Of Studies （课堂PPT）

1、1Essay Reading 2What is an essay? (Prose?)vAn article which discusses a topic. v vIt undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. Inviting us to enter a world of thought and experience, it persuades us to view things in

2、a particular way.v-direct and explicit (exposition of ideas)v-Based on facts, data and information, it is more factual rather than fictional. (In contrast to the imaginative feature of other genres) It has uncertain status in literature.3Types of EssaysvNarrative essays: to tells stories, chronicle

3、eventsvExpository essays: to explain ideas and attitudesvSpeculative essays: to explore ideas and feelings, less authoritative, less insistentvArgumentative essays: to make claims and present evidences to support4Elements of the EssayVoice (tone, attitude)-formal, dignified, elegant, solemn, allusiv

4、e, authoritative, reversed, controlled-casual, intimate, and conversational, humorous, concise and sharp, urgent, insistent, witty and charmingStyle: how does the author use language in a unique way-diction (individual choice of words) formal or informal words, colloquial -syntax: long and complex s

5、entences, or short, simple sentences; parallelism and balance; rhythm, punctuations- figure of speech: the use of simile, metaphor, images of comparisons, etc, in order to clarify abstract ideas, thoughts and feelings, and to illustrate a point with vividness structure: how thought connect with thou

6、ghtThought: ideas, views, arguments (Can be with feelings)5v梁实秋散文v周作人散文v余光中散文v余秋雨散文v宗璞散文v杨朔散文v周国平散文6Of Studies by Francis Bacon (15611626) 7vNam et ipsa scientia potestas est. 知识就是力量。知识就是力量。vReading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。读书使人充实，讨论使人

7、机智，笔记使人准确。vSome books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。 vHistories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵

8、秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩 Wives are young mens mistresses, companions for middle age, and old mens nurses.8Francis Bacon (15611626)vEducated at Trinity College, Cambridge. vrepresentative of the English Renaissance Statesman, philosopher , essay

9、ist vLord Keeper of the Seal and then Lord Chancellor of England. vA pioneer of modern scientific thought. philosophy of materialismvScientific experiment, fresh observation, inductive reasoning (deductive thinking )v“A real progenitor of English Materialism”.vThe Advancement of Learning (1605) v No

10、vum Organum (1620). 新工具新工具vThe New Atlantis(1626) (Utopia )9Bacons literary success: Essays 10v58 essays (1597 and 1625): covering a wide variety of subjects in relation to the social life of his age. vUsually each essay discusses a single subject, for instance, Of Studies, Of Beauty, Of Riches. Sho

11、rt as they are, these essays show Bacons profundity in understanding man and society.vBacons essays were under the impact of Montaigne (蒙田蒙田), a French essayist in the age of Renaissance. vBacons essays are characterized by their conciseness and brevity, simplicity and forcefulness, practicality and

12、 versatility. vMany sentences in his essays are succinct (简洁简洁), impersonal (客观客观), aphoristic (似格言似格言), and have become very popular.vBacons essays are recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. 11Of StudiesvIt is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays. vIt analyzes what

13、 studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. vForceful and persuasive, compact (简洁的) and precise, “Of Studies” reveals to us Bacons mature attitude toward learning. This essay impresses the reader

14、not only by its argumentative strength but also by its elegance of style. 12What is the main idea? 1. what purposes does studies chiefly serve for?2. How should people study? -different attitudes to studies -different ways adopted by different people 3. What influence do studies have on our human ch

15、aracter?13Language and Style 1. succinct and concise-ellipsis (omission)-short sentences Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; () for ornament, is in discourse; and () for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. Histories make men wise; poets () witty; the ma

16、thematics () subtitle; natural philosophy () deep; moral () grave; logic and rhetoric () able to contend142. easy to understand-simile-metaphor-analogyNatural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by studyDistilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. There is no st

17、ond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. 153. forceful and striking-parallelism: balanced sentence structures 排比句排比句 To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation;

18、to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. -Antithesis: the setting of contrasting phrases (of opposite ideas) for emphasis (through parallel structure). 对偶句对偶句 A friend exaggerates a mans virtues, an enemy his crimes. Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of

19、 ourselves and how little we think of the other person. Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them -Using synonyms, superordinates (上位词上位词), hyponyms (下位词下位词) for stress superordinates (vegetable), hyponyms (cabbage, carrot, potato, tomato ) weigh and consider; talk an

20、d discourse; taste, swallow, chew, digest 164. solemn, classical v-balanced sentence structuresv-Latin quotations 5. aphoristic: witty, precise and pointed, incisive and profoundv-full of truth and wisdom (practical)v-rich experience, sharp observation and wide knowledge6. tone: impersonal17vForceful and persuasive, compact (简洁的) and precise, “Of Studies” reveals to us Bacons mature attitude toward learning. This essay impresses the reader not only by its argumentative strength but also by its elegance of style.v培根对文学的主要贡献是他的论说文集或称随笔（Essays），共收入文章58篇。英 语论说文又称“随笔”，或“小品文”，都是散文（prose）体的一