Complex subordinators复杂从属连词Some of these end in “as”according asas far asas long as as soon asforasmuch asinasmuch asinsofar asinsomuch asOthers

5、include:as ifin caseas though Subordinators of this group are composed of as asas sonot so assuch asthe the, etcbarely /hardly/ scarcely whenmore / (-er) / less thanno sooner thanwhether or.This group is sometimes hard to distinguish from complex subordinators.even ifif onlyjust asonly ifevery time

6、(that)the instant (that)the moment (that)due to the fact thatin the sense thatfor the reason thatby reason thatfor fear (that)in spite of the fact thatin the light of the fact thaton account of the fact thaton the grounds thatregardless of the fact that2. Subordinate clauses (finite) 限定从属从句限定从属从句 St

7、ructurally, subordinate clauses may be finite, non-finite, or verbless. A finite subordinate clause is one whose predicator is a finite verb phrase.SNominal clauses(名词性分句，主名词性分句，主/宾宾/补补/同位同位)SRelative clauses(关系分句，定语从句关系分句，定语从句)SAdverbial clauses(状语分句，状语状语分句，状语)Nominal clauses名词性分句名词性分句Also known as

8、 It can perform most functions of NPsUsually “” or by a wh-word such as etc.Nominal clauses can Nominal clauses名词性分句名词性分句It is quite clear the crime was done deliberately. I cant imagine made him behave like that. The mystery is he ever went there at all. My original question, he did it at all, has

9、not yet been answered. You must give it back it belongs. (subject)(object)(subject complement)(appositive)(prepositional phrase)主语从句主语从句 the subject clause 你所说的话是正确的。 is quite true. 我们在什么地方做这个实验还在讨论。 is still under discussion. 大家对他怎样完成这项工作的都很感兴趣。 is of interest to us all. 为什么早晨的太阳看上去比中午的太阳大，这事很有趣。 i

10、s very interesting.Fixed Patterns of Fixed Patterns of Fixed Patterns of 表语从句表语从句 the predicative clause 这就是她昨天请假的原因。 That . 问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。 The question 看起来天要下雪。 It 事物并不总是如其表象。 Things not always are as they seem to be.宾语从句宾语从句 the object clause我知道他很友好而且好客。 I . 我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么？ I him ? 历史语言学

11、家研究语言是如何随着时间的推移而发展的。 Historical linguists study how languages evolve over time. 宾语从句宾语从句 the object clause同位语从句同位语从句 the appositive clause 签订了合同这件事本身很重要。 was important. 我不相信他杀了他女儿的谣言。 I dont believe . 我们听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息非常激动。 We were very excited at .同位语从句同位语从句 the appositive clauseor 定语从句定语从句 the

12、 object clause 对约翰昨天告诉的消息我俩都不感兴趣。 Neither of us showed any interest in the news John told us yesterday. 听到暑假将要在大连度过的消息，我们非常高兴。 We are delighted at the news we are going to spend our summer vacation in Dalian.状语从句状语从句Adverbial clauses 1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time) 2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of

13、place) 3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause) 4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition) 5.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession) 6.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 7.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result) 8.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner) 1.时间状语从句时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time) not until, as soo

14、n as, the moment (that) 等我做完作业我才和你一起去。 I wont go with you until I finish my homework. 我们一到家，电话就响了。 As soon as we got home, the telephone rang. 我一看见她就立刻认出她来了。 I recognized her immediately I saw her. 她一来到我就要见她。 I want to see her the moment that she arrives.1.时间状语从句时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time) dire

15、ctly, no soonerthan, hardlywhen 老师一进来，大家就静了下来。 everyone was quiet. 他刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。 had he reached the airport . 这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己本来应该保持沉默。 had the words been spoken he realized that he should have remained silent.2.地点状语从句地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place) Where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 有志者事竟成。, th

16、ere is a way. 这些天你可以去你想去的地方。 You can go these days. 他们每到一处，都受到热烈的欢迎。, they were warmly welcomed. 你喜欢哪儿我就带你去哪儿。 Ill take you .3.原因状语从句；原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause) now that, seeing that, considering that, in that 你驾驶考试既已及格，就可以独自开车了。, you can drive on your own. 由于天气不好，我们要呆在家里了。, well stay at hom

17、e. 考虑到他只学了一年，他的英文讲得相当不错了。, he speaks it very well. 广告不同于其他交际形式，因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。 Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication 4.条件状语从句条件状语从句(adverbial clause of condition) 如果我能存下足够的钱，我就买台计算机。 Ill buy a computer . 除非天气不好，我的父亲晚上总是去散步。, my father always used to take a walk in the

18、evening. 假如你有一百万英镑-你怎么花呢？ how would you spend it? 假如你为我负担费用，我就同意去。 I will agree to go .5.让步状语从句；让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession) 他们虽然没有得到官方的支持，但仍继续奋斗。, they continue their struggle. 即使我再次失败，我也绝不会放弃实验。, I will not give up the experiment. 尽管她有时很恼人，但我还是喜欢她。 I like her .5.让步状语从句；让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession)5.让步状语从句；让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession)6.目的状语从句；目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpos