高考英语完形填空解题技巧解析(共17页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 完形填空题型有着极为深远的理论背景。在19世纪物理学重大发现“场理论”的启发下，德国心理学家柯勒等人提出了“格式塔心理学”，强调人类认知过程中的宏观性和整体性。1953年，美国语言学家Wilson Taylor基于上述理论，首次提出完形填空这种题型，旨在测试考生利用已知信息恢复不完整语言材料的自然倾向强度，进而考查考生的语言能力。作为选拔性考试，高考必须具有较高信度、效度和必要的区分度以及一定的难度。完形填空的重点在于综合考查考生的词汇和语法等基础知识以及阅读和写作等语言运用能力，正好满足了高考的需求。自从1987年首次出现在高考英语试卷中以来，完形填空题型历来都属

2、于高考英语中能力要求最高、试题难度最大的一类题型。研究历年的各套高考完形填空题，可以从具体的题目之中看出该题型中若干对我们解题非常有帮助的共同特点：一、             从所选文章的角度体裁上，以叙为主，叙议结合。高考完形填空题的选材多为具有一定故事情节的记叙文或是叙议结合、以叙为主、富有哲理的论说文，这是和高考考生的语言水平紧密结合的。高考是各级各类英语测试中相对较简单的一种，因而采取了常见体裁中较简单的记叙文作为题目载体。因此，短文一般按照时间线索行文，内部逻辑清

3、晰层次分明。题材上，选用真实世界中的语言材料，考查考生使用语言进行信息获取和社会交际的能力，对心理问题、校园生活、奇闻轶事等热点话题继续关注，并兼顾高考的公平性原则，不涉及特定地域或人群色彩较浓的不具有一般性的话题。难度上，基本与现行高三教材相当。字数上，完形填空短文词数在240320之间。二、             从所挖空格的角度首先，该题型所选短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空，目的是让考生熟悉语言环境，迅速进入主题，对文章有宏观和整体性的把握，建立正确的思维导向。正文

4、中通常挖去20个词（组），平均每14词挖一个空格，通常不会出现两个空格前后相连或同一句子挖空超过三个的情况。其次，挖去的词汇以实词为主，虚词为辅。语言分为形式和内容两方面，而完形填空题多重视考查语言的内容，这是与承载具体信息的实词紧密相关的。在高考对具体语法规则不断淡化的趋势下，常与语言形式即具体语法条目相关的虚词数量不断下降，目前仅在3个空格左右。最后，具体挖空的时候遵循“重复原则”，即挖去的词通常都在保留的上下文中给出解题的线索。并且，某特定空格的解题线索多不在本空格所在的句子，或上一句或下一句，或上几句或下几句，所以我们在考场上应逾越空格所在的单句，结合更宏观的上下文来解题。三、

5、0;            从所拟选项的角度同一空格所对应的四个选项一般是同一词性，或在句子中充当同样的语法成分，这个拟选项时所应遵循的最基本的原则。在完形填空题中，具体的语法规则不再是考查重点，更强调的是辨别词语之间的细微差异，考查考生对上下文的理解，要求考生通过具体的语言环境来做出选择。所以，所拟出的四个选项往往在语法方面都能成立，错误选项多半可以和空前、空后的文字形成某种考生非常熟悉的固定搭配，具有很强的干扰和迷惑作用。针对这种情况，考生们在解题过程中就更要紧抓文章主线，站在语篇

6、的高度综合处理各选项的取舍。完型填空题是集词语辨析、词的用法以及搭配、语法、单句理解、语篇理解的考查为一体的综合题，不但要求同学们具有扎实的基础知识，而且还要求必须具备较强的分析理解、逻辑推断能力及语感。该题型在历届高考试题中起着重要的作用，通常从一篇词数250左右、难度略低于教材上课文的文章中设空格20个。具体来说，由于短文被挖去一些词，造成信息的中断，同学们做题时，必然会出现思维断层现象。如果不掌握正确的解题思路及步骤，并通过适当的训练的话，同学们面对此题时就会束手无策，久而久之就会对完形填空产生厌烦、恐惧心理，更不利于能力的提高，不利于临场发挥。 一、解题方法1、通览全文，了解大意 由于

7、完型填空试题主要测试同学们在语篇层面上综合运用语言的能力，在解答试题的之前应快速阅读全文，抓住文章的主题，搞清作者的思路及上下文的逻辑关系。一般说来，通读的关键是弄清第一句(往往点明主题，且是没留空白的完整句)和最后一句(往往总结、概括全文)。另外，在浏览时全文的时候，要重点了解文中所叙述的人物、时间、地点、事件，即who，when，where，what。例如有篇文章的第一句话为：Why is a space left between the rails of a railway line where one piece joins the next？这句话从铁轨之间的缝隙引出了问题。根据常识

8、，就会很快的知道文中的内容应与热胀冷缩的物理现象有关。2、快速反应，初做答案 找到文章的突破口之后，就要趁着思路清晰时，快速做出反应，一鼓作气将文中所有能填的空填起来，不因某试题暂时给不了答案的题停留太久。做题以了解文章的大意为前提，如遇个别难题，可以暂时跳过去或初拟一个答案；如果停滞不前，不但会打断思路、造成时间上和心理上的紧张，而且往往无济于事。 在填每个空格时，注意分析选项所在的上下文，弄清上下文间的逻辑关系，注意空格前后的词，看是否能与某一选项构成固定搭配。从各个角度考虑，初步做出每个小题的答案。 3、再次查读，攻克难关 初选过后，可能还会留下一些空档，此时，再重读文章，从语义和逻辑的

9、角度审视全文，看其是否通顺流畅、条理清晰、符合逻辑。与此同时，将未填的空档全部补齐。由于选答案时讲求一气呵成，初选过后还应根据上下文对有疑问或把握不准的答案进行推敲。在具体的操作中应注意以下的问题：1）看清上下文，找准定位词充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。这些词有时可能是同义词或反义词。例如：1. Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very _A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous2. Mrs. ONeill asked_ quest

10、ions and she didnt scold us either.A. no B. certain C. many D. more2）通顺逻辑，寻求搭配注意固定的搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。例如：Heres a fellow who just walked into a bank and helped himself_ so much money.A. for B. by C. to D. of3）扎实基础，搞清辨异在此类试题的命制上，往往是以同类的词为主，我们不需要去进行具体的辨析，但是我们也要根据文章的意思来进行推

11、断。如：Soon I heard a_ like that of a door burst in and then a climb of feet. A. sound B. cry C. voice D. shoutWhen the papers were _ she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly A. examined   B. completed   C. marked    D. answered 4）看清执行者，确定所选词And video cameras

12、can be used topeoples actions at home.A. keep B. make C. record D. watch5）寻求上下逻辑，从容确定关系It has been many years since I was last in London_ still remember something that happened during that visit.A. and B. for C. but D. as6）了解生活常识，确定相关知识(Immediately ) the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to

13、 thehospital.A. animal B. biggest C. plant D. nearest完型填空解题技巧：巧用线索法所谓线索法，指的是根据文章上下文所提供的故事背景和语境线索进行推理和判断，从而确定最佳答案。具体说来有以下几种行之有效的方法。 1.巧用语意转折线索解题 有些句子含有表示转折或对比的连词、副词或副词短语，如but， though， although， instead， however， on the contrary， otherwise等，我们可利用这些暗示来解决问题。有时也可能没有这些词语的出现。如： A formal letter is very diff

14、erent from an informal letter. Formal letters _1_ to businesses， schools or government offices. _2_ letters are for relatives， or former（以前的） teachers. You may write an informal letter by hand， but you should _3_ a formal letter. 1. A. send B. are written C. write D. are dropped 2. A. Informal B. Fo

15、rmal C. Business D. Relative 3. A. copy B. type C. write D. share2.巧用因果关系线索解题 即根据上下文的因果关系进行推断，从而得出所需答案。如： It was a strange noise that made the man _1_ his car soon after he left a village _2_ London. He got out of his car and _3_ the wheels（车轮） carefully， but as he found nothing _4_ he continued his

16、 way. 1. A. start B. stop C. slow D. speed 2. A. to B. for C. from D. of 3. A. repaired B. examined C. cleaned D. looked 4. A. wrong B. danger C. interesting D. matter3.巧用具体示例线索解题 即根据文章中所提供的具体实例进行分析，将与具体示例有关的信息进行优选，将与具体示例无关的信息进行排除，从而便可得出所需答案。如： Every student must wear their _1_ when they are at scho

17、ol. There are _2_ items of uniforms： suits， dresses， shorts， skirts and T-shirts. There are also Wasley schoolbags， caps and socks. 1. A. long hair B. thick glassesC. sports shoes D. school uniforms 2. A. much B. three C. many D. a lot 4.巧用同义反义线索解题 Though he is serious in appearance， he never fails

18、to be interesting. Often he is clever， sometimes even _ and gay A. worried B. bright C. discouraging D. friendly As it turned out， my little publication went on to become Student， a national magazine for young people in the U.K. My wife and I have two children， and Id like to think we are bringing t

19、hem up in the same way Dad _ me. A. controlled B. comforted C. reminded D. raised 即根据文章所提供的内容，同时结合一定的生活常识，对所推断的内容进行逻辑推理和逻辑顺序。如： I went to Wasley College with Winnic today. Wasley is a large， old _1_. It has three branch campuses（分校）： Clunes， Glen Waverly and Elasterwick. It has a primary school， a _

20、2_ school and a senior school. So there are twelve grades of _3_ studying there. 1. A. school B. factory C. movie D. hospital 2. A. night B. junior C. high D. spare-time 3. A. workers B. boys C. students D. teachers 6. 巧用语篇标志线索解题 语篇一般指比单个句子长的语言单位，如句群、段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语可称为语篇标志。如：表示结果层次的

21、语篇标志语有firstly， secondly， thirdly， finally等；表示逻辑关系的有thus， therefore， so等；表示改变话题的有by the way等；表示时间关系的有before， so far， yet， now， later等。在做完形填空题时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。如： First of all， I respected his devotion to teaching_， I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside the cla

22、ssroom or talkFinally， I was attracted by his lively sense of humor. （全国卷） A. Later B. Secondly C. However D. Therefore7. 巧用结构对比线索解题 在做完形填空题时，有时会遇到两个结构十分相似的句子，此时同学们应认真比较其结构特点，或根据其相似性推断空格处所填之词，或根据文章的上下文语境判断两个（或几个）相似结构之间的逻辑关系。如： I realized strength and courage arent always measured in medals and victo

23、ries， but in the struggles we overcome（战胜）。 The strongest people are not always the people who win， _ the people who dont give up when they lose. A. or B. nor C. and D. but The correct water supply forecast is based more on the water from the _ than from the below. （辽宁卷） A. clouds B. sky C. air D. a

24、bove 8. 巧用语境暗示线索解题 有的空格根据所在句的句意或附近上下文的语境我们无法作出正确的选择，要想作出正确判断，同学们应特别注意空格前后所出现的相关词语，尤其注意找出其中重复出现的暗示性词语。如： Four students from Burlington College of Higher Education are in the bell tower of the _ have made up their minds to ring the bells nonstop for two weeks as a protest （抗议） against heavy trucks whi

25、ch run day and night through the narrow High Street. （全国卷） A. college B. village C. town D. church But then again， would there be a chair in Room 316？ Or would it be a（n） _ room？ A. small B. empty C. new D. neat精讲精练一When Sir Winston Churchill, the great British Prime Minister, reached his eightieth

26、birthday in November, 1954, he was presented with his portrait by a well-known modem artist, Graham SutherlanDThe painting had been ordered and paid for to 1 the Grand Old Man of World War.Sir Winston and Lady Churchill were deeply moved by this 2 of respect and affection. 3 of them, of course, allo

27、wed the others to see how much they both disliked the portrait. “It makes me look 4 , which I am not!” protested Churchill in private(私下). 5 , he only remarked that it was fine example of modern art. His friends smileDIt was known that Churchills didn't 6 modern art.Churchill was so unhappy abou

28、t the portrait that finally his wife had it 7 . Churchill died at ninety in 1965Land Churchill 8 him in 1977Shortly after her death, the public learned what had happened to the 9 , and a heated argument broke out. The painter was 10 saDThe artist community, shocked and 11 , said that the destruction

29、 of the picture had been a crime (罪行). Historians said that they regretted the disappearance of a(n) 12 document. All agreed that Churchills didn't have the 13 to do what they had done.Graham Sutherland had told Churchill that he would 14 him “as he saw him”. Churchill never had a chance to see

30、the work in 15 since the painter 16 to show it to him. He found out only 17 he received his present that Sutherland had seen him 18 a heavy, sick, tired old man. Since he hated old age, he was naturally 19 .Who has the right to a work of art, the owner, the donor, or the artist who created it? Was t

31、he portrait a good one, as many(including the painter) said? Or was it bad as others thought? None of these questions have been answered yet to everybodys 20 .1 Agive Bregard Cpaint Dhonour2 Amark Bpiece Cprize Dtrade3 ANeither BBoth CEither DAll4 Awise Bgentle Cstupid Dhappy5 AFortunately BObviousl

32、y CStraight DPublicly6 Acare for Blook like Cturn down Dmake up7 Ahidden Bhung Cdestroyed Dreturned8 Amourned Bmissed Cfollowed Dburied9 Apainting Bman Cwoman Dartist10Aunderstandably Bunexpectedly Cunreasonably Dunthinkingly11Aafraid Bregretful Ccurious Dangry12Ainteresting Bcolorful Cexpensive Dhi

33、storical13Achance Bright Cpower Dcourage14Ahelp Bobey Cpaint Dshow15Aprogress Bplace Cneed Dsight16Aagreed Bpromised Crefused Dhated17Auntil Bwhen Cbefore Dthough18Aas Bto Cabout Dfor19Amoved Bworried Ctired Dhurt20Asurprise Bdisappointment Cdelight Dsatisfaction精讲精练二It was already late when we set

34、out for the next town, 1 according to the map was about fifteen miles away on the other side of the 2 .There we felt 3 that we would find a bed 4 the night. Darkness fell soon after we left the village, but luckily we met 5 as we drove fast along the narrow winding road that 6 the hills. As we climb

35、ed 7 , it became colder and rain began to fall, 8 it difficult at times to see the roaDI asked John, my companion, to drive more 9 .After we had traveled for about twenty miles, there was still no sign of the town which was 10 on the map. We were beginning to get 11 . Then without warning the car st

36、oppeDA quick 12 showed that we had run out of petrol（汽油）. Although we had little food with us, we decided to 13 the night in the car. Our meal was soon over. I tried to go to sleep at once, 14 John, who was a 15 sleeper, got out of the car after a few minutes and went for a walk 16 the hills. Soon h

37、e came back. From the top of the hill he had seen, in the valley below, the 17 of the town we were looking for. We at once unloaded（卸）all our luggage（行李）and with a great effort（努力）, 18 to push the car to the top of the hill. Then we went back to the luggage, loaded the car again and set off down the

38、 hill. 19 less than a quarter of an hour we were in the town, where we found a 20 quite easily.1 Awhich Bit Cwhere Dthat2 Arivers Bhills Ctowns Dvillages3 Asurprised Bafraid Cpleased Dsure4 Aat Bin Cthrough Dfor5 Aeverybody Bsomebody Cnobody Danybody6 Agot to Barrived Cled to Dbelonged to7 Ataller B

39、higher Clower Dfaster8 Agetting Bthinking Ccausing Dmaking9 Acertainly Bcarefully Cslowly Dsurely10Amarked Bset Cbuilt Ddrawn11Aexcited Bworried Ccold Dwarm12Aattention Boperation Cexamination Dinformation13Aspend Blive Cspare Dstay14Asince Bthough Cso Dbut15Aquick Bfast Cpoor Dheavy16Aacross Bthrou

40、gh Cdown Dup17Alights Bmap Cbus Dsituation18Aought Btried Csucceeded Dmanaged19AFor BIn CSince DAt20 Apoliceman Bfriend Chotel Dcinema精讲精练三People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution, from the last time they had a 1 problem. They often accept the opinions

41、 or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without 2 , they try to find a solution by trial or error. 3 , when all of these methods 4 , the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six 5 in analyzing a problem. 6 the person must recognize that these is a problem. For exa

42、mple, Sam's bicycle is broken, and he cannot ride it to class as he usually does. Sam must 7 that there is a problem with the bicycle. Next, the person must find the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must know why it does not work. For example, he must 8 the parts that are wrong. No

43、w the person must look for 9 that will make the problem clearer and lead to 10 solutions. For example, suppose Sam decides that his bicycle does not work because there is something wrong with the brakes. 11 , he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about brakes, talk to his friends at the bi

44、ke shop, or look at his brakes carefully. After 12 the problem, the person should have 13 suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an example 14 , his suggestions might be: tighten or loosen the brakes; buy new brakes and change old ones. In the end, one 15 seems to be the solution to the pr

45、oblem. Sometimes the 16 idea comes quite 17 because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a different way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees there is a piece of chewing gum (口香糖) stuck to a brake. He 18 hits on the solution to his problem: he must 19 the brake.Finally the soluti

46、on is 20 . Sam does it and finds his bicycle works perfectly. In short he has solved the problem.1 Aserious Busual Csimilar Dcommon2 ABesides BInstead COtherwise DHowever4 Afail Bwork Cchange Ddevelop5 Aways Bconditions Cstages Dorders6 AFirst BUsually CIn general DMost importantly7 Aexplain Bprove

47、Cshow Dsee8 Acheckable Bdetermine Ccorrect Drecover9 Aanswers Bskills Cexplanation Dinformation10Apossible Bexact Creal Dspecial11AIn other words BOnce in a while CFirst of all DAt this time12Adiscussing Bsettling down Ccomparing with Dstudying13Aextra Benough Cseveral Dcountless14Asecondly Bagain C

48、also Dalone15Asuggestion Bconclusion Cdecision Ddiscovery16Anext Bclear Cfinal Dnew17Aunexpectedly Blate Cclearly Doften18Afortunately Beasily Cclearly Dimmediately19Aclean Bseparate Cloosen Dremove20Arecorded Bcompleted Ctested Daccepted精讲精练四The Voice of America began during the World War. When Ger

49、many was broadcasting a radio program to get international 1 , American officials believed they should 2 the German broadcast with words that they thought were the facts of world events. The first VOA news report began with words in 3 . “The 4 may be good or bad, but we shall tell you the truth.” Within a week, other VOA 5 were broadcasting in Italian, French and English. After the World Warended in 1945, some Americans felt VOAs 6 had to be changed, 7 the Soviet Union became enemy of AmericAThey wanted to 8 Soviet listeners. Then VOA began broadcasting in Russian. In the early yea