Unit2Language语言点一知识梳理

1、Unit 2 Language 语言点（一）目标认知重点词汇occupy, mixture, contribution, defeat, replace, process, inform, develop, rule, end, sometimes 及形近词 common, latter, include, certain重点短语be made up of, consist of, name after, aside from, take control of, lead to, stand for,“in+ 名词” ,bring with, such as, instead of 重点句型过

2、去分词作定语While.知识讲解重点词汇occupy【原句回放】 Then Two Germanic groups from the European mainland the Angles and the Saxo ns - occupied Brita in.然后，来自欧洲大陆的两伙人-盎格鲁一撒克逊人占领了英国。【点拨】 occupy vt. 占据（时间空间 ）；处于（某种地位 ） ；使忙碌；从事于常用结构：occupy oneself in doing sth. with sth 忙于做某事be occupied with / in sth .忙于某事，专心于某事（=be busy i

3、n doing sth. / with sth. , be absorbedin doing sth ）They occupy the house next door .他们住在隔壁。His speech occupied only 3 minutes .他的演讲仅占用了三分钟。The president occupies the position for four years .总统任期四年。She occupied herself in preparing dinner .她忙于准备晚餐。I'm fully occupied with my office work and have

4、 little time for housework. 我一直忙着办公室的工作，几乎没有时间做家务。知识拓展 occupied adj. 在使用中；已占有，不空闲occupation n. 职业；专业；占有常用结构 in occupation of.占用mixture【原句回放】 Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. 古老的英语由混合语言组成。 【点拨】 mixture n. 混合，混合体It is a mixture of all kinds of people .这是一个含有各种各样人的混合群体。【拓展 1】 mix（

5、1）（事物或人的 ）混合，结合The town offers a fascinating mix of old and new .这个小镇新旧结合，很有魅力。(2) v. 使一物与另一物混合，搅和 常用搭配： mix A with B 把 A 与 B 混淆 mix up 混合，搅和；混淆，搞混 be get mixed up 有牵连或有关联 Don't try to mix pleasure with business 不要把娱乐与正事混在一起。Don't mix up his books with mine 别把他的书和我的书混在一起。She had already mixe

6、d the stuffing for the dumplings 她已经把饺子馅和好了。【拓展 2】 mixed adj. 混合的，混杂的 mixer n. 混合器，搅拌器 contribution【原句回放】 The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French -speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. 最重要的贡献来自于说法语的诺曼人， 他们打败了英国并且在 1066 年开始统治这个国家。【点拨】 con

7、tribution n. 贡献；促成因素；捐赠 Everyone should make contributions to his motherland 每一个人都应对自己的祖国做出贡献。拓展con tribute v.捐助，贡献；岀力；投稿 常用搭配： contribute to 有助于，促成，捐献给The scandal certainly contributed to their defeat at the last election 丑闻当然也导致了他们在上次选举中的失败。We contributed food and clothing to the poor. 我们捐助了食物和衣物救

8、济贫民。She seldom contributes to the discussion 她在讨论中很少发言。defeat【原句回放】 The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French -speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. 最重要的贡献来自于说法语的诺曼 人，他们打败了英国并且在 1066 年开始同志这个国家。【点拨】 defeatv. & n. 击败，战胜，使失败，挫折；击败，战胜，失败 H

9、e was defeated in his purpose 他的计划失败了。Internal strife defeats the purpose of teamwork 内部争斗挫伤了团队合作的目的。The failure resulted in the defeat of his lifelong dream 那次失败导致了他毕生梦想的破灭。辨析 defeat ， win 与 beat 三个词都有“战胜” 、“赢得”的意思。(1) defeat 作名词，作“战胜，击败，失败”等之意。作及物动词，作“击败， 挫败” 之意。 defeat的宾语是竞争对手。(2) win 可作及物和不及物动词，

10、作“赢得，获胜，打胜，博得，获得”等之意。win 的宾语不能是竞争对手，而是 war， prize， game， match， battle ， competition 之类名词。页 2 第(3) beat 通常用于游戏或比赛中，表示“击败对手” 。defeat 和 win 多用于正式的场合， beat 较口语化，后接比赛、辩论或战斗中的对手。 The Chinese team won the football match 中国队赢得了这场足球比赛。Whether we defeat the enemy in one battle ，or by degrees ， the consequenc

11、es will be the same 无论我们是在一次战斗中击败敌人，还是逐步地击败他们，结果都会是一样的。replace【原句回放】 which led to Old En glish replaci ng Celtic. 这导致了英语取代塞尔特语。【点拨】 replacevt.替换，代替，取代；把放回原处(1) 替换，代替，取代We'll have to replace all the furniture that was damaged in the flood 我们得更换在洪水中损坏的所有家具。Have you found anyone to replace me yet?你

12、们找到人来代替我了吗 ?E-mail has largely replaced the traditional business letter 电子邮件已在很大程度上取代了传统的商务书信。(2) 把放回原处She carefully replaced the china plate on the shelf 她小心翼翼地把瓷盘放回到架子上。I replaced the cup carefully in the saucer 我小心地将杯子放回茶碟。知识拓展 replaceable adj 可替换的，可代替的 replaceme nt n.替换，更换，替代品 take the place of

13、代替，取代 take on e's place .代替；就座 in place of 代替 (介词短语 ) process【原句回放】 1t is certain that this process will continue ， and people will keep inventing newwords and new ways of saying things .可以肯定的是， 这样的变化过程还会持续， 人们还会不断发 明新的词义和新的表达法。【点拨】 process n. v.(1)n. C 过程，进程，程序常用结构： in process 在进行中in the proces

14、s of doing sth .在做某事的过程中We use drugs to speed up the healing process. 我们用药物来加快康复过程。Learning a language is a slow process . 学习一门语言是一个缓慢的过程。This is an industrial process .这是一道工业程序。（2）vt. 加工（食品等 ）；显影，冲印 （相片、胶卷 ）；用电脑处理 （资料 ） The workers are studying how to process leather 页 3 第 工人们正在学习如何加工皮革。 We must pr

15、ocess the film at once 我们必须立刻冲洗这些胶卷。We usually use a computer to process data and pictures 我们通常用电脑来处理数据和图像。inform【原句回放】 Bees fly in circles to inform their partners about food or danger 蜜蜂用环形飞行来告诉它们的同伴有关食物或危险方面的信息。【点拨】 inform v.（1）to give sb. knowledge（of sth.） ，to tell sb 通知或报告某人 （某事 ），告诉某人Keep me

16、in formed of / about what happe ns .有事随时通知我。He informed the police that some money was missing 他向警方报案说有些钱不见了。（2）to give evidence or make an accusation against sb. 告发，检举 One of the criminals informed against on the rest of the gang.有一罪犯告发了同党。常用结构：inform sb . of/about sth.把某事告知某人，通知某人某事 inform on /aga

17、inst sb.告发、检举某人inform that / wh -clause 通知，告矢知be（well）informed of / about sth.对某事（十分）了解单词积累 informed adj. 有知识的，见闻广的；了解情况的information n. 通知，告知，情报informative adj. 提供资料的，使人长见识的 informal adj. （ 反 ）formal 非正式的，随便的，不拘礼节的温馨提示 类似用法的动词“通知某人某事” 通常使用 inform sb. of sth. 。具有类似用法的动词还有： rob，remind ，convince， warn，

18、 suspect， cure 等。develop【原句回放】 Read about how English developed and why it has some strange rules 阅读英语是怎样发展的和为什么它有一些奇怪的规则。【点拨】 develop v. 发展，开发，形成，生长，冲洗（胶片）He developed an interest in collecting stamps 他形成了集邮的兴趣。Can these films be developed by tomorrow noon? 这些底片明天中午之前能冲洗出来吗 ?We should try to develo

19、p the western part of our country 我们应该大力开发我们国家的西部地区。Plants develop from seeds 植物由种子生长而成。He developed a cold the other day 几天前他患了感冒。rule【原句回放】 Read about how English developed and why it has some strange rules 阅读英语是怎样发展的和为什么它有一些奇怪的规则。页 4 第【点拨】 rule vt. n. 统治 C 规则，规章 常用搭配 break the rule（s） 违反规定 obey k

20、eep the rule 遵守规则 carry out a rule 执行规则 work out a rule 制定规则 Anyone who breaks the rule is punished 谁要是破坏了这条规则，谁就会受到惩罚。 We must obey the school rule 我们必须遵守校规。In the following weeks, Sally worked out 10 class rules and posted them on the walls of the classroom. 在接下去的几周里，萨利定出 10 条班规，贴在教室的墙上。We live in

21、 a society where we are ruled by the clock. 我们生活在一个人人都围着时间转的社会。end【原句回放】 At the end of the 9th century ，the Vikings ， people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway ， began to move to Britain 公元 9 世纪末，来自北欧国家包括丹麦和挪威的维京人开始侵略不列颠。 【点拨】 end n. vt. & vi.1. end n. 结束；末端；目标；死亡；部分；终点站

22、；端点；残余 常用搭配：the end of. 的结尾cigarette ends 烟头at the end （of.）（在）末端，结束by the end of到末为止（常用完成时）in the end 最后，终于，终究on end 竖着，连续地to no end 徒劳to the end 到最后bring.to an end 使终止come to an end 完毕，结束put an end to 终止no end（ofto） 非常，无穷Li Ming came across a few new words at the end of the article.这篇文章的最后，李明碰到了一些

23、生词。By the end of last month, I had planted thousands of trees. 到上个月末，我已经种了数千棵树了。2. end vt. & vi. 完毕，结束，终止 end in以告终（不可用于被动语态）Their project ended in failure 他们的计划以失败告终。 end off完成，结束（可分开用）I don't know how to end off the letter 我不知道这封信的结尾该怎样写。 end up结局，结束If you go on stealing you'll end up

24、in prison 你若是继续偷，（结果 ）会蹲监狱。 end up with以结束，以作为最后的结果The concert ended（up）with the singing of the National Song 音乐会以唱国歌而结束。 sometimes 及形近词【原句回放】 When we speak English today ， we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use.如今，我们在说英语时，有时候发现很难确定到底该选用哪些单词或词组。【点拨】 some time ，sometime，sometim

25、es 及 some times 的用法口诀：分开为一段，相连为某时。分开s为倍次，相连s为有时。页 5 第说明：（1）sometimes 是一个表示频率的副词，其语法特点相当于often ， always 等。Sometimes we're busy and sometimes we're not .有时候我们很忙，有时候我们不忙。（2）sometime（ 合写 ）adv .指一个不明确的时间，（过去或将来 ）某时。I bought it sometime last spring .我在去年春天某个时候买了它。（3）some time（ 分写 ）是名词短语，表示一段时间。It&

26、#39;ll take some time to finish reading the novel .读完这本小说需要一段时间。（4）some times（ 分写 ）表示“次数，倍数，回数” ，其中的 time 是可数名词。I can't remember it if you don't repeat it some times more .如果你不多重复几遍我就记不住。common【原句回放】 After the Norman Conquest ， high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English

27、 .诺曼征服后，高级阶层人说法语。而普通人说英语。【点拨】 common adj. 经常发生的，普遍的，常见的Pine trees are common throughout the world .松树在世界各地都常见。The most common criticism was that he was always late .对他最多的批评就是他总是迟到。It was common for children to play in the street .孩子们在街上玩是很常见的事。 共用的，共同的，共享的We share a com mon purpose .我们有共同的目标。He and

28、I have a common interest : we both collect stamps .我和他有共同的爱好，我们都集邮。He is French and she is German ， but they have English as a common language . 他是法国人，她是德国人，但他们以英语作为共同的语言。 普通的，一般的，平常的。He's not all officer ， but a common soldier .他不是军官而是普通士兵。This is true both for the philosopher and the common ma

29、n . 这对于哲学家和普通人而言都是正确的。In the fifteenth century the common people could neither read nor write .在 15 世纪，普通人一般都不识字。常用搭配：have sth. in common 有共同的利益、特点等in common 共同 （的 ），共有 （的 ），共用 （的 ）in common with sb. / sth .像某人/某事物一样 辨析 common ， general ， usual 与 ordinary1. common 是“许多事物共用的，普通的，常见的，时时发生的” ，侧重其普遍性；2.

30、 general 指“普遍存在的，很少有例外的” ；3. usual 意为“通常的，平常的” ，侧重规律性，指从时间上或频度上讲通常发生某事或已形成了 某种习惯；4. ordinary 是指“平凡的，普通的” ，侧重没有特色，不特殊。Rabbits and foxes are common in Britain 兔子和狐狸在英国很常见。As a general rule , shorter sentences are easier to understand. 般来讲，较短的句子更易理解。页 6 第She gave us her usual polite smile .她像平常一样礼貌地对我们

31、笑笑。It was just an ordinary Saturday morning .那只是一个平常的星期六的上午。latter【原句回放】 However ， by the latter half of the 14th century ， English had come into widespread use among all classes in England .可是到 14 世纪后半叶，英国各阶层都使用了英语。【点拨】 latter adj. （ 两者中 ）后者的，较后的n. （两者中的 ）后者Of the two, the latter wins my favor.两个（方

32、法）中，后者赢得了我的好感。I prefer the former design to the latter.比起后者的设计方案，我更喜欢前者的。拓展形近词late adj. 迟的，晚的，已做的 adv. 迟later adv. 后来 adj. 后期的，晚年的later on 过后，以后sooner or later 迟早，早晚latest adj. 最近的，最新的at the latest 最迟lately adv. 近来，最近include【原句回放】 Because of this， Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words .

33、 由于这个原因，现代英语中包含了许多拉丁词汇和希腊词汇。【点拨】 include 辨析 include ， including 与 included三者均有“包含、包括”之意。但是， include 为及物动词； including 为介词，后常接一个解释 性的短语，该短语与被解释的人或事物之间存在一种逻辑上的主谓关系；included 为 include 的过去分词形式，也可接一个解释性的短语，指某人或事物被包括在内，它和including 后接的短语含义相同，但要注意词序不同。You may also include a short message（two sentences）in any

34、 language in the box . 你也可以在盒子里放一张用任何一种语言写的简短便条（两句话 ）。The list includes many new names .这个名单包括很多新名字。Does the price include tax? 这价钱包括税钱了吗 ?Ten people died in this car accident ， including two children two children included . 有十人在这次车祸中丧生，其中包括两个孩子。This atlas contains 50 maps， including 6 of North Amer

35、ican 6 of Noah American included .这本地 图集含有 50 幅地图，包括 6 幅北美地图。 辨析 include 和 contain二者均有“包含、包括”之意。但是， include 表示所含之物中的一部分； contain 指所含之物的 全部或部分，也可表示某一种物质中含有什么成分。The price includes the postage 价钱包括邮费在内。Your work will include putting children to bed 你的工作将包括安置孩子们睡觉。The schoolbag contains 12 books ， inclu

36、ding one dictionary 书包里装了十二本书，包括一本字典。certain【原句回放】 1t is certain that this process will continue ， and people will keep inventing new页 7 第words and new ways of saying things 可以肯定的是。 这样的变化过程还会持续， 人们还会不断发 明新的词义和新的表达法。【点拨】 certain adj.(1) certain adj. 某种 常用搭配： a certain 某个( =some)I have read this artic

37、le in a certain magazine (=some magazine). 我在某本杂志上读过这篇文章。There was a certain coldness in her attitude towards me. 她对我的态度有点冷淡 .A certain Mr. Smith is waiting for you. 有位史密斯先生在等你。He didn't attend the party for a certain reason 由于某种原因他未参加晚会。(2) certain 确信的常用句型：It is certa in that. 是确定的。be certain t

38、o do sth. 一定会做某事be certain of (doing)sth. 对 (做)某事有把握make certain 弄清楚，弄明白for certain 确定；无疑We are certain of his honesty and loyalty 我们毫不怀疑他的诚实和忠诚。She is certa in to do well in the comi ng mid -exam .她确定这次期中考试能考好。It is certain that two plus two makes four 2加2等于 4是确定无疑的。【拓展】形近词： sure注意：sure意为"确信”，

39、主语多为人，不能说It is sure that。The public are sure that anyone who commits a crime will be punished by law . 人民大众深信任何犯罪分子都将受到法律的严惩。重点短语be made up of【原句回放】 The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary thee people brought to Britain. 英语由语法和词汇组成，那些人带到了英国。【点拨】be made up of由组成；由构成Water is made

40、 up of hydrogen and oxygen .水由氢和氧组成。The medical team is made up of three doctors and four nurses . 这支医疗队由三名医生和四名护士组成。拓展 1 make up 组成 (be made up of 的主动语态)三十位男生和二十位女生组成了我们的班级。Thirty boys and twenty girls make up our class （主动语态） Our class is made up of thirty boys and twenty girls （被动语态） 拓展 2 易混短语： b

41、e made of， be made from ，与 be made into be made of由制成（成品表面看得岀原来的材料）This desk is made of wood 这个桌子是木制的。（2）be made from由制成"（制作过程中改变了原料的本质，不易辨岀原材料了）The paper is made from rice straw 这种纸是由稻草做的。（3）be made into 被制成，被做成（指把材料制成成品） Cotton can be made into cloth 棉花可以制成布。consist of【原句回放】 Old English consi

42、sted of a mixture of their languages. 古英语是由他们的混合语8 第组成。【点拨】consist of由组成，由构成（一般不用于进行时，只用主动语态）The House of Commons consists of 658 members 下议院由 658 名议员组成。A university consists of teachers ， administrators and students 大学由教师、行政人员和学生组成。His breakfast consists of dry bread and a cup of tea 他的早餐由不涂黄油的面包和一

43、杯茶组成。 His job consists of helping old people who live alone 他的工作包括帮助那些独居的老人。【拓展1】同义短语：be made up of （可互换）【拓展 2】相关短语consist in 在于consist with 一致，符合name after【原句回放】and the English people are named after the Angles 英国人以安格鲁命名。【点拨】name after以名字命名The street was named after a great writer 这条街是以一位伟大的作家而命名的。

44、This child will be named after his grandfather 这个快岀生的宝宝将会与祖父同名。 知识拓展 name names 指名道姓，公开点名name sb. for提名某人担任（某职务）,美（为纪念某人）以其名字为命名be named for 被指定作 in the name of 以的名义 call sb. names 辱骂某人 by name 凭名字 aside from【原句回放】 Aside from places names such as London ,very few Celtic words became part of Old Engl

45、ish.（ P22）【点拨】aside from除之外（别无）；除之外（尚有）（相当于apart from ）Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance. 除了远处偶尔有汽车的声响外 , 四周一片寂静。Aside from being fun and good exercise ， swimming is a very useful skill 游泳很有趣，是项很好的运动，而且还是个很有用的技能。Aside from John ， there will be five of us

46、for dinner. 除了约翰外，还有我们五个人要一起吃饭。【拓展】近义词： besides， except， but ， except forbesides除了（还，也）（追加关系，整体中包括"除了"的部分）Five other representatives arrived late besides me 除了我还有五位代表来晚了。 （晚到的代表中包括“我” ）Besides his wife ， his daughter also went to see him 除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他。except除了，（其余的都）（剔除关系，整体中不包括“除了”的部分）Al

47、l the other five representatives arrived late except me 除了我，其他的五位代表都来晚了。 （晚到的代表中不包括“我” ）He rarely went anywhere except to his office 除了办公室，他很少去别的地方。（3）except for 表示在整体上给以定论后， 再从局部上加以修正。 与 except 不同的是： except 页 9所“排除”的部分与前面所述整体词属于同类，是部分与整体的关系；而except for 所“排除”的部分与前面所述的整体词往往不是同类。Your essay is well wri

48、tten except for one or two grammatical mistakes 你的作文除了一两处语法错误外，写得很好。 （“作文”与语法错误”不是同类事物 ） 注意：若用于句首， except for 与 except 同义，但 except 和 but 通常不用于句首。Except for me， every one passed the exam .除了我之外，大家都通过了考试。（4）but 与 except 的用法基本相同，但 but 多与 no, nothing，notan yth ing，no body，no where，all，anything ， who 等词连

49、用。I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper .除了报纸，我从没见他读过别的东西。 take control of【原句回放】 The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French -speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. 最重要的贡献来自于说法语的诺曼 人，他们打败了英国并且在 1066 年开始统治这个国家。【点拨】 take control of

50、 控制、接管.It's no easy task to take control of a class of young children. 管住一个班的小孩子可不是件容易的事。The party is expecting to take control of the council in the next election 该党期待着在下次选举中获得对地方议会的控制权。【拓展】相关短语gain control of. 获得对的控制 beyond one's control 无法控制 keep control of. 控制under (one's) control 在(

51、)控制中get out of control 失去控制lose control of. 失去对的控制bring sth . under control 控制某事物 have control of 支配out of control 不受控制支配They managed to bring the fire under control in the end .他们最终设法控制住了火势。The Car was out of control and knocked into a tree .轿车失控，撞上了一棵树。The who1e company was under the control of Mr

52、. Brian .整个公司都在布赖恩先生的掌控之中lead to【原句回放】 which led to Old English replacing Celtic. 这导致了英语取代塞尔特语。【点拨】 lead to 引起；导致；通向( to 为介词)(1) The path leads to the village 这条小路通到那村庄。(2) His carelessness led to the great fire 他的粗心引起了这场大火。(3)Blindly copying others might lead to losses 盲目搬用别人的东西可能会造成损失。get used to

53、习惯于 object to 反对 devote oneself to 献身于这代表着灿烂的笑容【拓展】下面短语中 to 也是介词：look forward to 盼望，期望stick to 坚持make con tributi ons to 对做贡献stand for【原句回放】 This stands for a big smile 【点拨】 stand for(1)to represent 代表；象征What does the WHO stand for? WHO 代表什么页 10 第(2) to allow to continue 忍受，容忍I won't stand for b

54、eing treated like a child 我不会容忍被别人当孩子一样对待。 Nobody will stand for this insolence 没有人能容忍这种傲慢无礼的行为。(3) to support 支持，主张；拥护【拓展】相关短语stand by 支持stand up 站立；经得起stand back 后退“in+ 名词”I want to know what she stands for before I vote for her 在我投她的票之前，我想知道她主张什么。stand out 显眼；突出stand up for 支持；拥护stand in(for sb.)

55、 代替(某人)，代表 (某人)【原句回放】 In fact ， we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today 事实上，如果我们现在听到它也肯定不知其所云。【点拨】in+名词 (此结构中in表示"处于状态"，短语意思多与in后的名词有关) in place 在适当的位置；在通常的位置 in battle 在战斗中 in sight 在视线之内 in.way常用“ in + 名词”短语小结in use 使用中in order 井然有序in debt 负债in danger 在危险中in trouble 处于

56、不幸 (苦恼或困境 )中in store 储藏着；准备着in secret 秘密地(=secretly)in public 公开地(=publicly)in silenee 无声地(=silently)in particular 特另V地(=particularly)in prison 在监狱 (服刑 )in doubt 感到怀疑in hospital 在住院in common 共有in practice 在实践中in peace 平安地，安静地 (= peacefully)in surprise 惊奇地 (= surprisedly)in person 亲自 (= personally)in detail 详细地in general 大体上 (= generally)【原句回放】 In what way is English still changing? 英语仍在以什么方式变化 【点拨】inway以方式I cooked this in the way you showed me. 我就是用你告诉我的方法煮的这个。The crowd left the square in an orderly way. 群众井然有序地离开了广场。【拓展】相关短语in a way 在某种程度上 in no way 怎么也不，决不on one's way to + n.