教案 第一课时 Introduction介绍

1、第一课时 Introduction介绍Teaching aim: Give you a general concept of Lexicology 对词汇学有个整体概念上的把握Teaching plan:0.1 the nature and domain of English Lexicology 词汇学的性质和范畴The definition of English Lexicology: It is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.英语词汇学定义： 它是语言学的分支，主要研究单

2、词的起源和意义。The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.词汇学的性质和范畴：英语词汇学主要意在调查和研究单词和对等次的形态结构，比如语义结构，语

3、义关系，历史发展，构成和用法。0.2 Its Relation to Other Discipline 词汇学与其它规则之间的关系The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with ：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体学） and lexicography(词典学)与英语词汇学有关的课题：形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学、

4、词典学Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words,primarily through the use of morpheme construct.形态学是语言学的分支，主要说明如果通过词素构造来研究单词形式或结构的。Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.词源学主要用于研究词的起源和词的有关其形式意义的历史

5、。Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.语义学主要研究不同语言层次的意义：词汇、语法、口语、演讲等。Stylistics is the study of style.语体学是对语言风格的研究。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usage of words, but they have

6、 a pragmatic difference.词典学与词汇学有相同的问题：形式、意义、起源和单词的用法，但是他们都有个语法上的区别。（即词典学主要是为了还原单词本来的意义，词汇学是为了获得知识和词汇信息以便于增加他们的词汇意识和语言运用的能力。）0.3 Methods of Study 研究方法There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely sychronic and diachronic.两种研究单词的方法，叫作共时研究和历时研究。0.4 Aims and Significance of the Course

7、课程的目标和意义According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The in

8、formation of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and u

9、sage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.根据课本，英语词汇学主要是为让学英语的学生受益。你对词汇和单词构成的规则掌握熟练后，可以帮助学生开发自己的个性词汇并有意识的增加自己的词汇量。

10、这个历史发展的信息和分类的原则会给让他们对单词意义有一个更深的理解，并使他们能够运用单词去组织、分类并更有效的存储语言。这种理解能力及他们的语义关系会逐渐增加他们对意义和用法的意识，并使他们更精确更恰当的的使用单词。一本能够发挥作用的词典会提升他们使用相关课本的技能，并提升他们解决问题的能力和自己学习的效率。课后问题 Questions1. What is Lexicology?2. What is the nature and scope of English Lexicology?3. What subjects is English Lexicology correlated with?

11、 And to what extent?4. What should a student of English study English Lexicology?第二课时 Basic Development of words and vocabulary单词和词汇的基本概念1.1 what is a word?Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.单词是语言的最小自由体，它具备一个已知的声音、意义和句法功能

12、。 (1)a minimal free form of a language 语言的最小自由形式(2) a sound unity一个声音的整体(3) a unit of meaning 一种意义的单位(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence可在一个句子中单独起作用的一种形式1.2 Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the

13、 actual thing and idea itself”1.3 Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的原因（1） the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2） the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3） some of the difference were creates by the e

14、arly scribes（4） printing、standardization、dictionary（5） the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary1.4 Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyThe term vocabulary is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the wor

15、ds in a language,but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Such as, Old English, Middle English, Modern English.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.词汇被用于不同的意义。不仅指语言中单词的数量，而且指某个特殊历史时期使用的所有单词:古英语、中英语、现代英语。（目前，英语词汇量达到100万个）。第

16、3课时1.5 Classification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary 从使用频率来讲：基础词汇和非基础词汇By notion:content words&functional words从概念来讲：实词和虚词By origin:native words&borrowed words从起源来讲：本土语言和外借语言1.5.1 The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accu

17、mulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1) All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2) Stability（相对稳定性） 3) Productivit

18、y（多产性） 4) Polysemy（多义性） 5) Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2) Jargon（行话） (3) slang（俚语） (4) Argot（暗语） (5) Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)1.5.2 Content wo

19、rds/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstr

20、eam of the basic word-stocks).Two other features: (1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words: 四种外来语词1) denizens(同化词): words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English

21、 language.2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed课后练习

22、第4课时Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary2.1 The Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系) 2.2 A historical Overview of the English Vocabulary回顾英语词汇的历史The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:三个发展阶段2.2.1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was a high inflect

23、ed 高度屈折language.2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500): Retains much fewer inflections2.2.3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. English has evol

24、ved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 当今英语词汇的发展Today, new words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time.今天，新词以史无前例的速度发展。2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式): 1) Creation创造新词：

25、the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式) 2)semantic change旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new words Reviving words

26、 or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.第5课时Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form,

27、but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cann

28、ot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affi

29、xes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective. Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素) Bound root prefix bound derivational affix suffix inflectionalRoot and stem（词根和

30、词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a ro

31、ot.第6课时Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.d

32、isobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-， mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefi

33、xes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）

34、:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems. 1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)A

35、dverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes2.Compounding复合法 （also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems Compounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun

36、compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ： e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ： e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional sh

37、ift/zero-derivation）4.Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN第7课时5.Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off

38、the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：1).Front clippings删节前面 (phone from telephone) 2).Back clippings删节后面 (dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza) 4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music) 6.Acronymy首字

39、母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acro

40、nym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. Its the method of creating words by removing the supposed suff

41、ixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) - watt（瓦特，电功率单位）第8课时Chapter 5 Word Meaning The meanings of “Meaning” (“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary a

42、nd conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. The s

43、ense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were

44、creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：b

45、lack market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the w

46、ord explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meani

47、ng has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptua

48、l meaning. 4types:（1） Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2） Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3） Affective（感情意义） ：ind

49、icates the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4） Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.第9课时Chapter 6 -Sense relation and semantic field （语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义

50、关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）: 1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived mean

51、ings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）: 1. radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which

52、 the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g: face, neck)2. concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign

53、of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)3. In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning. In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.

54、 Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4. They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing

55、 each other.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words

56、 identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, ball

57、er-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)第10课时The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)Th