2021年从题型层面剖析托福阅读备考

1、2021年从题型层面剖析托福阅读备考从题型层面剖析托福阅读备考词:（词汇题）考查词汇,首先重量.没有一定的词汇量,寸步难行.-词汇题中很大一部分就是考查单词的直接含义,如果认识该单词与选项,几乎可以立刻匹配,秒选正确答案.如果同学在这一部分出现问题,务必好好积累词汇量,词到病除.除了量,还需要考查学生能否理解该单词放入文本环境（conte_t）后产生的细微.甚至与原意大相径庭的引申含义.-词汇题中真正造成困扰的部分正是考查单词文本含义的,需要考生将单词放入语境细致考查是否通顺,才能选出答案.词汇题每篇至少3题,一套阅读至少9题,占总题量近25%,可见词汇之重要.而词汇更是阅读最小也是最基础的单

2、位,如果词汇不过关,隐患无穷,导致其他题目做错,实在是首要中的首要.句:（句子改写Paraphrase,句子插入insert,句子目的purpose,事实信息题facts,否定排除题non-facts,推理题infer）句子改写题Paraphrase:考查单个句子的理解.要求学生去对单独一个句子（通常是长难句,长在哪?难在哪?）理解后选出选项中意思最接近的一项,即在不改变原句核心含义的前提下改写原句.想要改写一个句子,其必要条件必是对该句子彻底深入的理解,抓住核心内容,理清句子逻辑.句子目的题Purpose:一个句子除了有表义性（传递信息）,还有结构性（服务作者的写作意图）.Whydoesth

3、eauthormention作者为什么要提到考查学生对作者写作意图.句子功能的理解句子插入Insert:在理解单个句子的基础上,考查学生对多个句子内容及关系的把握.将一个句子插入到段落中合适的地方,必然要考查学生对被插入句子本身及上下文多个句子之间内容和逻辑上的联系事实信息题Facts与否定事实信息题non-facts:在具备了理解单个句子及多个句子含义.功能之后,考查阅读能力的核心要素提取信息即获取知识的能力（看书读报的目的不就是获取信息吗?）对于提取信息从两方面考查是否准确与是否全面.是否准确-即事实信息题,基于原文,获得信息,回答针对一个事实信息的提问,如果答对了,即可认为你获得的信息是

4、准确的.是否全面-即否定排除题.原文可能提供对于一个主体多方面多层次的介绍,在大量信息中把回答问题所需要的信息全部筛选出来,把不符合要求的答案去除,体现了对信息掌握的全面.推理题Infer:在获取原文提供的最基本的信息后,能否通过逻辑思维做出最基本的一些推理或判断?如:根据人类属于哺乳动物,哺乳动物是胎生的是否可以得出人类是胎生的这一结论?段:（段落主旨题MainIdea,段落结构题Organization,段落关系题Relationship）古人写作,原本是没有段落,也没有标点之分的.将多个,内容上服务于同一主旨,的句子,按照一定的秩序（结构）排列起来,就形成了段落.考生能否理解一段话想表达

5、的主要观点?这需要一定的总结能力;能否发现该段句子究竟以什么秩序（结构）来排列?而两段话之间,又从内容上有什么样的联系?文:（全文主旨题,多选匹配题）托福阅读中其实并没有真正意义上对全文内容理解的考查,或者说非常的少.之所以将全文主旨题和多选匹配罗列于此,仅因为从某种意义上该类题目需要读完全文后才可作答.而实质上,全文主旨题其实还是对多个段落内容的总结;多选匹配是对讨论对象信息的提取,与事实信息题即为相似,只不过要从全文范围的内找信息.做题过程中比做题更重要的是什么?1. chainofthoughts完整的思维链条至关重要2. Fle_ibleMind弹性思维,灵活地阅读,灵活地处理问题,绝

6、非依葫芦画瓢3. 良好的做题习惯（如读完全部题干,不跳读;圈画关键词;不漏读选项等,细节决定成败,习惯决定细节）托福阅读高分练习素材之有学识的表现OnethingIhavefoundoutisthathowsmartorhoweducatedapersonishasnothingtodowithhowmanyyearshespentinschool.IhaveseenplentyofpeoplewhograduatedfromcollegewhodonthavethesenseGodgaveaturkey-inotherwords,theywereeducatedbeyondtheirinte

7、lligence-andplentywhostoppedevenbeforetheygraduatedfromhighschoolwhohavedoneane_cellentjobofeducatingthemselves.Isupposethenecessaryqualitywouldbemotivation.Imnotsurehowanybodywouldmakeitthroughfouryearsofcollegeandstillbeas,.um,unknowingasthedaytheyentered.Ortwelveyearsofhighschoolforthatmatter.Wep

8、rovidetwelvefreeyearsofeducation,orIshouldsaythirteensincekindergartenisnowincludedinmoststates.Iguesswellalwayshavesomeoneblamingtheteachersifachildcomesoutnotknowinghowtoread.Letmegetoffmysoapbo_andcontinuewiththepurposeofthispiece,whichistoletyouknowthattherearesomeshortcutsforpeoplewhowouldliket

9、obealittlemoreeducatedthantheyare.Lotsofpeopledroppedoutofschoolforthisreasonorthat,andnowwishtheycouldgobackandredeemtheirlearning,butfeelliketheyhavetoobigofamountaintoclimb.Asaneducator,Icantellyouthatyoudonothavetogobackandlearneverysingleitemthatyoushouldhavelearnedinschool.Infact,thevastmajori

10、tyofpeopledontremembermostofthatinformation.Therearecertainthingsthathelpapersonhaveanauraofbeingmorelearned,andhereIhavetriedtodistillthisdowntoitsveryessence.1. Buildyourvocabulary.Itmaynotbefair,butmostpeoplejudgehoweducatedapersonisbythewordstheyuse.ARogetsThesauruswilldothetrick,aswillanynumber

11、ofvocabularybuildingbooks.Also,cutoutthecursewords.Apersonwithagreatstoreofwordstousedoesnotneedtorelyonvulgarlanguageasacrutch.Learningagreatvarietyofwordswillgiveyoumoreofastoretodrawfrom.Peoplewhoreadalottendtohavewidervocabulariesthanthosewhodonot,whichisprobablyhowtheideagotstartedthatmoreintel

12、lectualyouare,themorewordsyouwillknow.2. Readoutloudfromabook.ThissoundedsillytomewhenIfirstheardit.Afriendsaidthathewastryingtogetsomeofthecountryoutofhowhetalkedandsomebodyhadtoldhimtotrythis.Oddlyenough,itworked.Youdon thavetocomeoutsoundinglikeanationalnewsanchor,justdoitenoughtogettowhereyouwan

13、ttobe.3. Investinabookofquotations.FindaBartlettsFamiliarQuotationsorsomesimilarbook.Justreadoverit.Youllbesurprisedtofindthatalotoffamiliarsayingscamefromoneofthreesources:theBible,Shakespeare,orPoorRichardsAlmanacbyBenFranklin.JustbeingfamiliarwithalltheoldsawsoftheEnglishLanguageandwheretheycamef

14、romwillgiveyouasmugfeeling.Mostpeopledontknowthisinformation.4. GetonebookwithasynopsisofeachofShakespearesplays.IhadtotakeaShakespeareclassincollege.Fortunately,IhadoneofthesebooksthatIhappenedtohavepickedup.Ididnthavetimetoreadtheentireplaysastheywereassigned,soIreadthesynopsis.Thisgetsthejobdone!

15、Getfamiliarwiththecharactersaswellastheevents.AlotofculturalreferencesarebasedonShakespeare.5. DittowiththeBible.EvenifyoudontbelievetheBible,itdoesnthurttobeacquaintedwiththestoriesinit.6. GetaGEDbookandworkthroughit.TheGEDtendstobelookeddownonasasecondary,orGoodEnoughDiploma.AsaGEDteacher,Icantell

16、youthatifyouknowenoughtopasstheGED,youhaveaneducation.7. ReadCliffsNotesorMasterPlots.Getfamiliarwiththecharactersandplotsofmostofthemajorworksofliterature.8. Keepupwithcurrentevents.Readthenewspaper.Readthenationalnews.Readallthenationalnewsmagazines.Youcangotothelibraryanddothis,theyusuallywillhav

17、esubscriptionstothemajornewspapersandmagazines.Eventhoughmostmagazineshaveaslant,usuallyliberal,thiswillteachyoutoreadwithanopenmind.Taketheinformationthatyoucanuseanddiscardtherest.9. Knowthehistoryofyourarea.Thisishistorycometolife.Knowingaboutwhereyouliveistheveryleastyoushouldknow.10. Showsomecu

18、riosity.Themorequestionsyouask,themoreyouwindupknowing.Itsafactthatthesmarterapersonis,themoreherealizeshedoesntknow,andthereforeasksquestions.Youhavemadeagoodstartbyreadingmyenlighteningpiece.Yourealittlesmarteralready!Nowgetgoing,golearnsomestuff.托福阅读真题原题+题目Bytheturnofthecentury,themiddle-classhom

19、einNorthAmericanhadbeentransformed.Theflowofindustryhaspassedandleftidletheloomintheattic,thesoapkettleintheshed,EllenRichardswrotein_.Theurbanmiddleclasswasnowabletobuyawidearrayoffoodproductsandclothingbakedgoods,cannedgoods,suits,shirts,shoes,anddresses.Notonlyhadhouseholdproductionwaned,buttechn

20、ologicalimprovementswererapidlychangingtherestofdomesticwork.Middle-classhomeshadindoorrunningwaterandfurnaces,runonoil,coal,orgas,thatproducedhotwater.Stoveswerefueledbygas,anddeliveryservicesprovidediceforrefrigerators.Electricpowerwasavailableforlamps,sewingmachines,irons,andevenvacuumcleaners.No

21、domestictaskwasunaffected.Commerciallaundries,forinstance,hadbeendoingthewashforurbanfamiliesfordecades;bytheearly_00sthefirstelectricwashingmachineswereonthemarket.Oneimpactofthenewhouseholdtechnologywastodrawsharpdividinglinesbetweenwomenofdifferentclassesandregions.Technologicaladvancesalwaysaffe

22、ctedthehomesofthewealthyfirst,filteringdownwardintotheurbanmiddleclass.Butwomenwholivedonfarmswerenotyetaffectedbyhouseholdimprovements.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturyandwellintothetwentieth,ruralhomeslackedrunningwaterandelectricpower.Farmwomenhadtohaullargequantitiesofwaterintothehousefromwellsorpu

23、mpsforeverypurpose.Doingthefamilylaundry,inlargevatsheatedoverstoves,continuedtobeafulldayswork,justascanningandpreservingcontinuedtobeseasonalnecessities.Heatwasprovidedbywoodorcoalstoves.Inaddition,ruralwomencontinuedtoproducemostoftheirfamiliesclothing.Theurbanpoor,similarly,reapedfewbenefitsfrom

24、householdimprovements.UrbanslumssuchasChicagosnineteenthwardoftenhadnosewers,garbagecollection,orgasorelectriclines;andtenementslackedbothrunningwaterandcentralheating.Attheturnofthecentury,variationsinthenatureofwomensdomesticworkwereprobablymoremarkedthanatanytimebefore.1. Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?(A) Thecreationoftheurbanmiddleclass(B) Domesticworkattheturnofthecentury(C) ThespreadofelectricalpowerintheUnitedStates(D) Overcrowdingi