35：英语隐喻句(八大过程及其转换)

1、英语隐喻句隐喻的定义和本质凡谓语动词与主语和/或宾语/补语之间的关系同客观现实中运动方式与主体和/或客体/属性之间的关系不相一致的句子，概为隐喻句。“及物性”系统的八大过程：1. 物质过程表达无生命的物质实体的运动或对另一个无生命物质实体的作用（无生命主体作用于无生命客体）。物质过程通常由基本句型 SV和SVO表示。如：The glass broke. SV （主谓）The fire destroyed everything. SVO（主谓宾）2抽象实体过程表达的是无生命的抽象实体的发生（无生命主体发生行为）。抽象实体过程通常由基本句型SV表示。如：When did the accident

2、happen? SV（主谓）His death occurred the following year.SV （主谓）3.感官过程：表示生命体对无生命或有生命物质实体的感官知觉和感情的过程（都是以人充当主语）。感官过程通常由基本句型 SV SVO和SVOC表示。Jill can ' t see. SV （主谓）I couldn ' t hear anything. SVO （主谓宾）I saw the boat turning. SVOC（主谓宾补）4.行为过程：表达生命体的行为和作为的过程（以生命体为主语的行为过程）。行为过程通常由基本句型SV SVO和SVIO表示。We a

3、ll laughed. SVThe lion caught the tourist. SVOHe painted John a picture. SVIO 5思维过程：表示人类个体或集体的思考、想象、设想、认定、信仰等思维活动的过程（以生命体为主语的思维过程，动词都是思维类的）。思维过程通常由基本句型SVO表示。You can imagine his reaction. SVONo one believed his story. SVOHe conceived a bold plan for escape. SVO 6.言语过程：表示人类个体或集体言语行为的过程（以生命体为主语的言语过程，动词

4、都是言语类的）。言语过程通常由基本句型SVO和 SVIO表示。He can speak several languages. SVOI told him my name. SVIOJohn said that he was hungry. SVO He claimed to be the right heir.7关系过程：一是表示各类物质实体的 归属关系，二是表示各类物质实体的身份，三是对事物的属性或各事物之间的关系加以客观描述或作出判断（主语是具体的人和物，以及抽象的概念）。关系过程通常由基本句型SVC （主系表结构）或have-sentence表示。She is a pretty girl

5、. It is a little village. Peter has a piano.Tom is the leader.Beijing is the capital of China.Peer' s is the piano.The village is on a mountain.The sky is blue.Her cheeks are rosy.8存在过程：表示各类有生命和无生命的事物实体的存在的过程。存在过程由基本句型there-be表示，存在句后面还可以再加补语。如：There is a book on the table.There is a man coming.隐

6、喻句的类型：1 .主语动词2. 动词宾语3. 主语动词宾语4主语一一动词一一补语5 .存在过程1 主语 动词该类型隐喻句可以在物质过程、感官过程、行为过程、思维过程或言语过程中形成。1）物质过程：物质过程表达无生命的物质实体的运动或对另一个无生命物质实体的作用。Leaves have fallen to theground.（一致）The temperature has fallen to 26 below zero.（抽象实体，而不是物质实体，不一致，故是隐喻句）树叶已经落到地面上了。气温已经降到零下26度。The snow soon melted away.（一致）His follower

7、s melted away at the first sight of danger.（隐喻句，有生命实体，不一致）His followers left him at the first sight of danger.这场雪很快融化了。一看到危险，他的追随者全都四散而去。一看到危险，他的追随者全都离他而去。Not an apple fell from the tree.Not a word fell from his lips.（抽象实体，不是具体的物质实体，便是隐喻句）He did not say a word.树上的苹果一个也没有坠落。他一言不发。他一句话也不说。The spot of

8、water evaporated in the sun.His an ger evaporated .（抽象实体，不是所蒸发的实体，便是隐喻句）He was no longer angry.水滴在阳光下蒸发掉了。他的气消了。 他不再生气了。A boat floated on the river.Leaves floated down from the tree.Leaves fell down from the tree.（无生命实体可以分为若干类，它们运动的方式或作用方式也不同。将甲发出的动作用在乙身上，转成隐 喻句。）一叶小舟在河上漂流。树叶从树上飘落下来。2）感官过程:感官过程至少必须有

9、一个参与者，叫“感知者”。这个“感知者”必须是个生命体，特别是人。如果这个“感知者”不是一个生命体，那该句就必然是个隐喻句。（就是说，谓语动词是有生命体发出的，而主语则是无生命的主体）女口：I witnessed a gang of hoodlums steal the wallet of a tourist.This field witnessed a battle. （隐喻句）A battle happened in this field.我亲眼看见一伙流氓扒窃了一位游客的钱包。 这片土地打过一次仗。I saw my father climb up the platform.Every d

10、ay sees New China growing stronger day buy day.（隐喻句）New China is growing stronger and stronger day by day. 我看见父亲爬上了月台。新中国一天比一天强大。3）行为过程：行为过程是一种表达生命体的行为和作为的过程。行为过程必须有一个行为主体，即“行为者” 为者必须是一个生命体，特别是人类个体。如果一个行为过程主体不是一个生命体，而是非生命体，那这 个句子必定是个隐喻句。A lone gull flew in the sky.The train flew past the station.The

11、 train moved past the station rapidly.一只孤零零的海鸥在天空中飞翔。 一列火车飞也似的通过了车站。The doctor visited Beijing last year.A plague visited London in 1665.A plague happened in London in 1665.那位医生去年去了一趟北京。1665年，一场瘟疫降临伦敦。He came into my room.A wonderful sight came into Mary ' s view.Mary saw something wonderful.他进了

12、我的房间。一片奇妙的景象进入玛丽的眼帘。玛丽看见一片奇妙的景象。She came to me at once.A good idea came to Mary ' s mind.Mary thought of a good idea.她马上来到了我的身边。 玛丽想到了一个好主意。We went to France for our holidays.The infection went round the whole city.The infection spread over the whole city.我们到法国去度假。 这种传染病在全市蔓延开来。A child stood nea

13、r the door.A bed stood near the wall.There was a bed near the wall.一个小孩站在门口。 靠墙有一张床。A bird flew in the sky.He flew to tell them the news.（语义特征）He ran to tell them the news.一只鸟飞过天空。 他飞跑过去，把消息告诉他们。4）思维过程：思维过程是一种表示人类个体或集体的思考、想象、设想、认定、信仰等思维活动的过程。思维过程 的主体是人类个体或集体。任何事物一经拟人化，当然就可以思维了。He does not agree with

14、 his father.My understanding of the word does notagree with yours. （隐喻句）I understand the word differently from yours.他和父亲意见不一致。我对这个词的理解和你不一致。Tom thought the book worth publication.A lazy sheep thinks its wool heavy. （隐喻句）汤姆觉得那本书值的出版。懒惰的绵羊总觉得自己身上的羊毛太重。I agree with you.The story agrees with the facts.

15、The story is in accordance with the facts.（隐喻句）我同意你的意见。报道与事实相一致。5）言语过程：言语过程是一种表示人类个体或集体言语行为的过程。任何事物都能够发出信息，因此，任何事物都可 以通过拟人化途径而发言。She said a few words.The clock says twelve.（隐喻句）The clock strikes twelve.We spoke about the need of economy.The book speaks about the writer ' s childhood.（隐喻句）The boo

16、k is about the writer ' s childhood.I will tell you if I' ll go or not.Time will tell if we have been successful.（隐喻句）We will know if we have been successful after some time.6）关系过程：特殊句型Shakespeare has it that all the world is a stage.Rumor has it that changes in cabinet are imminent.Rumor sa

17、ys that changes in cabinet are imminent.（隐喻句）2. 动词 宾语该类型隐喻句可以在物质过程、感官过程、行为过程中形成。1）物质过程：物质过程表达无生命的物质实体的运动或对另一个无生命物质实体的作用。An atom bomb destroyedthe city.A heavy rain destroyed my plan .（抽象实体，不是具体可以损坏的东西，隐喻句）The wind broke some branches of the trees.The bushes broke his fall , or he would have been kil

18、led.（他摔下来，是抽象的实体）He fell on the bushes, or he would have been killed.2）感官过程:感官过程至少必须有一个参与者，叫“感知者”。这个“感知者”必须是个生命体，特别是人。如果这个“感知者”不是一个生命体，那该句就必然是个隐喻句。如：She saw the famous star himself.I see what you mean .（你的意思不是具体的可以看得见的东西，是抽象的，隐喻句）I know what you mean.She was smelling the flowers.Mary can smell troub

19、le a mile away. （trouble 也不是具体的实体，可以像花香可以闻到，隐喻句）3）行为过程：行为过程是一种表达生命体的行为和作为的过程。行为过程必须有一个行为主体，即“行为者” 为者必须是一个生命体，特别是人类个体。如果一个行为过程主体不是一个生命体，而是非生命体，那这 个句子必定是个隐喻句。He lost his wallet.He lost his eyesight .（视力吧是具体的东西，在门口有丢失，隐喻句）He couldn ' t see.He didn ' t meet his father at the station.He didn '

20、; t meet the qualifications .（资格不是具体的事物，不能遇到，隐喻句） He was not qualified.They took a lot of flowers.I don ' t think she took my meaning .（意思是抽象的概念，不是实物，不能取走）I don ' t think she understood me.Each of the boys has gained a prize.We must try to gain a clear perspective of the world situation.（清醒的

21、认识是扌由象的，不是具体的实物，隐喻句）I received his written report.The prisoners received harsh and unfairtreatment .（待遇也是抽象的概念，隐喻句）The prisoners were treated harshly and unfairly.This child needed some food and water.This child needed guidance .（指导部是具体的实物，隐喻句）This child needed someone to guide him.She never gave bo

22、ys gifts.I never gave these things a thought .（想法是抽象的，不可能给来给去，隐喻句） I never thought of these things.She gave me some food.She gave me a push .（推也不是具体的实物，隐喻句）She pushed me.The workers made no toys this month.He made no answer to the question.（答案不是具体的东西，怎么做出来，隐喻句）He did not answer the question.During h

23、er illness he did some trivial things for his mother.She did some knitting for her mother.（编织只是一种行为，怎么做出来，隐喻句）She knitted something for her mother.Because it was wet, he took taxis.Because it was sunny, he took a walk in the park.（散步怎么可以拿着走，隐喻句）I made maps of uncharted moorland.He made a careful stu

24、dy of Marx ' s works.（研究是种行为，不能做出来的，隐喻句）He studied Marx ' s works carefully.3. 主语 动词 宾语 该类型隐喻句可以在物质过程、感官过程、行为过程、言语过程、关系过程和存在过程中形成。1）物质过程：物质过程表达无生命的物质实体的运动或对另一个无生命物质实体的作用。如果一个句子的主语和宾语不是都不是无生命物质实体，这个句子就是一个“主语 动词宾语”隐喻句。A sandstorm filled the room with sand.The sight of him filled her heart with

25、 a womanly sympathy.（ sight 名词化后，是个抽象的实体，怎么拿来填充，隐喻句）At the sight of him, she was filled a womanly sympathy.沙尘暴使室内到处都布满了细沙。她一看到他，就对他产生满腔女性的同情。A fire burned the house down.Money burns a hole in her pocket.（钱不是火，能烧出洞吗，隐喻句）一场大火把这座房子烧毁了。她有钱就花，存不住钱。The tree fell on top of the car and crushed it.The army q

26、uickly crushed the uprising.（军队不是粉碎机，隐喻句）大树倒在汽车顶上，把汽车砸坏了。军方很快就粉碎了这场暴动。The sun melted the snow.His pleading melted her.（恳求不能融化，隐喻句）She yielded to his pleading.阳光使积雪融化了。在他的恳求下，她屈服了。The path leads to the river.Our hard training led to our winning in the game.（艰苦训练不是具体事物，怎么引导，隐喻句）小径通向河边。靠着艰苦训练，我们在比赛中取得了

27、胜利。2）感官过程：感官过程至少必须有一个参与者，叫“感知者”。这个“感知者”必须是个生命体，特别是人。如果这个“感知者”不是一个生命体，那该句就必然是个隐喻句。如：He witnessed the accident.The year 2000 witnessed great changes in China.（不是人怎么看，隐喻句）Great changes took place in China in 2000.I saw my grandson coming.The fifth day saw their ascent on the mountain.（时间概念没有生命特征，隐喻句）On

28、 the fifth day, they climbed the mountain.Pit closures saw violent protests. （关闭的矿井不能看，隐喻句） Quite a few pits were closed, so miners protested violently.3）行为过程：行为过程是一种表达生命体的行为和作为的过程。行为过程必须有一个行为主体，即“行为者”。行为者必须是一个生命体，特别是人类个体。如果一个行为过程主体不是一个生命体，而是非生命体，那这 个句子必定是个隐喻句。We will send goods by rail.His words se

29、nt a quiver through my body.（本来用人的主语，用了物作主语，隐喻句）Hearing his words, I quivered.我们将通过铁路发货。我听了他的话不禁打了一个寒战。He killed his wife.The thick carpet killedthe sound of my footsteps.The thick carpet eliminated the sound of my footsteps.他杀了他的妻子。我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。The mother favored her eldest son.The weather fa

30、vored our voyage.The weather was favorable to our voyage.妈妈喜欢大儿子。这样的天气有利于我们航行。I have found the book I was hunting for.The proposal found general acceptance.The proposal was generally accepted.我找到了我要找的书。这个建议得到了人们的普遍的认可。Politicians often promise the moon.The plan promises good results.The plan is like

31、ly to yield good results.政客们常常许下一些无法兑现的诺言。这个计划有希望产生良好的效果。You are free to justify yourself for such conduct.The course of the events justifiedour views.The course of the events proved the correctness of our views.你有权为你的这种行为辩护。事态的发展证明我们的观点是正确的。The government disarmed five hundred rebels.His melancholy

32、 end disarmed censure of it asperity.Because of his melancholy end people are not willing to censure him with asperity.政府解除了五百名叛乱分子的武装。他的悲剧结局使得人们在责备他的时候都不愿意那么苛刻。The commander withdrew his troops from the city.The pursuit of science withdrawsinterest from external things.Because of their pursuit of s

33、cience, scientists take no interest in external things. 司令员从那座城市撤出了自己的部队。科学家致力于科学，对外界事物不感兴趣。I don ' t permit noise in my house.A thin transparent liquid permitsthe frictionless movement of the eyelids over the eyes.Because of the presence of a thin transparent liquid the eyelids are free to move

34、 frictionlessly over the eyes.我不允许在家中有噪音。由于眼中有一层薄薄的透明液体，眼睑可以在眼睛上面随意运动而不发生摩擦。He put the book on the table.Accident may put a decisive blunderer in the right.A blunderer may achieve success accidentally so long as he is a decisive person.他把书放在桌子上。一个经常犯错误的人，只要他处事果断，也有可能因为偶然原因而获得成功。The government forbid

35、s such a meeting. A just regard to the constitution and the duty of my office forbid a compliance with your request. I cannot comply with your request, because I must have a just regard.政府禁止这样的集会。为了遵守宪法，为了履行我的职责，我不能答应你的要求。He does a lot of good among the poor.Hot baths do me much good.Hot baths benef

36、it me greatly.他为穷人做了很多的好事。热水澡对我有很大好处。We invited all our relatives.The title of the book invitesthe reader ' s interest.The title of the book arouses the reader' s interest.我们邀请了所有的亲属。这本书的名字吸引了读者。He earned 3000 dollars a year.His achievements earned him respect and admiration.He won respect a

37、nd admiration by virtue of his achievements.他一年挣三千美元。他的成绩为他赢得了尊重和羡慕。He upset the teapot.The war upset all their plans.They couldn ' t carry out their plans because of war.他把茶壶打翻了。战争毁了他们的全部计划。The old man depended on his daughter to keep house.这位老人靠他的女儿来持家。The price depends on the quality.质量决定价格。（

38、价格取决于质量。）The rain compelled us to stay indoors.外面下雨，我们不得不呆在家里。His cleverness compels admiration instantly.很很聪明，人们不得不立即对他产生了羡慕之情。He won admiration instantly by virtue of his cleverness.4）言语过程： 言语过程是一种表示人类个体或集体言语行为的过程。任何事物都能够发出信息，因此，任何事物都可 以通过拟人化途径而发言。He speaks French.他说法语。Something about the mocking

39、bird spokeCharles Ives.那个模仿鸟的身上有什么地方叫人想起Charles Ives 来。If one saw the mocking bird, he somehow thought of Charles Ives.He spoke only a few words.他只说了几句话。His face spoke hope.他脸上的表情显露出他满怀希望。His face showed that he was hopeful.He speaks several languages.他会说好几种语言。The Tower clock spoke night.塔楼大钟的钟声告诉人们

40、夜晚降临了。The Tower clock announced that night was coming.He spoke words of sympathy.他说了几句表示同情的话。His conduct spoke him generous. 他的行为说明他为人慷慨大方。His conduct showed that he was a generous person.4. 主语动词 补语（表语）关系过程：一是表示各类物质实体的归属关系，二是表示各类物质实体的身份，三是对事物的属性 或各事物之间的关系加以客观描述或作出判断。（把一类直接说成另一类）。That boy is a pupil.

41、 The child is father to the man.A whale ship is my Yale College and my Harvard.You are my sun, my only sun. Time is money.The sea is but another sky.Books are lighthouses erected in the great sea of time.Articles are the devils in English.Promise is debt.That painting is a poem.That poem is a painti

42、ng.His interesting patient was a regular mulch cow to him.By the winter of 1942 their resistance to the Nazi had become only a shadow.5. 存在过程表示各类有生命和无生命的事物实体的存在的过程。存在过程由基本句型there-be表示，存在句后面还可以再加补语。当行为过程用存在过程表述，即为隐喻句。（往往是把行为动作看做是抽象的实体，或是只保留无生命的事物，谓语动词省略，或保留谓语动词，省略主体）如：There is a tree in the courtyard.庭院中有棵树。There was an eruption of Vesuvius in 77 AD.公元77年，维苏威火山爆发过一次。Many accidents happened recently.进来发生了多起事故。There were ma