6月研究生学位英语真题附完整参考答案

1、2007-6PARTIIVOCABULARY(10minutes,10points)SectionApointeach)21. Nothingcanbemoreabsurdthantosaythathumanbeingsaredoomed.A.compellingB.rationalC.ridiculousD.ambiguous22. TheChinesegovernmentcontinuestoupholdtheprincipleofpeacefulco-existence.A.supportB.restrictC.raiseD.modify23. Patientsareexpectedto

2、complywithdoctorsinstructionsforquickrecovery.A.improveonB.abidebyC.drawuponD.reflecton24. ScientistshaveachievedfindingssubstantialenoughtoremoveourfearofGMfoods.A.abundantB.controversialC.conduciveD.convincing25. Thosestudentswhohavemadeadequatepreparationsforthetestwillbebetteroff.A.morewealthyB.

3、lesssuccessfulC.dismissedearlierD.favorablypositioned26. Ifyouholdontoawinningattitude,youllmakeagreatereffortandalsocreatepositivemomentum.A.influenceB.strengthC.outlookD.consequence27. Academicintegrityisdeemedessentialtothosedevotedtoscientificresearches.A.believedB.discardedC.advocatedD.confirme

4、d28. Customersinthesemarketsofantiquesaregoodatslashingprices.A.assessingB.cuttingC.elevatingD.altering29. Thepublicattachedgreatimportancetothenewsthatpricesofhousingwouldbebroughtundercontrol.A.joinedB.ascribedC.fastenedD.diverted30. Thousandsofpeoplelefttheirruralhomesandflockedintothecitiestoliv

5、ebesidethenewfactories.SectionBpointeach)dulllife,thefull-timemomdecidedtofindapart-timejob.A.TiedupwithB.FedupwithC.WrappedupinD.PiledupwithA.dashedB.filedC.strolledD.swarmed32. Intheletter,myfriendsaidthathewouldlovetohavemeasaguestinhishome.A.humbleB.obscureC.inferiorD.lower33. Tomissickofcitylif

6、e,sohebuyssomelandinAlaska,asfarfromaspossible.A.humidityB.humanityC.harmonyD.honesty34. Asanimportantforouremotionsandideas,musiccanplayahugeroleinourlife.A.vesselB.vestC.ventureD.vehicle35. Thedayispastwhenthecountrycanaffordtogivehighschooldiplomatoallwhosixyearsofinstruction.A.setaboutB.runforC.

7、sitthroughD.makefor36. Thewagesofmanuallaborersstaypainfullylow,meaningdigitalizationcoulddriveanevendeeperbetweentherichandpoor.A.boundaryB.differenceC.wedgeD.variation37. Afarmermustlearnthekindsofcropsbestthesoilsonhisfarm.A.accustomedtoB.committedtoC.appliedtoD.suitedto38. Thesunissolargethatifi

8、twere,itwouldholdamillionearths.A.elegantB.immenseC.hollowD.clumsy39. Thispatientslifecouldbesavedonlybyamajoroperation.Thatwouldhertoahighrisk.A.exposeB.leadC.contributeD.send40. Ittakesayearfortheearthtomakeeach,orrevolution,aroundthesun.A.tourB.travelC.visitD.tripPARTIIICLOZETEST(10minutes,10poin

9、ts,1pointeach)HarvardUniversitysunder-graduateeducationisbeingreformedsothatitincludessometimespentoutsidetheUSandmoresciencecourses,theUSCableNewsNetwork(CNN)hasreported.Forthefirsttimein30years,Harvardis41itsunder-graduatecurriculum.WilliamKirby,deanofthefacultyofartsandsciences,saidthis42whatmany

10、peoplehadsaidthatHarvardscurriculumdidnotprovideenoughchoiceandencourageprematurespecialization.Harvardneedsto43_itseducationforaworldwhereglobalconnections,crossdisciplinaryresearch,andscienceingeneralareevermoreimportant,saidKirby.Particularly44istheideathatstudentsneedtospendtimeoverseas,eitherin

11、atraditionalstudy-abroadprogramoroverasummer,perhapsdoinganinternshiporresearch.Studentscaneitherfindtheprogramthemselvesor45_someexchangeprogramsofferedbytheuniversity._46studyingChinesehistorywithoutleavingtheuniversity,studentsinterestedinthesubjectshouldbespendingasemesteratauniversityinChina.It

12、wasalsorecommendedthatHarvard47itsrequiredcorecurriculum.Thecorecurriculumwasaneffortcreatedin1978tobroadeneducationbyrequiringstudentstochoosefromalistofcoursesinseveralareasofstudy.Classesoftenfocusedonahighly48topicandemphasizedwaysofknowing.Underanewplan,thecurriculumwouldbereplacedwithasetof49H

13、arvardCollegeCourses,emphasizingknowledgeovermethodologyand50widerterritory.Alifesciencescourse,forexample,mightcombinemolecularandevolutionarybiologyandpsychology,ratherthanfocusingononeofthose,saidBenedictGross,HarvardCollegedean.41.A.inspectingB.reviewingB.inlinewithC.searchingC.inchargeofD.under

14、lying42. A.inaccordancewithD. inresponseto43. A.updateB. upholdC.upsetD. upward44. A.trust-worthyB. note-worthyC.praise-worthyD. reward-worthy45. A.turnoutB. turninC.turntoD. turnover46.A.InspiteofB.AsifC.LetaloneD.Ratherthan47.A.perishB.destroyC.abolishD.denounce48.A.appropriateB.imaginativeC.speci

15、alD.specific49.A.opticalB.optionalC.oppositeD.optimistic50.A.sparingB.spiralingC.spanningD.sparklingPARTIVREADINGCOMPREHENSION(45minutes,30points,1pointeach)PassageOneAreportpublishedrecentlybringsbadnewsaboutairpollution.Itsuggeststhatitcouldbeasdamagingtoourhealthasexposuretotheradiationfromthe198

16、6Ukrainenuclearpowerdisaster.ThereportwaspublishedbytheUKRoyalCommissiononEnvironmentalPollution.Butwhatcancitypeopledotoreduceexposuretoairpollution.Quitealot,itturnsout.Avoidwalkinginbusystreets.Choosesidestreetsandparksinstead.Pollutionlevelscanfallaconsiderableamountjustbymovingafewmetersawayfro

17、mthemainpollutionsource-exhaustfumes(烟气).Alsodontwalkbehindsmokers.Walkonthewindwardsideofthestreetwhereexposuretopollutantscanbe50percentlessthanonthedownwindside.Sittingonthedriverssideofabuscanincreaseyourexposureby10percent,comparedwithsittingonthesidenearestthepavement.Sittingupstairsonadouble-

18、deckercanreduceexposure.Itisdifficulttosaywhethertravelingonanundergroundtrainisbetterorworsethantakingthebus.Airpollutiononundergroundtrainstendstobe,lesstoxicthanthatatstreetlevel,becauseundergroundpollutionismostlymadeupoftinyironparticlesthrownupbywheelshittingtherails.Butdieselandpetrolfumeshav

19、eamixtureofpollutants.Whenyouarecrossingaroad,standwellbackfromthecurbwhileyouwaitforthelighttochange.Everymeterreallydoescountwhenyouareclosetotraffic.Asthetrafficbeginstomove,fumescanbereducedinjustafewseconds.Soholdingyourbreathforjustamomentcanmakeadifference,eventhoughitmightsoundsilly.Thereare

20、largesuddenpollutionincreasesduringrushhours.Pollutionlevelsfallduringnighttime.Thetimeofyearalsomakesabigdifference.Pollutionlevelstendtobeattheirlowestduringspringandautumnwhenwindsarefreshest.Extremecoldorhotweatherhasatrappingeffectandtendstocauseabuild-upofpollutants.51. Whatisthepassagemainlya

21、boutA. Howtofightairpollutioninbigcities.B. Howtoavoidairpollutioninbigcities.C. Howtobreathefreshairinbigcities.D. Howseriousairpollutionisinbigcities.52. Accordingtothereport,airpollutioninbigcities.A. canbemoreseriousthanChernobylnucleardisasterB. cannotbecomparedwiththedisasterinChernobylC. canr

22、eleaseasdamagingradiationastheChernobyldisasterD. canbemoreseriousthanweusedtothink53. Whenyouwalkinabusystreet,youshouldwalkontheside.A. wherethewindiscomingB. wherethewindisgoingC. wherethewindisweakerD. wherethewindisstronger54. IfyoutakeabusinabigcityinChina,youshouldsit.A. ontheleftsideinthebus

23、B. ontherightsideinthebusC. inthemiddleofthebusD. atthebackofthebus55. Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.A. peopleshouldnottakestreetleveltransportationB. tinyironparticleswillnotcausehealthproblemsC. airpollutiononanundergroundtrainislesspoisonousD. travelingonanundergroundtrainisbetterthantakingthebus56

24、. Whilewaitingtocrossabusystreet,youshould.A. waitafewsecondsuntilthefumesreduceB. stayawayfromthetrafficasfaraspossibleC. holdyourbreathuntilyougettotheothersideofthestreetD. countdownforthelighttochangePassageTwoGlobalwarmingposesathreattotheearth,buthumanscanprobablyeasetheclimatethreatsbroughton

25、byrisinglevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere,globalclimatespecialistRichardAlleytoldanaudienceattheUniversityofVermont.AlleysaidhisresearchinGreenlandsuggestedthatsubtlechangesinatmosphericpatternsleavepartsoftheglobesusceptibletoabruptanddramaticclimateshiftsthatcanlastdecadesorcenturies.Almostalls

26、cientistsagreethatincreasinglevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherecreatedashumansburnfossilfueliswarmingtheplanet.Howtorespondtothewarmingisamatterofintensepolitical,scientificandeconomicdebateworldwide.Alleysaidhewasupbeataboutglobalwarmingbecauseenoughcleverpeopleexistedintheworldtofindotherreliable

27、energysourcesbesidesfossilfuels.Hesaidpeoplecangetrichfindingmarketablealternativestofossilfuel.WouldntitbeusefuliftheUnitedStatesweretohaveapieceoftheaction.WouldntitbeusefulifsomebrightstudentsfromUniversityofVermontweretohaveapieceoftheaction,Alleysaid.AlleysaidthatEuropeandpartsofeasternNorthAme

28、ricacouldinamatterofafewyearsreverttoacold,windyregion,liketheweatherinSiberia.Suchshiftshaveoccurredfrequentlyoverthemillennia,Alleysresearchshows.Agradualchangeinatmospherictemperature,suchasglobalwarming,couldpushtheclimatetoathresholdwheresuchashiftsuddenlyoccurs,hesaid.Alleytoldhisaudienceofabo

29、ut200peopleinaUniversityofVermontlecturehallWednesdayeveningthathecouldntpredictif,whenorwheresuddenshiftstowardcold,heat,droughtorwatercouldoccurunderglobalwarming,butitissomethingeveryoneshouldconsider.Thisisnotthebiggestproblemintheworld.Thebiggestproblemintheworldisgettingalongwitheachother.Buti

30、tspartofthatbecausewerenotgoingtogetalongwitheachotherifwerenotgettingalongwiththeplanet,Alleysaid.57. AccordingtoAllytheclimatethreatstotheearthbroughtbyglobalwarming.A.canbeeasedB.canbeendedC.willbecomeworseD.willlastfordecades58. Allysresearchshowsthatdramaticclimatechangesmaybecausedby.A. abrupt

31、changesinatmosphericpatternsB. subtlechangesinatmosphericpatternsC. humansburningoffossilfuelD. increasinglevelsofcarbondioxide59. Thewordupbeat(inParagraph3)probablymeans.A.pessimisticB.optimisticC.worriedD.insensible60. WhatdoesAllysuggestpeopledoinordertoreduceglobalwarmingA. Tofindotherenergysou

32、rcesbesidesfossilfuels.B. Tostartapolitical,scientificandeconomicdebate.C. Totakeactiontoburnnofossilfuels.D. Tocallonpeopleworldwidetoprotectourearth.61. AlleypredictsthatglobalwarmingcouldturnEuropeandpartsofeasternNorthAmericaintoA. aregionlikeSiberiaB. awarmerandwarmerplaceC. atropicalregionD. a

33、placelikeNorthPole62. AllythinksthebiggestproblemintheworldisA.lackofharmonyB.violenceC.globalwarmingD.climateshiftPassageThreeWeretalkingaboutmoneyhere,andthethingsyoubuywithit-andaboutwhatattitudeweshouldtaketospending.Acrossmostofhistoryandinmostcultures,therehasbeenageneralagreementthatweshouldw

34、orkhard,saveforthefutureandspendnomorethanwecanafford.Itsnicetohaveacomfortableliferightnow,butitisbesttothinkofthefuture.Yeteconomistshavelongknownthatthingsdontworkoutthatway.Theypointtoanideacalledtheparadoxofthrift.Imagineyouaretheownerofabigbusinessmakingconsumergoods.Youwantyourownstafftoworkh

35、ardandsavetheirmoney.Thatway,youdonthavetopaythemasmuch.Butyouwanteverybodyelsetospendallthemoneytheycan.Thatwayyoumakebiggerprofits.Itsaproblemonaglobalscale.ManypeopleintheUKandtheUnitedStatesareworriedaboutlevelsofpersonaldebt.Yetifpeoplesuddenlystoppedbuyingthingsandstartedpayingbackwhattheyowet

36、ocreditcardcompanies,alltheeconomiesoftheWesternworldwouldcollapse.Thebankswouldbehappy,buteverybodyelsewouldbeintrouble.Traditionally,economistshavebelievedthatspendingmoneyisaboutmakingrationalchoices.Peoplebuythingstomaketheirlifebetterinsomeway.Butinrecentyears,theyhavenoticedthatpeopleoftendono

37、tactuallybehaveinthatway.Weallknowpeoplewhotakepleasureinbuyinguselessthings.Andtherearemanypeoplearoundwhowontbuythingsthattheyneed.Inarecentseriesofexperiments,scientistsatStanfordUniversityintheUSconfirmedsomethingthatmanypeoplehavelongsuspected.Peoplespendmoneybecausetheactofbuyinggivesthempleas

38、ure.Andtheyrefusetospendwhenitcausesthempain.Thescientistsdiscoveredthatdifferentareasofthebrainthatanticipatepleasureandpainbecomemoreactivewhenwearemakingadecisiontobuythings.Peoplewhospendalothavetheirpleasurecentersstimulated.Peoplewholiketosavefindbuyingthingspainful.Ifyouthinkyoureallywantthat

39、productbecauseitsbeautifuloruseful,youarewrong,saythescientists.Thedesiretobuysomethingisaproductofthereactionbetweenchemicalsreleasedbydifferentpartsofthebrainwhentheeyesseeaproduct.63. Acrossmostofhistoryandinmostcultures,peopleareadvisedto.A. enjoytheirpresentlifeasmuchaspossibleB. spendeverypenn

40、ytheyhaveearnedC. saveeverypennyforthefutureD. savesomemoneyforlateruse64. Accordingtothecontext,paradox(inParagraph2)probablymeans”A.contradictionB.hypothesisC.declarationD.assertion65. ItisimpliedthatmanypeopleintheUKandtheUnitedStatesA.havetoworkhardtomakeendsmeetB.spendmorethantheycanaffordC.hav

41、etroubleinpayingbacktheirdebtsD.dontpaybacktheirdebtsontime66. Accordingtotheresentstudiesmadebyeconomists,people.A.takepleasureinbuyinguselessthingsB.wontbuythingsthattheyneed.C.spendtheirmoneyirrationallyD.makerationalchoiceswhilespendingtheirmoney67. IthasbeenprovedbythescientistsatStanfordUniver

42、sitythatsomepeopleliketosavemoneybecause.A. theylikekeepingtheirmoneyinthebankB. theywillfeelsafeiftheysaveenoughmoneyforthefutureC. theydontwanttospendtheirmoneyonuselessthingsD. spendingmoneygivesthempain68. Thepassagemainlytellsus.A. howtospendourmoneyB. itisbettertosavesomemoneyforthefutureC. it

43、isthechemicalsreleasedfromthebrainthatdecideourspendingD. howtoformahabitofrationalspendingPassageFourTreesaregood.Goodenoughtohug.Plantingtreeswillmaketheworldcoolerthanitwouldotherwisebe.ThisisthesubjectofanewlypublishedstudybyGovindasamyBala,oftheLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,inCalifornia,a

44、ndhiscolleagues.DrBalahasfound,rathercounter-intuitively,thatremovingalloftheworldstreesmightactuallycooltheplanetdown.Thereasonforthisisthattreesaffecttheworldstemperaturebymeansotherthanthecarbontheytakein.Forinstanceforestsremainquiteadarkshadeevenafterasnowstorm.Theyarecertainlydarkerthangrassla

45、nds,andthustheycanabsorbmoreofthesunsheatthanvegetationwhichmightotherwisecoverthesamestretchofland.Thatwarmsthingsup.DrBalaandhiscolleaguestooksucheffectsintoaccountusingacomputermodelcalledtheIntegratedClimateandCarbonModel.Unlikemostclimate-changemodels,whichcalculatehowtheEarthshouldabsorbandrad

46、iateheatinresponsetoalistofgreenhouse-gasconcentrations,thisonehasmanysubsectionsthatrepresenthowthecarboncycleworks,andhowitinfluencestheclimate.Overall,DrBalasmodelsuggeststhatcompletedeforestationwouldcauseanadditional?Ctemperaturerisecomparedwithbusinessasusual,becauseofthehighercarbon-dioxidele

47、velsthatwouldresult.However,theadditionalreflectivityoftheplanetwouldcause?Cofcooling.Atreelessworldwouldthusbe?Ccoolerthanotherwise.Noone,ofcourse,wouldconsiderchoppingdowntheworldsforeststokeeptheplanetcool.Buthavingmadetheirpoint,DrBalaandhiscolleaguesthenwentontolookatforestgrowthandlossatdiffer

48、entlatitudes.PlantingtreesinconvenientplacessuchasEuropeandNorthAmericamayactuallybecounterproductive.InRussiaandCanada,cuttingtreesdownledmostlytolocalcooling.Thecarbondioxidethisreleasedintotheatmosphere,though,warmedtheworldallover.Aroundtheequator,bycontrast,warmingactedlocally(aswellasglobally)

49、,soatropicalcountrywouldexperiencewarmingcreatedbycuttingdowntrees.Theresultsfollowincreasingcriticismfromclimatescientistsofthebenefitsofforestryschemestooffsetcarbonemissions.Plantingtreestoneutralisecarbonemissionshasbecomeabigbusiness:60mworthoftreeshavebeenboughtthisyear,upfrom20min2005.By2010t

50、hemarketisexpectedtoreach300m.69. Accordingtothepassage,treesmaketheworldwarmerbecauseoftheir.A.deepcolorB.roundshapeC.enormoussizeD.highreflectivity70. DrBalasIntegratedClimateandCarbonModel.A. supportsthefindingsofotherclimatemodelsB. isbasedontheresultsofotherclimatemodelsC. usesasystemdifferentf

51、romotherclimatemodelsD. challengesthebasictheoryofotherclimatemodels71. BasedonDrBalasmodel,atreelessworldwould.A. causeseriousenvironmentalproblemsB. provehelpfulinfightingglobalwarmingC. makeitdifficulttodealwithclimatechangeD. raisecarbondioxidelevelsandglobaltemperature72. AccordingtoDrBala,theb

52、estplacestoplanttreeswouldbe.A.NorthAmericaB.EuropeC.High-latitudecountries.D.tropicalcountries73. Asisshowninthepassage,criticismfromotherclimatescientists.A.shouldbetakenratherseriouslyB.isunreasonableandfar-fetchedC.involvesmostlyeconomicinterestsD.isvoicedonbehalfofthegovernment74. Thebesttitlef

53、orthepassageis.A. ShouldGreenTreesBeLeftAloneB. WhyGreenTreesMightNotBeGreenC. HowtoHelpGreenTreesSurviveD.HowtoGoGreenwithGreenTreesPassageFiveThepatientneededaspinaltap,andaseniorattendingphysicianaskedamedicalresidentwhetherapreparatorybloodtesthadbeenchecked.Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhima

54、nswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.Well,almostcertain.Doctorsintrainingsometimesconfrontsituationsinwhichtheyworrythattheirsupervisingphysiciansaremakingmistakesorbendingthetruth.Yeteventhoughsuchactscanjeopardizepatients,theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeaku

55、pishamperedbythehierarchiesinteachinghospitals.Onthetopweretheseniorphysicianswhomaderoundsonthewardsonceortwicedaily.Nextweretheoverworkedresidents,whoessentiallylivedinthehospitalwhiletraining.Lastwerethemedicalstudentswhoweremostassuredlyatthebottomoftheheap.Thestudentwhoseresidentseeminglyliedto

56、theattendingphysicianaboutthebloodtestdidnotspeakup.Theresidentwasagooddoctor,shesaid,andsoshehadgivenhimthebenefitofthedoubt.And,sheadded,boththeresidentandtheattendingphysicianwouldbegradingher.WhatshouldamedicalstudentdoinsuchasituationOnepossibilityistotakethematterupwithamoreseniordoctor.Orthes

57、tudentmightgodirectlytothepatientorfamily,tellingthemthatthephysicianshaveagenuinedisagreementandthattheydeservetoknowaboutit.Theseoptionsseemlogicalonpaper.AstheethicistJamesDwyerhaswritteninTheHastingsCenterReport,Thepracticeofalwayskeepingquietisafailureofcaring.Butintherealworld,itmaybeextremely

58、difficulttogoupthechainofcommand.Fortunately,medicaleducatorsareincreasinglyrecognizingthedilemmasthatdoctorsintrainingconfrontwhentheywitnessbehaviorthatmakesthemuncomfortable.Studentsandresidentsarenowexpectedtoprovideroutinefeedback-positiveandnegative-abouttheirsupervisingphysiciansatthecloseoft

59、heirrotation.Ofcourse,physiciansandstudentsneedtobeeducatedabouthowtogivefeedbackinprofessionalandnonconfrontationalways.Medicaleducatorsareonlynowbeginningtoteachthisskill.Still,itwillbehardtochangetheunfortunateperceptionthatconstructivefeedback,evenforapatientsbenefit,iswhistle-blowing.75. Asment

60、ionedinthepassage,thehospitalhierarchy.A. isusefultothepeopleonthelowerlayerB. isbuiltonaperformance-rewardsystemC. isabarriertotheexchangeofmedicalviewsD. isaneffectivewayofteachingmedicalstudents76. thebenefitofthedoubtinParagraph5showsthat.A. thestudentwasnotquitecertainthatshewasrightB. theresid