四级常考语法结构讲解

1、学习好资料欢迎下载；just四级常考语法结构讲解be about to -V - be on the point of doing sthgoing to do sth"即将，就要":Her father is about to retire .她即即将退休。 As was about to say whenyou interruptedme 我正要张口说话时你打断了我。（注：about to后面跟不定式，而且常与when从句搭配使用）all but - 1." all but卜形容词（或用在谓语动词前）"=very nearly； almost 几乎，

2、差不多;外都":Crows all群鸦几乎吃光了一2."all but+ 名词"=all exce pt"除but destroyed a farmer's field of corn.位农夫的玉米地。 The hikers were exhausted and all butfrozen whe n they were fou nd.那些徒步旅行者疲惫不堪，被人们发现时都几乎冻僵了。all but John were prese nt.除约翰外，其他人都到了。（注：all but作"几乎"解时可修饰作表语的形容词或过去分词；

3、也可作状语修饰谓语动词。） 四 for all - in spite of "尽管":He did not do well inthe race ，for all his training.尽管他进行了很多训练，但他的赛跑成绩并不很理想。For all his money , he was veryun ha ppy.尽管他有不少钱，但他并不很幸福。五 alternative n.-"选择，替代办法”，注意下面成语的习惯用法："have no alternative but to do""没有别的选择，."除了战斗以只好&q

4、uot;:There's no alter native but to fight外，没有别的选择"。I had no alternativebut to walk out .我没有别的办法，只有走出去。and -用在省略if的特殊条件句中：Five minutesearlier ，wecould have caught the last train . a. and b. bute. or d . so （答案a. CET-4'93 /6.译文：再早 5分钟，我们就可能赶上最后一趟火车了。）Turnon the televisi on oropen a magaz

5、ine and youadvertiseme nts show ing happy,bala need families. a. are ofte n see ing b. will ofte n seee. often see d. have often seen （答案 b . CET- 4'95 /6.译文：只要打开电视机或翻开一本杂志， 你常常可以看到排列整齐的全家福广告照片。）七 anything but - not at all ； far from" 根本不，一点不"，作表语，but后面可以跟名词、形容词或过去分词：He'sanything b

6、ut lazy/a hero.他一点不懒/根本不是个英雄。Thebridge is anything but safe/fi ni shed.这座桥一点不安全/离完工还差得很远。Alone in a deserted house, he was so busywith his research work that he feltIon ely . a .nothing but b .anything but e. all but d. everyth ingbut （答案b .考研'90 .译文：他一个人在一所房子里搞研究工作，一点也不感到寂寞。）八as （四级考试频度很大的几个用法）

7、1.引导让步状语从句（通常可以用though替换），使用下面句型：1）"形容词/畐词十 as + 主语十谓语： Young as I am I know some of thefamily secrets .尽管我还很小，但我了解一些家庭秘密。Much.虽然我很喜欢她，但我as like her , I will not marry her并不想与她结婚。Somemembers of the staff could n't han dle the case , hard as they tried . 一些职员不管怎么想办法也解 决不了这个问题。2)"原形动词十as

8、十主语十may/ might /will /would" : Try as he would , he could not lift the rock管他用多大劲也举不起那块石头。There was not a soul to be found in the house , search as they would . 不管他们怎么寻 找，房子里也找不到一个人。2.作关系代词，使用下面句型：1) "such -as" ( as在此接近于 who/that/which ) : Such women as Tom knew thought he我从未听说过他讲的was

9、 charming.汤姆认识的那些妇女都认为他长得很迷人。I n ever heard such stories as he tells.那些故事。 He never hesitates to makesuch criticisms as arecon sidered helpful to others.只要对别人有帮助，他从不犹she had豫提出这类批评。 It was n't such a good dinnerPromised us . a . that b . which c . as d . what (答案 c . CET-4'90 /1 .译文：它并不是像她承诺

10、我们的那样一顿美餐。)2)用在"the same as"句型中： He does n't believe the samethings as you do .他不相信你相信的那些东西。(注：as的这一用法在OALD司典中被当作连词，但在张道真教授编的现代英语用法词典（重排本）P70中被当作关系代词，似乎后者3.用在"as + be动词十表语"从句中,表"正如":He isabsent , as is often the case .他正如通常那样又缺席了。Freddie , as might be expected , was

11、 attending theconference .正如可能预料的那样，弗雷迪当时正在出席会议。As was expected ， he performed the task with success如预料的那样，他成功地完成了任务。is known to theworld , Mark Twain is a great American writer. a. That b. Whichc. As d . It （答案c . CET- 4'93 / 6.译文：正如世人所知， accepted , economical growth is determined by the smooth

12、马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。is gen erallydevelopment of production. a. What b . That c . It d . As（答案d.考研'95 .译文：正如所公认的那样，经济增长是由生产的平 稳发展所决定的。）（注：as在这一句型中是连词还是关系代词也存在着争议，它在结构上更接近关系代词，但as与that /which不同，that /which引导的关系从句只能放在先行词后面，而as引导的从句不但可以放在主句的后面，还可以放在主句的前面。）4. as用于省略句，为避免重复，as代替表语或宾语部分:David is tall , as a

13、re my brothers.像我的几个弟兄们一样，戴维也是个高个儿。（as are my brothers用的是倒装语序，正常语序应是 as my brothers are 。）The Second World War ,as did the earlier one of 1914,prompted public concernbeing of the.正如预料的那样，植树造林运动迅速扩展开来。It usually happens asabout a p hysical and In tellectual wellcou ntry's human resources.第二次世界大战，

14、正如早些时候1914年的那次一样，立即引起了公众对这个国家人力资源的身心健康的关注。5 . as用于省略句，引起分词短语作状语：As expected ,the afforestati on moveme nt rap idly sp readdescribed above .它的发生通常如上面所描写的那样。He hadfailed to visit her as pro mised.他没有像他允诺的那样去看望她。 His first no vel"Night" was an acco unt of the Nazicrimesthrough the eyes of a t

15、eenaged boy. a. as seenb. which saw c . but was seen d . and were seen （答案 a. 选自六级样题.译文：他的第一部小说夜通过一个十几岁的男孩的眼睛描述了纳粹的罪行。）6 . 用于 as muchas； not so much as" 或"not so /as卜形容词十 as"句式中： He said the situation there was notso bad as had bee n pai nted.他说，那里的局势并不像所描绘 的那样糟。 The great use of a sc

16、hool education is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of lear ning校教育的伟大作用与其说是教给你东西，还不如说是教给你如何学习的技能。 He is not so much a writer as a rep orter其说他是位作家，还不如说他是个记者。They were exp ected tobe models of virtue , honoured as much for their characteras for their lear ning.人们期望他们成为美德的典范，不但因为他们的

17、学识，而且因为他们的品德而受到敬重。7.用于 as if/as though弓丨导的省略句中：He paused asif exp ect ing Lenny to sp eak.（as if后面跟现在分词）他停了一下，好象是在等待拉尼讲话一样。The boy turned , as ifawakened from some dream。（后面跟过去分词）那男孩翻了翻身，好像从梦中醒来一样。He opened his mouth as if to speaksomething .（后面跟不定式）他张张口，好像要说些什么。Hegla need as if in search of someth

18、ing.（后面跟介词短语）他瞟了一眼，好像在寻找什么东西一样。8 .用在"j ust as，so"结构中： Just as the soil is apart of the earth ,the atmosphere . a . as it is b . thesame is c . so is d . and so is (答案 c . 考研'95 . 译文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是地球的一部分。）(sois the atmosphere是倒装句。在 "just as ，so"句式中，so引导的主句常用倒装语序，尤其在主语特别长时

19、更是如此，so代替被省略了的表语部分。）Just as the builder is skilledin the han dli ng of his bricksthe exp erie needwriter is skilled in the handling of his words . a . so b . asc . thus d . like （答案a . CET 6'93 / 6.译文：正如建筑工人砌砖郁闲熟的技艺一样，有经验的作家在用词做文章上也有高超的技艺。）九 before 一特别要注意before在下面几个例句中的用法，在这些例句中，before相当于and the

20、n，汉语常译为”然后；才":I must finish my work before go home.我必须先把工作做完再回家。 He had to be called two or three times beforehe would come to his dinner .往往要叫他两三遍，他才肯过来吃饭。The farmer decided to drive the cows away beforethey made more damage to the crops . 那个农夫决定把那些牛赶走，以免对庄稼造成更大的损害。It was several years beforew

21、e met again . 又过了好几年我们才又见了面。A man escapedfrom the prison last night.It was a long time the guardsdiscovered what had happened . a . before b . until c . sinced. when （答案a . CET 4'93 /6.译文：昨晚一个犯人从监狱逃跑了，过了好久警卫才发现发生了什么事。）Scie ntistssayit may be five or ten yearsit is p ossible to testthis medicine

22、on humanpatients.A. since b. before c. afterd. when （答案b . CET 4'95 /6.译文：科学家们说，可能还需要5到10年才能将这种药在病人身上作实验。（注：before的这一用法经常考试）十 busy -busy作表语时仅面可跟如下结构：busy with /at/over/-ing"忙于": Jean did not have time to go to the con cert last ni ght because she was busy for her exam in ati on . a . t

23、o prepare b. to be prep ared c. preparing d. being prepared （答案 c . CE匚4'93 /6. 译文：琼昨天晚上没有时间去听音乐会，因为她在忙于准备考试。）Wewere busy（get）things ready for the trialproduction when he phonedus .（考研'80 .答案：将get变为getting .译文：我们正为试生产而忙着做准备时，他打来了电话.）but for用于虚拟语气中，表示"若非"，相当于if not ，后面跟名词；还可用 but th

24、at引导一个从句，陈述具体事实:bed its desti nati on on time. a.In case ofb. In spite of c. Because of d. But for （答案 d . CE6'90the arrival of the/1 .译文：若不是由于洪水，轮船就可以按时抵达目的地了）。He might have bee n killed police . a . except for b . but for c . with d . for （答案 b . CET-6'95 / 6.译文：若不是警察赶到，他可能就被杀害了。）the En gl

25、ish exam in ati on I would have gone to thecon cert last Sun day. a. In sp ite of b. But for c. Becauseof d. As for （答案b .考研'91 .译文：要不是有英语考试，我上个星期天就去听音乐会了。）but that用在虚拟语气中，but that从句谓语用陈述语气，陈述具体事实，表示"倘没有，若不是” ：He wouldhave helped us but that he was short of money at the time.他本来会帮助我们的，但当时他没

26、有钱。but that 还用在"(It is ) not that but that "句式中,表示"不是因为而是因为":Not that Joh n does n't wan t to help you, but thatit's beyo nd his power.不是约翰不想帮助你，而是因为他无能为力。can/could - 1. "can't too""怎么也不为过':You can't becareful in making the decision as it issuch

27、 a critical case . a. quite b . very c . too d . so (答案c .选自六级样题.译文：做这一决定时再细心也不为过，因为这是一件至关重要的事情。）2. "can't/couldn't+比较级"表示"不可能再",实际上等于"最":The earthquake could not have comeat a worse timefor the war torn cou ntry.对于那个饱受战争之苦的国家来说，地震发生的时间再糟糕不过了。3. "can't/

28、couldn't+完成式”用于推断过去”不可能发生了某事":Mary、my letter , otherwise she would have rep liedbefore now . a. has received b. ought to have received c.could n't have received d. should n't have received（答案C.考研'91 .译文：玛丽不可能收到了我的信，不然她一定会回信的。）Comrade Libe in Beiji ng because saw him intown only

29、a few minu tes ago. a. must n't b. can't c. maynotd . is n't able to（答案b.考研'80 .译文：李同志不可能在北京，因为仅在几分钟前我还在城里见到了他。）十四 cannot help-ing-"禁不住，忍不住；避免不了 "I could n't help overheari ng what he said.我禁不住偷听了他说的话。We could n't help their see ing us.我们避免不了他们看见我们。五 cannot help but

30、 do" 不由得，不能不"（与cannothelp-i ng 基本同义）： You can't help but respect them.你不由的要尊敬他们。（注：在这个句式中，还可以把help省略掉，意思不变，如上面的句子也可改变为：You cannot butrespect them .）六 cannot choose but do注意ht后面习惯上跟不带to的不定式，表示”没有别的办法，只好” ；He cannot choosebut obey .他没有别的办法，只好服从。七 choice -注意choice在下面句型中的用法：1 . "have

31、no choice but to do"或"There's no choice for sb but to do"".我们不得没有别的办法，只好"（注意but后面的不定式必须带to ）：We had no choice but to do what we were asked不做要求我们做的工作。2 . "have no other choice than to do""没有别的选择，只好 ":The beaten enemy had no other choicethan, a . surre

32、nder b . surre nderi ng c . to surre nder d. tobe surrendered （答案c.译文：被打败的敌人没有别的选择只好投降。）后面习惯上跟不带to的不定式，表示"不仅仅，不单单，不只是":In the course ofa day stude nts do far more tha n Just classesb . atte nded c.to atte nd d . atte nding（答案 a . CE4'93/ 6.译文：在一天之内，学生不只是上课（还要做许多别的事情）o Colleges and univ

33、ersities across the nation havedecided to do more tha n talk about the use in stude ntcheating .除了谈论学生作弊的上升以外，全国各地的大学已决定采取一切措施。（摘自大学英语第二册第8课Honesty :八 do more than do - 注意 thanIs It Goi ng Out of Style九 do nothing but（do） -"仅仅（做），只（做），除 外什么都不（做）":Lots of empty bottles were foundunder the o

34、ld man's bed. He must have done nothing but（drink ）.（答案：but后用原形动词drink。考研'89 ）（注 意下面的句式） So there was nothing for them to dotheir p laces at the end of It.a. except take b . but takec . besides take d . but to take （答案 d .译文：他们只好在尽头自己的座位上坐下。）（注意这里的but后面用不定式to take 与前面的for them to do是并列的，处在相同

35、的位置注意：do nothing上，作 nothing 的定语：nothing to do but to take.)do nothing else than (do)后面用了 else后就要用than而不再用but,但than后面同样用不带 to 的不定式：He sat there, doing nothing else a. but to laugh b. than laughing c. than laugh d. but laughed（答案c.译文：他坐在那里一个劲地笑。）但注意下面这个句子: Hehad nothing else to do except to return/tha

36、nto returnto his hot room.他没有别的办法，只好回到自己酷热的房间。（这个句子中的不定式to do 和to return 做nothing else的定语.）either -or -"或是或是；不是是"。由选择连词eitheror引导的名词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要与or后面的名词保持一致。eitheror还可以弓导并列名词或介词短语作宾语， 引导并列谓语或表语，引导并列状语或定语，引导并列分句。该结构的关键是由它们引导的两个部分必须并列处于同一层次上：Either Tim or his brothershave to shovel the sn

37、ow.要么蒂姆，要么他的兄弟们，必须.当地铲雪。The local hunters either shoot or trap them的猎人或者枪杀它们，或者设陷捕捉它们。Either you mustimprove your work or shall dismiss you.要么改进你的工作，否则我就解雇你。I was advisedfor reservations. a . tob. either toeither tele phone or to write the hotel tele phone or to write the hotel c. that I should tele

38、 phone or to write the hotel d. I ought either to tele phone or writethe hotel （答案b .考研'85 .译文：他们建议我要么给旅馆打电话，要么给旅馆写封信预订房间。）findfind后面可以跟带现在分词、过去分词、形容词或不定式to be的复合结构作宾语；如果是不定式本身作宾语，要把不定式后移，用形式宾语it填补其位置：He wasfound dying /dead/injured .人们发现他快死了/已经死了/受了伤。Wefound (him to be/that he was)the right man

39、forthe job .我们发现他是做这项工作的合适人选。I found toan swer all the questi ons with in the time give na. nopossibilityb. there was impossibilityc.imp ossible d. itimpossible （答案d.考研'80 .译文：我发现在限定的时间内回答所有那些问题是不可能的。）（find上面的用法考试频度也很大）for1. "for all""尽管":all our kindness tohelp her,Sara refu

40、sed to listen to usa. At b. For c.In d. On（答案b.考研'92 .译文：尽管我们好心要帮助她，但萨拉不肯听我们的。)There maybe mistakes occasi on ally but for all that , it is the best book on the subject中也许偶而有些错误，但尽管如此它仍不失为论述这个问题的最好的书。2. "but for" / "if it were n't for""若不是，若没有"（用在虚拟语气中）：But for

41、your help weshould not have finished in time .若没有你的帮助，我们就不能按时完成。Hadit not been for your laz in ess , you could have fini shed the assig nmentby now.要不是你懒，你现在可能会完成任务了。（注：在这个句式中，按正常语序谓语可以用缩合形式计it were n't for 或if it had n't been for，但若使用倒装语序时，不能将缩合的were n't / had n't 放在句首，如不能说 Weren

42、9;t it for / Had n't it been for ,而必须说 Were it not for / had it not been for .）3. for作连词，表示"因为，由于"，多用于书面语中，引导的从句不能放在主句前面，它引导的原因只是对主句所说的情况作出解释：Someo nemust have leftthe tap on, the wateris running over and flood ing the bathroom.a. thereforeb . for c . nevertheless d . moreover（答案b.考研&#

43、39;84 .译文：一定是谁忘记了关水龙头，瞧，水溢了出来，洗澡间到处是水。）4 . for用在带逻辑主语的不定式的结构中for there to be/for it to be : It would be surprising for any objections to the proposal. a . not to be b . it not to be c . there tobe not d . there not to be （答案d .译文：对这项建议若没有任何反对,那反倒是奇怪的。）For theresuccessfulcom muni cati on , here must

44、be atte ntive nessand in volveme nt in the discussion itself by all present . a. is b. to be c. willbe d. being （答案b .考研'96 .译文：为了进行成功的思想交流，所有出席的人都必须聚精会神地参加讨论。）（注：在therebe句型中，虽然真正的主语是后面的名词，但在语法结构上习惯上把there看作结构主语，所以用介词for引导带逻辑主语的不定式时要把there看作逻辑主语，因此把there is 变为带逻辑主语的不定式时应说for there to be，这和把I do

45、sth变为不定式时应说for me to do sth 的道理是一样的。在这个句式中还要注意如何把It is time 变为由for引导的不定式。如果要说”现在该吃药了 ”，用英语应说It is time to takemedicine。但如果要说”他在等到该吃药的时间再吃药 ”，就应说。）He is wait ing for it to be time to take medic ine四 given （that ） 一"在有的情况下；如果有假定;考虑到 ":Given good health , I hope to finishthe work this year.如果

46、健康状况良好，我希望今年完成这项 工作。I'd comeand see you in Austria ，given the chanee .女口果有机会，我就到奥地利来看你。Give n their in ex perience/that they are inexperieneed , they've done a good job .考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作还是做得不错的。（given的这一用法考试频度也很大）五good/po int/sense/use注意这几个名词在下面句型中的用法："It is no good -ing"表示”没有用处” ：I

47、t'sno good my arguing with you .和 Q你争论没有用。There is no good in -ing ； What's the good of-ing ?六have 十复合结构 - have sb do sth ； have sb /.a. to besth lug ; have sth done （have的这种用法考试频度也很大）：They'11 have you if you don't pay your taxes arrested b . arrest c . arrested d . being arrested （答

48、案 c . CET,and had him explain it6'91 / 6.译文：如果你不纳税，他们将要逮捕你。）I did n't un dersta nd what the teacher saidagain to me我不懂老师说的意思，我又让他给我解释了一遍。七 in that此为复合连词，相当于 because引导的原因状语从句，考试频度极大，在四六级和考研试题中几乎每年都有一题，女口 1995年三个试题中均考了该题：Liquids arelike solidsthey have a definitevolume . a . with thatb. for th

49、at c. in that d. at that （答案。 CET 4'95 /6.译is unusual文：液体与固体一样，它们也有确定的体积。）Britain'spressit is divided into two very different typesof n ews paper: the quality p ress and the popu lar p ress . a .inhow b. in what c . in which d . in that （答案 d . CET-6'95/ 6.译文：英国报纸很不寻常，因为它分为截然不同的两大类:严肃报纸和

50、通俗报纸。）Hydroge n is the fun dame ntal eleme ntof the uni verseit provides the buildingblocks fromwhich the otherelements are produced.a . so thatb. but thatc. in that dprovided that（答案 c.考研'95 .译文：氢是宇宙间最基本的元素，因为它提供生成其它元素的建筑模块。）八 the instant/the moment+ 从句- 相当于 as soonas "（就） ":She must

51、have dashed out the instant Igrabbed the pho ne.她必定是在我一把抓起电话时就奔了出去。You must behave like a guest the in sta nt you set foot ona foreign soil.你一踏上外国国土就得像个客人的样子。九 just as，so " 正女口一样，也":Just as you hate Mr Gree n, so I dislike his wife.就像你憎恨格林先生一样.我也不喜欢他的妻子。Just as the builderis skilled in the

52、 han dli ng of his bricks,theexperieneed writer is skilled in the handing of his words.a. so b. as c. thus d. like（答案 a . CET 6'93 / 6 .译文:正如建筑工人砌砖技术拥熟一样，有经验的作家在用词作文章上也有高超的技艺。）Just as the soil is part of the earth the atmosphere . a . as it is b . the same is c . so is d . andso is （答案c .考研'

53、95 .译文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是地球的一部分。）knowbetter than （to do） -bewise or experieneedeno ugh not to do sth很懂得不会/不该（做某事）（根据张道真教授的（现代英语用法词典）的解释，than后面的不定式多带to，但有时可以省略）：You ought to know betterthan to stay away from school.你应懂得不该逃学.He knewbetter tha n to men tio n the subject to her.他很明智而没有向她提起这件事。Tombetter

54、 tha n to ask Dick forhelp . a. shall know b. should n't know c. has known d. should have known （答案d . CET- 6'91 /6.译文：汤姆应懂得不该向迪克请求帮助。）less用在下面成语中：eve n/ much/ stillless"更不用说，更别提"（用在否定的陈述句之后）：The baby can't even walk , much less run .那婴儿连走路都不会，更别 说跑了。 I can't run a hundred

55、yards , even less a mile . 我连一百码都跑不了，更别说跑一英里了。He knows little of mathematics , and of chemistry . a . even more b . still less c . no less d . still more （答案b.考研'91 .译文：他对数学几乎一窃不通，更别提化学了。）30、lest-"唯恐，免得”（从句谓语多用should，有时可用动词原形）： They sp oke in whis pers lest they should be heard .他们低声交谈，生怕别人

56、听见了。The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way . 司机认真地检查了一遍发动机，免得半路上出毛病。let alone-"更别提"（多用于否定句之后，与even/much/stillless 的用法基本相同）：I had never seenhim, let alone sp oke n to him.我从未见过他，更谈不上同他那婴儿连谈话了。 The baby can't even walk, let alone run.走路都不会，更谈不上跑了。（

57、注：let alone后面可以跟名词、动词不定式或分词，这取决于它所要强调的部分与前一句中所要对比的那一部分的语法结构，它们必须处于同一语法结构层次。）most -most可以直接修饰可数名词复数，名词前不用冠词修饰，表示泛指，如most students"大多数学生”；如果要特指某些学生中的大多数，就要用 most of结构，并且名词前面一般要用定冠词修饰，如most of the students in myclass ； 注意这样用时，most前面没有冠词，不说the most of thestudents。另外，most不能直接与代词或由物主代词修饰的名词连用，不能说 most they /most their students 或 their most students ;而必须用，most of 结构，像 most of them, most of her arguments 。四some/any - 与 most 的用法类似，可以说 some advice /students ； someof the students ； someof th