华中农业大学微生物考研英文题库

1、Test 1: Development of Microbiology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer1.The fundamental unit of all living organisms is theMembrane cell nucleus cell wall2.Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to asfungi eukaryotic prokaryotic nankaryotic3.The three kingdom classification syste

2、m of organisms was proposed byPasteur Bacon Winogradsky Woese4.Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi arecomposedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycanChitin phospholipids protein glucosamine5.The first microscopes were develop

3、ed byEhrlich Metchnikoff Leewenhoek Lister6.Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms.The first report on the production of an antibiotic is credited to:Lister Fleming Ehrlich Koch7The term antibiotic meansa substance produced by the laboratory that kills o

4、r inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits moldsa substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8 The first documented use of a vaccine for sma

5、llpox was reported by the English physicianLister .Florey Fleming Jenner9 Active immunity can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:development of antibodies in ones own body by stimulation with external antibodiesdevelopment of antibodies in ones own body by stimulation

6、 with external antigensFlemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one s own bodydevelopment of antigens in ones own body by stimulation with external antibodies10The process of nitrification by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts ammonia to nitrate ions nitrate ions to

7、 ammoniaN2 to ammonia ammonia to urea11The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector is referred to asElectroporation conjugation transformation transduction12The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:RNA DNA protein lipid2 Fill in the Blank1.

8、Organisms that contain a true nucleus are called_2.Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _and the _4._ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2

9、:are called_.6. _ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds fromlight.7. _ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as_.9. _ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. _organisms grow under co

10、nditions of high salinity12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the followingcharacteristic:_ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _.14. Viruses consist of _surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning and observations or experi

11、ments toprove or disprove a _.16. The theory _of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating iscalled:_ .18. The process of tyndallization uses repeated heating to eliminate or_microorganisms from solu

12、tions.19.An _is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills othermicroorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_.21. White blood cells that engulf foreign particles are referred to as_.22. A substance in serum that can neutralize for

13、eign material is referred to as _or_.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called _ that inhibits viralreplication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic topathogenic strains of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of _.25. Exchang

14、e of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as_.26. _ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.Test 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer1.Light microscopy is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. Theab

15、ility of light to pass through an object is referred to as:transported light transmitted light reflected light refracted light2. The resolving power (R of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength of light (; and the numerical aperture (NA of the lens. The formula for R is:R = 0.5. xNA R = 0.5;/NA

16、 R = NA/0.5Jr R = Square root of0.5./NA3. The gram stain uses as a mordant to fix the primary stainIodine alcohol acetone safranin4.The acid-fast stain is useful in the identification of which of the followingorganismsStaphylococcus aureus Mycoplasma mycoides Mycobacteria tuberculosis Moraxella oslo

17、ensis5.Botulism is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking offood containing bacterial spores. Which of the following genera are capable of producing spores?Salmonella Listeria Escherichia Clostridia6.Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams tovisualiz

18、e objects?Nomarski TEM PCM Confocal7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of havingStrep Throat. Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen?Defined enriched selective differential8.Sterilization of material with an autoclave utilizes steam to killmic

19、roorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is: 15 min at 121at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 256at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 121at 1 lb/in2 15 min at 121at 1 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to det

20、ermine the efficacy of the antibiotic? direct count viable count turbidimetric count absorbance9.Identification of microorganisms can be accomplished by a number oftechniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism? enzyme linked assay gene probe metabolic fluorescent2 Fill in th

21、e Blank1. A media where all the ingredients are known is called a _media.2._technique is used to maintain a pure culture and avoid contamination.3.Sterilization instrument that utilizes steam under pressure: _.4.A_ plate utilizes a loop or needle to distribute and isolate colonies on aculture plate.

22、5._ identification utilizes antibodies for naming of bacterial species.6.Bacteria can be preserved for long periods of time by freeze-dryingor_.7.The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a _ to measurethe amountof light passing through a solution.8.The viable plate count counts live bac

23、terial colonies in the range or_to_9. A counting chamber and a microscope are used in the_ count ofbacteria.Test3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms 1Multiple Choice (choose one answer1.Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryoticmembranes because eukaryotic membranes conta

24、in_as part of the lipid component of the membrane.Phosphates fatty acids proteins sterols2.The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to asthe:bilayer model fluid mosaic model trilayer model permeable model3.The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a

25、concentration gradient is referred to asDiffusion osmosis translocation transport4.The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter orexit the cell and act as a _ barrier.Semipermanent semitransparent semipermeable semidiffuse5.Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the

26、 membrane iscalledfacilitated diffusion passive diffusion osmosis permeation6.Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules withoutchemical alteration?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport7.Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only

27、 inGram-negative bacteria?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport8.Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only inprokaryotes?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport9.Lysozyme and penicillin have act

28、ivity against the cell wall. Lysozymebreaks this component;penicillin prevents its formation Lipopolysaccharide phospholipid peptidoglycan teichoic acid10.Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a: Protoplast spheroplast periplast capsule2 Fill in the Blank1.Most cell

29、s use energy in the form of_ to run the cell.2.Phospholipids of eubacterial cells are composed of a _group and a_on a glycerol backbone.3.Membrane proteins found on the surface are called _ proteins.energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from _.5.The region between the outermembrane i

30、n Gram-negative bacteria and thecell wall is called the _.6.Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called_.7.Ribosomes are structures composed of _ and _.8.The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the _.9.The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the _.10.The process by wh

31、ich a cell engulfs and internalizes particles such as bacteriaor other cells is called _.Test 4 :Eukaryotes1 Multiple Choice (choose one answerl. Fungi are considered heterotrophic because they obtain nutrition through phagocytosis endocytosis adsorption photosynthesis2.The separation between filame

32、ntous fungal cells are referred to asFill in the Blank1.Unicellular fungi are called _.2.Filamentous fungi form branching structures called _3.The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by _.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of _.5.The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as

33、_.6.The growth of fungi can be expressed by _.7.Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, whichbelongs to the _ group of fungi.8.Agar is made from this group of algae: _.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease _.10.A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain strea

34、ms and causesdiarrhea is _.Test5: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer1. In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in:Mass cell size cell number cell length2DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by:cell size cell division cell separation ce

35、ll initiation3.During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size butnot in cell number?Lag log stationary exponential4.The generation time for bacteria is determined by:measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture was initiated until t

36、he beginning of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase to death phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log ph

37、ase to the beginning of stationary phase5.Most pathogenic bacteria are considered:Psychrophiles mesophiles thermophiles .merophiles6.Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations are referred to as: Autotrophs phototrophs copiotrophs oligotrophs7.In times of nutrient deficiencies, the bacteria C

38、lostridium produce_untilconditions are permissive for vegetative growth.Prosthecae spores stalks fruiting bodies8.The temperature of the incubator was raised from 15(2 to 35(2. Thecultures in the incubator demonstrated a_fold increase in enzymatic activityTwo for eight twenty9.Organisms that grow at

39、 or near their optimal growth temperature are called stenothermal bacteria euthermal bacteria cauldoactive bacteria mesophilic bacteria10.All of the following are toxic oxygen products except:02 OH- H20 H20211. Catalase, which is produced by Staphylococci, catalyzes which of the following reactions?

40、202+ 2H+ 2H202 + 02202+ 2H+ 2H202 + 02H202 + NADH + H+2H20 + NADH202 + e- + H+H2O + OH-12 A saturated solution of NaC1 has a water activity index of:13. Organisms that can grow at a water index at or below that of NaCI are calledXerotolerant .salt tolerant mesotolerant salotolerant14. All of the fol

41、lowing organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw exceptLactobacillus Staphylococcus .Saccharomyces SpiriUum15alophiles are classified as organisms that require _for growth.Sugar salt .water air16.Osmophiles require a _Aw for growth.Low high17.The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute c

42、oncentrations is referredto as:osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure barometric pressure surface tension 18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m.The organism will be classified as:Marine barotolerant barophilic normal19.Fungi can be differentiated from most bac

43、teria by culturing at:Marine low pH neutral pH20.All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by:moving away from the source of lightmoving toward the source of lightincreasing the movement of their flagellacreating gas vesicles to rise to the surface2 Fill in the Blank1.Organisms that grow best above

44、40oC are called_.2.Organisms that grow best below 20oC are called_.3.Organisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called _.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called _ to cope with nutrientdeficiencies.5.Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called _.6.Bacteria that requ

45、ire oxygen for growth are called_.7.Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called _.8.Caulobacter is an example of a _ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce achange in gene expression called_10. A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is e

46、xperience with anincrease in depth of _ mTest 6: Control of Microbial Growth1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer1. Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called: Antiseptics disinfectants antibiotics chemotherapeutic2.The most effective way of sterilizing a solution is by:Incinerat

47、ion pasteurization filtration moist heat3.An autoclave is an apparatus that is used to sterilize various materials. Theappropriate conditions for sterilizing contaminated material is given by which of the following:15 min at 121at lpsi5 min at 121at 15 psi15 min at 121at 15 psi5 min at 131at 15 psi4

48、. All of the following are an effect of ionizing radiation except:breaks hydrogen bondsthymine dimer formationgenerates oxygen radicalsring structure destruction5 hyperbaric chamber would be useful for treating infections caused by which of the following genera:Treponema Chlamydia Campylobacter Clos

49、tridia6.Agents that are used to inhibit bacterial growth are considered Bacteriocidal bacteriostatic antiseptics disinfectants7.The term used to describe substances produced by microorganisms that killor inhibit other microorganisms are calledAntimicrobics antibiotics chemotherapeutic agents antisep

50、tics8.Antibiotics must exhibit which of the following to be effective:narrow spectrum broad spectrum selective toxicitybacteriocidal9.Which of the following tests utilizes an antibiotic impregnated disk to test forthe efficacy of the antibiotic?MIC MBC Mueller-Hinton Kirby-Bauer10.The MIC assay can

51、determine if an antibiotic agent is:Bacteriocidal bacteriostatic aandb none of the above11.Penicillins are effective against:cells in log phase cellsin stationary phasecells in eclipse phaseall bacterial cells12.Penicillinases inhibit the activity of penicillins by which of the followingmechanisms:b

52、reak N. acetylglucosamine:N-acetylmuramic acid bondsbreak the peptidiglycanbreak the beta lactam ringbreak cycloserine13.Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis by binding to thetRNA mRNA 30S ribosomal subunit50S ribosomal subunit14.Trimethaprim is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase which is

53、importantis which of the following:vitamin metabolism 1-carbon transfersprotein synthesis membrane integrity15.HIsoniazid is used in the treatment of:Pneumococcal infectionsStreptococcal InfectionsLegionella infectionsMycobacteria infections16.Fungal cells differ from mammalian cells by the presence

54、 of which of thefollowing compounds in their membranesChitin cholesterol ergosterol ositol17.All of the following antifungal agents target the membrane except Griseofulvin amphotericin B imidazole nystatin18.Which of the following antimicrobics is used in the treatment of malaria? Chloroquine metron

55、idazole pentamidine amphotericin B19.Amantadine is effective in the treatment of which viral infectionHerpes HIV HTLV influenza20.Which of the following is inhibited by zidovudine?inhibits viral DNA dependent DNA synthesisinhibits viral RNA dependent RNA synthesisinhibits viral RNA dependent DNA syn

56、thesisinhibits viral DNA dependent RNA synthesisTest7: Microbial Ecology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer1. A group of microorganisms coexisting together in a given location is referred to as a:Ecosystem population clones community2. A native population is called:Indigenous neutral obligatory community3foreign population is referred to as a_ populationautochthonous allochthonous xenochthonous chorochthonous4.Organisms that grow on the surface of other organisms are called: Symbiotic epip