牛顿英文介绍 Newton（课堂PPT）

1、1Isaac NewtonT J Osler2Sir Isaac Newton, FRS December 1642 20 March 1727 was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history34 In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge Soon after N

2、ewton had obtained his degree in August of 1665, the University closed down as a precaution against the Great Plague. 5 Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,10 Newtons private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the subsequent two years saw the development of his theories

3、on calculus, optics and the law of gravitation In 1667 he returned to Cambridge as a fellow of Trinity.11 6Newton showed that white light is composed of light of all colors. He used a glass prism to illustrate this.78Electromagnetic Spectrum9Binomial Theorem10Pascals Triangle1112Newtons discoverykkn

4、nnnkn) 1(3)2(2) 1(113Newton could now apply this formula to fractional exponentskkk1214321322121211212114He could now write binomials to fractional exponentskkxkxx02/12/11115A replica of a Newton reflecting telescope that he presented to theRoyal Society in 167215.161718Cassagrain Telescope19Image o

5、f a refracting telescope from the Cincinnati Observatory in 18482021Woodcut illustration of a 45 m (150 ft) focal length Keplerian astronomical refracting telescope built by Johannes Hevelius. From his book Machina coelestis (first part), published in 1673.22Robert Hooke FRS (18 July 1635 3 March 17

6、03)Hooke challenged Newtons ideas. Newton had no stomach for controversy, so he stopped showing his ideas.23Edmond Halley FRS (8 November 1656 14 January 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist.24Plaque in South Cloister of Westminster Abbey25 Halle

7、y told Newton that he and others were working on a problem: Find the Force of Attraction by the sun that will cause the planetary orbits to be elliptical Newton replied that he had solved this problem earlier. The solution is an inverse square law. Halley then urged Newton to publish this and other

8、results.2627Newtons own copy of his Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition28Although Newton had invented the calculus and used it to derive many of his results, he choose to write the Principia in geometric language.This is because the modern algebraic form of analysis was n

9、ot yet seen as a suitable form for writing mathematical ideas.It would take another 50 years before analysis would finally end the tyranny that geometric thinking held over mathematics.2930 Newtons three Universal Laws of Motiopn were a giant first in the history of science. Nothing like them had be

10、en seen before. Before Newton, men observed nature and tried to describe nature in geometric (mathematical) terms. After Newton, we seek the fundamental laws. Then a particular problem is solved by using mathematics with the fundamental laws.31323334353637Application of Universal Laws Find the verti

11、cal motion of a particle near the surface of the earth, neglecting air friction.Initial Conditions: When t = 0,y = h and v = dy/dt = v038 Use Second Law: mgdtydmdtdvm22gdtdvdtgdvcgtv39cgtv0t0vv 0vgtv0vgtdtdydtvgtdy0dtvgtdy0cgtvInitial condition 1: When , 40dtvgtdy0ctvgty02210thy Initial Condition 2:

12、 When , htvgty02214142434445Newton Derives Keplers Law of Areas Line from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times464748Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1 July 1646 14 November 1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician49Controversy over who invented Calculus, Newton or Leibniz? To

13、day we believe that both men should share the discovery50Isaac Newton in old age in 1712, portrait by Sir James Thornhill51 Newton enjoyed great fame in his final years He was recognized throughout Europe as the most outstanding mathematician scientist of his time (or maybe all time)52Newton statue

14、on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History53Newtons grave in Westminster Abbey Newtons grave in Westminster Abbey Newtons grave in Westminster Abbey 545556 Threatening my step-father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them. -From a list of his sins made by Isaac Newt

15、on at age 19. Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my best friend is truth. -Head of Newtons Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae (Certain Philosophical Questions), ca. 1664.57 I know not what I appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell, while