非谓语动词讲义d

1、1 2 Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you do not know? 你想结交更 多的朋友但与陌生人交流感到信心不足吗?注意:某些不及物动词作定语时需要加上一个介词,即构成 “ 不定式+介词 ” 结构,这个介词是不可省 略的。例如:Give me a pen to write with. 给我一支笔写字。另外,还有一种 “ 介词+which +不定式 ” 的 结构也可以作定语。例如:The young couple needs a lot of money with whi

2、ch to buy a new house. 这对年 轻夫妇需要一大笔钱,用来买房子。不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:1动宾关系:He has a lot of meeting to attend .Please lend me something to write with .He is looking for a room to live in .I think the best way to travel ( by is on foot .There is no time to think ( about .2主谓关系:She is always the last ( person to

3、speak at the meeting .-I m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . (逻辑主语是 I -Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now (逻辑主语不是 I 6作状语Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year to visit her.她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。I am very happy to meet you. 我很高兴见到您。注意:有的语法学家将形

4、容词后的不定式归到宾语。这类形容词有:able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, content, determined, foolish, prepared, ready, slow, willing等。在强调目的状语时,不定式前可加上 in order或 so as,即通常我们所说的 “in order to/so as to” 词组。 有时候为了突出强调目的时,还可将这个词组置于句首,但 so as to较少用于句首。在 so as to, enough to, only to, tooto 等结构中,不定式表示结果。例如:Will you be s

5、o kind as to open the window? 劳驾您打开窗户好吗?He arrived at the airport only to find the plane had already taken off. 他到达机场(结果却发现飞机已经 起飞了。3. 不定式的否定结构不定式的否定结构由 “not +不定式 ” 构成,简言之, to 前加 not 。例如:She finally decided not to marry him. 她最终决定不嫁给他。4. “ 疑问词+不定式 ” 结构疑问词 who, what, which, when, where和 how 后加上不定式可构成

6、一种特殊的结构, 它的作用相当于一 个名词性从句。同样一句话,英语里可用从句和不定式结构来表达,意思没有区别。试比较:3我不知道该怎么办。I dont know what I should do. (宾语从句,较正式 I have no idea (of what I should do. (同位语从句,较正式 I dont know what to do. (疑问词+不定式结构作宾语,简洁,较口语化 I have no idea (of what to do. (疑问词+不定式结构作同位语,简洁,较口语化 注意 :在 Why (not do sth.? 这个句式里, 不定式不带 to , 例

7、如:Why not try again? 为什么不再试试? 5. 不定式的时态与语态形式所谓不定式的时态和语态形式是指不定式有完成式、进行式和被动式。例如:I am very happy to have met your mother. 见到了你的母亲我非常高兴。(表明已经见到Her English seems to be improving. 她的英语似乎在长进。This book is said to have been translated into Chinese. 据说这本书已译成了中文。(完成式和被动式二、动名词1. 动名词的构成与特征动名词是由 “ 动词原形+ing” 构成, 与

8、现在分词的构成完全相同。 顾名思义,又具有名词的特征。所谓的动词特征是说动名词可以有自己的宾语和状语,名词特征是指动名词可以 像名词一样充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如:Would you mind my closing the window? 我关上窗户你会介意吗?(有宾语 the window2. 动名词的功能与用法1作主语Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。Its no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶打翻了,哭也无益。注意:当动名词短语作主语时常用 it 作形式主语,通常用在 It is no use/ no good/a waste o

9、f time/ a great fun+doing 这些句子结构中。2作表语 (表示主语所具有的特征The situation is encouraging. 情况挺振奋人心的。His job is fixing computers. 他的工作是修电脑。3作动词宾语Have you finished writing the article? 你写完那篇文章了吗?She suggested going there by air, as plane tickets are very cheap. 由于机票很便宜,她建议乘飞机去那里。 有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语,这类动词常见的有:admit, a

10、void, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, stop, suggest等;短语动词有 give up, insist on等。为了帮助大家记忆,现将最常用的 10个动词的首字母缩略在一起:MEPSKARFI (梅不是咖啡(M-mind, E-enjoy, P-practise, S-stop, suggest, K-keep, A-avoid, R-risk, F-finish, I-

11、insist on 。44作介词宾语I wrote him and his wife a thank-you note for helping me我给他和他的妻子写了一封感谢信,因为他们帮助了我。She didnt feel like going out for a walk. 她不想出去散步。【透视高考题】Something as simple as _some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.(2008年高考第 35题 BA to drink B drinking C to be drinking D drunk5作

12、定语The Iron Curtain was the statesman Winston Churchills term for the dividing line between eastern and western Europe.铁幕是政治家温斯顿 丘吉尔使用的术语,指东欧与西欧的分界线。3. 动名词的否定结构动名词的否定结构是由 “not +动名词 ” 构成。例如:I am sorry for not handing in my homework on time. 很抱歉我没有按时交作业。4. 动名词的时态与语态形式所谓动名词的时态形式是指动名词有一般式和完成式两种,语态形式是说动名词

13、有被动式。例如: Sorry to keep you waiting so long. 对不起让你久等了。(一般式Sorry for having kept you waiting so long. 对不起让你久等了。(完成式Thats all right. I dont mind being kept waiting. 没关系。让我等了,我不会介意的。(被动式5. 动名词的复合结构动名词有时带有自己的逻辑主语,这样就形成了动名词的复合结构。其构成形式为:“ 名词所有格(或 物主代词+动名词 ” 。Marys coming late made the teacher very angry. 玛

14、丽的迟到让老师很生气。(在口语中可用名词通格: Mary coming late made the teacher very angry.Do you still remember my first meeting with you? 你还记得我第一次与你见面的情景吗? (在口语中可用 代词宾格:Do you still remember me first meeting with you? 三、现在分词1. 现在分词的构成与特征现在分词由 “ 动词原形+ing” 构成。 现在分词亦有双重性, 一方面具有动词的性质, 可以有自己的宾语 和状语,另一方面具有形容词的性质,可以像形容词一样充当定语

15、等。例如:My mother is in the kitchen making coffee. 我母亲在厨房里煮咖啡。(现在分词 making 有宾语 tea 2. 现在分词的功能与用法1作表语This English story is very interesting. 这篇英语故事非常有趣。52）作宾语补足语 We felt the house shaking. 我们感觉房子在摇晃。 注意：现在分词与不定式都可以作宾语补足语，不定式表示动作的全过程，而现在分词则表示动作过 程的一部分。试比较; We saw him go downstairs. We saw him going downs

16、tairs. 3）作定语 Its a most exciting film. 这是个激动人心的电影。 If you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are United Nations peacekeepers. 如果你看见士兵戴着天蓝色的头盔，他们就是联合国维和人员。 简析：考查现在分词作定语。答案是 C。在复合句中，现在分词作定语常常相当于一个含有现在进行 时的定语从句。如：Theres a bus coming. = Theres bus which is coming. 有一辆公共汽车开过来了。 4）作状语 Having expe

17、rienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didnt take much notice. 在夏威夷已经历过好几次地震，所以我就没有太在意。 注意：现在分词的逻辑主语都是后面句子的主语，上句 Having experienced 的逻辑主语是 I。下面这句 话一般认为是错误的：Entering the house, the window was found broken. 是谁走进屋子？显然不是 the window。所以应更正为：Entering the house, I found the window broken. 但 Ju

18、dging from her accent, she must be an American. （从她的口音判断，她肯定是美国人。）这句话被看作是正确的，这类现在分词 被称之为“悬垂分词”。 A. doctors came to their rescue C. an emergency measure was taken B. the tall building collapsed D. warnings were given to tourists 简析：考查现在分词的逻辑主语。分词的逻辑主语一般都是句子的主语，遭受恐怖分子的袭击后，高 楼坍塌了。根据句意，逻辑主语显然是 the tall

19、building，故 B 正确。 3. 现在分词的否定结构 现在分词的否定结构是由“not现在分词”构成。例如： Not having received a reply, I sent her an e-mail again. 没有收到回复，于是我又给她发了一封电子邮件。 （注意不可以写成：Having not received a reply,） 4. 现在分词独立结构 “名词（或代词）现在分词”构成现在分词的独立结构，这个名词或代词就是现在分词的逻辑主语。 这种结构常用于书面语，置于句首或句末，作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随动作。 Weather permitting, we w

20、ill go climbing the mountain. 时间允许的话，我们去爬山。（表示条件） He guiding us, we had no trouble in finding his house. 他引着我们，我们毫不费劲就找到了他的家。（表 示方式） 5.现在分词的时态与语态形式 现在分词的时态形式是指现在分词有一般式和完成式两种， 语态形式是说现在分词有被动式。 以 writing 6 为例说明其变化形式： 一般式 writing being written having been written 完成式 having written E.g. Having finished

21、all his work, he went back home. 完成了所有的工作以后，他回家了。（现在分词的 完成式，相当于时间状语从句：After he had finished all his work, he went back home. ） The high building being built over there will be a modern hotel. 那里正在建的高楼将是一座现代化的宾 馆。 （现在分词的被动式， 作定语， 相当于一个定语从句： The high building which is being built over there will be a

22、modern hotel.） 四、 过去分词 1. 过去分词的构成与特征 过去分词也是一种非限定动词。过去分词也有双重性，既具有动词的性质，又有形容词的性质。过 去分词一般只有一种形式。 2. 过去分词的功能与用法 1）作表语 I feel tired. 我感觉累。 Are you interested in this TV play? 你对这个电视剧感兴趣吗？ 2）作宾语补足语 His English is so poor that he cannot make himself understood. 他的英语很蹩脚，不能表白自己。 My computer has broken down.

23、I am going to get it repaired. 我的电脑坏了。我打算请人修理一下。 3）作定语 English is now an international language, spoken by about 750 million people. 英语现在是一门国际语言，约有 7.5 亿人说英语。 4）作状语 Born into a poor farmers family in 1931, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agriculture College in 1953. 袁博士 1931 年出生于一个贫苦农民的家庭，1953 年毕业于西南农学院。 Seen from space, the earth looks like