段落写作技巧(文稿).

1、Part Two Paragraph Developme nt Tech niq uesUnit One Writ ing of Opening ParagraphsI. Rules about the ope ning paragraphBeg innings are difficult because of the abse nce of a link or associati on. They are difficult also because in many cases they dema nd a special touch or orig in ality from the wr

2、iter. Except in the case of specialized essays desig ned to prese nt and comme nt on information, the aim of the introduction is to arouse the interest of the reader. If the first paragraph is stimulating, interesting, unusual and apt- the reader will want to find out more about the opinions of this

3、 writer s.II. Tech niq ues of Develop ing the Opening ParagraphsThere are many good ways of develop ing paragraphs, the followi ng are some methods of develop ing the ope ning paragraphs.利用题目、单刀直入当你绞尽脑汁，费思量地考虑如何开头时，不如干脆利用原有题目，重复或者变相 重复题目当中的句子，然后单刀直入地提出自己的论点。Topic: Some people prefer work or activiti

4、es that mainly invo Ive work ing with people. Others choose work or activities that mainly invo Ive work ing with objects or mach in es. Compare these types of activities. Which of them do you prefer? Give reas ons to support your an swer.这是一个对立观点式题目，文章的开头可以这样写：Some people prefer work or activities

5、that mainly invo Ive work ing with people. Others choose work and activities that mainly invoIve working with object and machines. Of these two ways of work in g, I prefer work ing with people.2. 利用名言、格言开头使用名言、格言开头，使人觉得你是一个知识面广、信息量大的人，同时,也会使你的文章开头富有创意、不同凡响。如,要求你写一篇议论文，赞同或反对 成功取决于勤奋，与运气毫不相干”的论 点。Ther

6、e is a humorous say ing in En glishss is Theayragree ner on the otherside of the valley. ” The saying ironically implies that , people, in case of failure, tend to in sist that others are luckier3. 利用故事开头禾U用相关的故事开头能够吸引读者的兴趣，引起读者的思考，为你将要论述的观 点做好支撑和铺垫。但是故事不能太长，应该点到为 止。如,要求你写一篇关于伦理道德的文章，具体论题是关于如何尊老爱幼”。

7、This is an old American folk tale about a wooden bowl. It seems that Grandma, with her trembli ng han ds, was guilty of occasi on ally break ing a dish. Her daughter an grily gave her a woode n bowl, and told her that she must eat out of it from now on. The gran ddaughter, observ ing this, asked her

8、 mother why Gran dma must eat from the woode n bowl when the rest of the family were given china plates.“ Because she is old! ” daughter thought for a moment and then told her mother,“ Y womdest save thbowl whe n Gran dma dies.” Her mother asked why, and the child replied,“ For whe n yare old. ”4. 利

9、用个人的经历开头利用个人经历开头可以拉近与读者的距离，使人产生一些切身感受和同情理 解。个人经历必须严格与论题相关，为论题做好进一步阐述的铺垫和指引。在要求论述 大学学习只是为了获得一张文凭”的立场观点时，考生用自己的经 历作为文章的开头The first thing that struck me when I arrived at the university and it still continues to surprise me was the fact that not all the students loved and mastered their subjects. There

10、 are those who go to university only for a degree, which I despise for the following reas ons.5. Quotatio ns from the famous pers ons.“ Rock is the music of tee nage rebelli on.”John Rockwell, rock music critic“ By a man s heroes we shall know him.Robert Penn Warren, no velist 6. A gen eral questi o

11、n or a stateme nt to be illustrated by examples in the rest of the essay.What is it like to be old in the United States? What will our own life be like when we are old? (The Tragedy of Old Age in America 7. Definition of the subject to be dealt with, in an essay on a specialized topic releva nt to s

12、cie nee and philosophyStyle is the manner of writing, the fashion and beauty of the expression, the way in which the art of writi ng is performed, and styles cannot be lear ned by rules. Nobody can become an artist in words uni ess the art lies with in his mindIII. An alysis of Some Opening Paragrap

13、hs1. Some of my frie nds can t believe my car still runs. Others laugh whe n they see it parked outside the house and ask if it s an an tique. But they are not being fair for myfourteen-year-old Datsun. In fact, my “ antique” has opened my eyes to the rewards ofowning an old car.分析:此开篇段是按照 背景-事实-论点”

14、的模式构思的。作者先交待别人 对他的车的评论背景，然后引出他对他的旧车的以及 别人评论的看法事实，最后交待 全文的中心论点。Imitati ng PracticeSome of my friends thi nk I am old-fashi on ed.Some of my classmates judge my in tellige nee by my exam marks.Some of my colleagues regard my devoti on to the job as stupidity.2. I was excited whe n my En glish composit

15、i on in structor announ ced that computers would be a major part of our writ ing course.“ sHalfWH thehes in thecomputer lab, ” he said, “ and all required work will be done on the computer.” I wthrilled while touring the computer lab to see all the magical-looking machines with their glow ing gree n

16、 scree ns. The mach ines hummed as if they were alive. I thought to myself excitedly, “ We re living in the middle of the computer revolution, and here is my cha nee to get on board. ” But three mon ths later, I have had some sec ond thoughts. I believe that computers are a bad idea in the writing c

17、lassroom. The computer does not help me plan a paragraph, it requires too much time and trouble to use, and it has changed my in structor from a teacher to a tech ni cia n.分析:此开篇段是以个人的经历为开头的范文 ，此段的构思方法 是把主题句放 在最后，以此作为承接启下，引发全文讨论的连接点。 此段与别的开篇段落不同，它 把作者个人对上电脑写作课的认识变化过程经历作为开头，并不急于交待文章的主 题，但是认真研读后，才能使主题

18、豁然开朗。But 一词用得非常恰当，置地有声地亮 出了文章的主题。Imitati ng Practice1 was excited whe n the compa ny agreed to take me as a sales man ager.I was excited when the instructor told us that we would have a new teacherteach ing us grammar.I was very excited to know that we would have anorga ni zed-trip to Sanya.3. We he

19、ar a lot about the n egative effects of televisi on on the viewers. Obviously, television can be harmful if it is watched constantly to the exclusion of other activities. However, when television is watched in moderation, it is extremely valuable, as it provides relaxation, entertainment and educati

20、on.分析:该段先用别人对电视的评论承认看电视的弊端，紧接着又用了一个转折词However 并由此引出该段的主题 When televisio n is watched in moderati on, it is extremely valuable.紧接其后的就是作者将要讨论的三方面的问题：relaxation, entertainment, education. Imitating PracticeWe hear a lot about the n egative effects of advertiseme nts on the customers.We hear a lot about

21、 the n egative effects of TV commercials on their viewers.We hear a lot about the n egative effects of high-rise build ings 以上开篇段的分析,我们在认真研读之后，不难发现这些开篇段都是 以反衬比较”模式进行构思 的。所谓 反衬”就是用事物的正面做 陪衬，由此引出事物的反面并加以讨论，或反 之。所谓 比较”就是以形式相同的事物作背景，使之引出内容不同的事物并对其进 行讨论。这种方法在评论事物的好坏、论说事物的正反、评价事物的差异 方面是非常有效的。例如,我们在评论一个人的优

22、点时，我们可以先将人们对那个人的 消极评价作为背景或衬托，然后再去论说他的优点。这样的写作手法值得关注。Unit Two Writ ing of Body ParagraphsI. Requests of Body Paragraph Writ ingGen erally speak ing, the body paragraphs are made up of the mai n parts of the whole essay. The quality of the body paragraphs ide ntify the en tire quality of the whole ess

23、ay, so we must value the body paragraphs writing. The body writing usually divides into threeparts or more, which offers the supportive argume nts or expla nati ons to the topic idea in the first paragraph. The high quality of the body paragraphs should be identified as the followi ng:1. Every body

24、paragraph should be in the structure of“ Subtopic sentence +arguments ” , and every paragraph consists only one topic idea.2. The length of every paragraph should be usually identified and moderate, neither too long nor too short.3. There must be tran siti onal words or repeated content dealt with i

25、n the previous paragraph betwee n the body paragraphs, especially after the beg inning paragraph and before the con clud ing paragraph, there should be a tran siti onal words and phrases. This is the prese ntative of the cohere nee of the paragraphs.II . Structure of Body Paragraphs:正文通常使用 五段法”写作模式,

26、即一段引言，三段正文，一段结论。我们在正 文写作学习过程中，以我们大学英语考试经常使用的议论和说明文体作为案例学 习。正文段落一般有以下几种常见的模式。1. 选择观点式作文写作要求在选择观点式作文写作要求中，考题给出一些选项，要求考生选出其中一个或几 个观点予以支持或反驳。其结构通常是：第一段:引言（重复题目或使用其他开篇方法，做出自己的论点选 择第二段:所选择观点的优点之一；第三段:所选择观点的优点之二；第四段:所选择观点的优点之三；第五段:结论（总结并重申自己的观点例:Newspapers contain many in formatio n topics such as sports,

27、curre nt eve nts, bus in ess and en terta inment. Which topic do you like to read most ofte n? Give reas ons to expla in your an swer.第一段:引言.做出 我最喜欢体育类文章”的选择观点.第二段:详细阐述体育类文章的第一个优点，你可以读到令人振奋的 体育新闻 报道或评论。第三段:体育新闻报导可以给体育爱好者提供所需要的指导和学习信息。第四段:体育新闻可以使人了解国内外体育赛事，让人更加关心国家 和世界大 事。第五段:作者引用著名的体育赛事作为结束段，从而进一步强调

28、自己 喜欢体育 新闻的观点。2. 单一观点式作文写作要求单一观点式考题有两种，一种是对两个事物进行比较陈述，给出一个明确的观点， 要求给出支持或反对的理由。其结构通常是；第一段:提出自己的观点：在两个事物 AB比较中,肯定其中一个A第二段:提出肯定事物A的论据一；第三段:提出肯定事物A的论据二；第四段:略提事物B的重要性，但随即强调其次要性；第五段:结论（总结并重申自己的观点例:Li ving in big cities has more adva ntages tha n liv ing in small tow ns orcoun tryside. Do you agree or disa

29、gree the stateme nt? Use specific reas ons to support your an swer.另外一种是给出一个论点，此论点不包括两种事物的比较，要求考生支持或反对 并给出理由。其结构通常是：第一段:提出自己的观点:（表明自己的观点，同意或者不同意此观 点第二段:同意/不同意的理由之一；第三段：同意/不同意的理由之二；第四段：同意/不同意的理由之三。第五段:结论（总结并重申自己的观点例:“ When people succeed, it is because of hard work, and good luck has nothing to do wi

30、th success. ” Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reas ons to support your view. 3对立观点式作文写作要求这种作文与两种模式，一种是考题给出两个对立的事物或一个事物对立的两个 方面,要求考生支持一方观点并给出理由。其结构是：第一段:提出自己的观点：（提出 所给的两个对立的观点，选择并支 持其中一个。第二段:论述自己支持的观点的论据一；第三段:论述自己支持的观点的论据二；第四段:论述自己支持的观点的论据三。第五段:结论（总结并重申自己的观点例:Some univ

31、ersities arrange a long period of vacation for students in the school year。 Others arrange several short vacations. Which kind of vacation do you prefer-a long vacati on or a short one? Give your reas ons to an swer.另外一种是考题给出两个对立的事物或一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的不同（优缺点，给出自己的理由。其结构是：第一段:提出所给的正反两个对立的

32、观点，表明自己的态度并且选择 支持其中 一个。第二段:论述反方观点的优缺点；第三段:针对反方观点的优点，提出正方观点在这些方面更有优势的 论述。四段:略讲正方观点目前存在的问题，提出解决方案。第五段:结论（重申自己支持正方观点的立场。例:Some people believe that grow ing up in a large family, with several sisters and brothers, offers more adva ntages tha n disadva ntages. Others think that being the only child is mo

33、re adva ntageous. Write a short eassy in which you discuss the adva ntages and disadva ntages of each positi on. Expla in which positi on you support.文章结构：1. 引言;提出自己观点-生活在大家庭好。2. 论述反方观点的优缺点-独生子女有一定好处，同时有许多缺点。3. 提出自己正方观点-大家庭生活优势更明显。4. 提出正方观点缺点的解决方案-经济负担大，但是分类支出和加 上社会保障， 负担已经不是大问题。5. 结论-重申自己喜欢大家庭的观点。U

34、nit Three Writ ing of Con clud ing ParagraphGen erally speak ing, the con cludi ng paragraph must effectively around off the essay. The effective last paragraph will not only reflect skillfully the thought of the whole essay but will also convey some dominant impression: of humor, wit, profundity, c

35、hallenge, speculation, or merely of satisfying finality.Below are some suggesti ons of themes for the con struct ion of con cludi ng paragraphs.1.Suggesti ng a theme for future thought or discussi on.e.g: What the reader should strive for, then, is a more active kind of listening. Whether you liste

36、n to Mozart or Duke Elli ngton, you can deepe n your un dersta nding of music only by being a more con scious and aware listener-not some one who is just liste ning, but some one who is liste ning for someth ing.分析:作者在文章的结尾处忽然换用第二人称，仿佛在与读者面谈，提出亲切的 建议,让人感到回味无穷。2.Summary for the writi ngSin gapore: Fa

37、bulous Crossroads of the OrientRich or poor alike, Sin gaporea ns live obedie ntly un der an all pervasive bureaucracythat monitors everything from the size of their families to their enthusiasm for work. A family-planning program have halved population growth rate in 11 years “ People wonder why we

38、 re so obedient to Lee Kuan Y ew,” one of my Chinese friend said,well, because the country is well-ma naged. ”3. Famous say ingsSuch is my outlook I look forward to a time when man shall progress upon something worthier and higher than his stomach, when there will be a fine incentive to impel men to

39、 action tha n the incen tive of today, which is the incen tive of the stomach. I retain my belief in the nobility and excellence of the humanAnd last of all, my faith is in the worki ng class. As some Fren chma n has said,“ The stair way of time is everechoing with the wooden shoe going up, the poli

40、shed boot descending.” ( What LifeMeans to Me by Jack London4. Rais ing questi ons at the endThe big questio n rema ins: why is he a culture hero? What does he -or any other curre nt rock success-tell us about his fans? About ourselves and our society? Where it is, where it was, where it s head ing?

41、 (What do They Tell US about Ourselves and OurSociety? By Rock Superstars5. Match ing the beg inningSampledOpening : Medical inv estigators have dem on strated that emoti onal upset triggers a cha in of eve nts inv olvi ng the brain and the en docri ne system. Severe over-stimulatio n may have physical effects lead ing to disease.Con cludi ng:What can you do to preve nt your emoti ons from mak ing you sick?Learn to take