语法复习——非谓语动词(一)动词-ing的用法a

1、语法复习非谓语动词（一）动词-ing的用法 非谓语动词主要包括动词-ing形式、过去分词和不定式。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中所作的成分以及一些特殊句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。本讲主要阐述动词-ing形式的用法。动词-ing形式起到名词、形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作主语、宾语和表语、状语和宾语补足语，但不能单独构成谓语。“动词原形ing”构成动词-ing形式可分为动名词和现在分词。一、动名词动名词是v.ing形式的一种，它具有名词特征，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语。1动名词作主语的几种句型动名词直接置于句首作主语，动名词作主语可以是主动

2、形式，也可以是被动形式。例如：Swimming in winter is healthy.冬泳是有益健康的运动。Picking apples is much better than having classes.摘苹果比上课好多了。Being elected chairman is a great honor to him.被选为主席对他是一个很大的荣誉。有时主语太长，可用it作形式主语，将真正主语即动名词放在后面。不是所有的动名词作主语都可用it作形式主语，常见的有：It is no use动名词做没有用处It is no good 动名词做没有好处It is nice动名词 做很好/很不错

3、It is useless动名词做没有用It is interesting动名词做很有趣It isdangerous动名词 做很危险It isa waste of动名词做是浪费例如：It is no use waiting here. Lets walk home.在这儿等着没有用，我们走回家吧。Its interesting watching the children play.看着这些孩子们玩耍很有趣。Its a waste of money buying such books.买这一类的书是浪费金钱。除了用于上述用it作形式主语的句型外，还可用于there be no结构中。例如：The

4、re is no saying when it will stop raining.无法预言雨什么时候停。There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。There is no getting along with him. 他这人很难相处。2动名词作宾语（1）只接动名词，不接不定式作宾语的动词有：suggest, finish, admit, avoid, delay, imagine, mind, enjoy, practise, advise, consider, deny, mention, prevent, risk, appreciat

5、e, escape, resist, excuse, miss, stand, forbid, pardon, report, postpone, explain, keep, include, resist, allow, permit, fancy等。例如：Did he admit breaking the window? 他承认打破玻璃了吗？He appreciated being advised.他很重视别人的劝告。They reported seeing a star in the east.他们报告说东方出现了一颗星星。Do you mind my closing the wind

6、ow?你介意我关上窗户吗？My daughter enjoys playing the piano.我女儿喜欢弹钢琴。The thief escaped being caught again.这小偷又一次逃脱了抓捕。（2）介词后要用名词作宾语，尤其注意下列短语动词后要接动词作宾语：put off（推迟），set about (着手)，give up(放弃), keep on (继续)，look upon (看待)，succeed in (在成功)，insist on (坚持)，feel like (想要)，stay up (停止)，aim at (目的是), dream of (梦想)，can

7、t stand/bear 不能忍受The doctor advised him to give up smoking.医生劝他戒烟。I dont feel like going to the movies.我不想去看电影。My father has given up smoking.我爸爸已经戒烟了。I dont stand working with him.我不能忍受与他在一起工作。（3）下列短语中的to是介词，只能接名词或动名词，不接不定式：be (get) used to (习惯于)，look forward to (盼望), pay attention to (注意)，stick to

8、 (坚持)，devoteto (致力于)，object to (反对)，come near to (险些)，in addition to (除之外)；lead to (导致)，get down to (静下心去做)，on ones way to (去通往路上)例如：They looked forward very much to meeting him again. 他们很希望再次见到他。He came near (close) to falling into the pit. 他差点儿摔倒在坑里了。The girl is on her way to becoming a famous sin

9、ger. 这个女孩将要成为歌星了。Mr. Smith devoted all his life to doing research.史密斯先生一生都致力于研究。（4）下列动词之后接动名词与接不定式作宾语所表达的意思有所不同。forget doing sth. 忘记曾经做过的事forget to do sth. 忘记要做的事remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过的事remember to do sth. 记住要做的事regret doing sth. 对做过的事感到懊悔regret to do sth. 对要做的事感到抱歉mean doing sth. 意思是；意味着（主语是事）m

10、ean to do sth. 打算去做某事（主语是人）try doing sth. 试着（用某种办法）干某事try to do sth. 努力去干某事go on doing sth. 继续干同一件事go on to do sth. 接着干另一件事stop doing sth. 停止干某事stop to do sth. 停下（某件事）去干另一件事want/need doing 需要去做（主语是动名词动作对象）want/need to do sth. 想要做某事（主语的主观意识）cant help doing sth. 禁不住做某事cant help (to) do sth. 无助于做某事例如：W

11、hile shopping, people sometimes cant help being persuaded into buying something they dont really need.在购物时，人们有时禁不住被说服购买实际并不需要的东西。（句中的cant help表示“禁不住”，故接动名词）She cant help to clean the house because she is busy making a cake.她不能帮忙打扫房间，因为她正忙着做蛋糕。（句中的cant help作“不能帮助”解，故接不定式）I tried closing the windows,

12、but that didnt help. I still felt cold.我试着关上窗子，但没有用，我依旧很冷。（句中的try作“试着”解，后接动名词）I tried hard to calm myself.我努力使自己平静下来。（句中的try作“努力”解，后接不定式）3动名词复合结构动名词复合结构由“物主代词或名词所有格动名词”构成。动名词复合结构作主语时，用名词所有格或物主代词；作表语或宾语时，可用名词普遍格或宾格来替代所有格。例如：Doctor Wus coming gave us a lot of help.吴医生的到来给了我们很大帮助。Their giving us much h

13、elp has freed us from much difficulty.他们的大力帮助使我们摆脱了许多困难Is there any hope of Xiao Yang (Xiao Yangs) winning the game?小杨在比赛中有无获胜的希望？What I dont understand is you (your) suddenly starting to take an interest in music.我不理解你突然开始对音乐感兴趣了。二、现在分词现在分词是v.-ing的另一种形式，它表示主动和进行的意义，具有形容词与副词特征，可在句子中作宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。1

14、后可接现在分词作宾补的动词现在分词作宾补，分词与宾语有主谓关系，宾语是分词动作执行者。（1）在feel, hear, see, notice, observe, watch, look at, listen to等表示感觉的动词宾语之后。例如：I felt my heart beating fast. 我感到我的心跳得很快。Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.忽然，他听到有人轻轻地敲窗子。Listen to the birds singing.听鸟儿歌唱。这些动词也可接不带to的不定式作宾补，区别是：分词表示动作的进行

15、状态，不定式则表示动作的完成状态。（2）在have, leave, catch, start, keep, set, send等表示“致使”的动词之后。例如：Dont worry. Ill have my car waiting at the gate. 别担心，我让车在门口等着。Im sorry to have kept you waiting long. 抱歉，让你久等了。His words set (started )me thinking.他的话使我深思。这类动词除have后可接不带to的不定式作宾补外，其他动词一般不用不定式作宾补。（3）在get, find等动词之后。例如：Can

16、you really get that old car going again?你真的能使那辆旧车再开动起来吗？I found a number of people already working there.我发现许多人已在那儿工作。get后也可接不定式作宾补，find后一般只接to be作宾补。2现在分词作状语，主要用来表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况、结果。例如：Hearing the news, the students were wild with joy.听到这个消息，同学们都高兴极了。（表示时间）Knowing English well, he translated the art

17、icle without much difficulty.由于英语学得好，他不费劲地译出了这篇文章。（表示原因）Working hard, youll succeed.如果你努力，一定会成功。（表示条件）She stood there, waiting for him in the rain.她在雨中站着等他。（表示伴随状况和行为方式）A letter has just come, relieving me from anxiety.信刚刚收到，解除了我的忧虑。（表示结果）现在分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语须与句子主语保持一致，即分词动作的发出者须是句子的主语。（见上面各例）3怎样使用现在分词独立

18、结构作状语如果分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，可采用分词独立结构作状语。分词独立结构则：“名（代）词现在分词”构成，可在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。例如：Class being over, the children went home.下课了，学生们回家去。Nobody being in the room, I didnt go in.由于房间里没有人，我没有进去。Weather permitting, well start tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天动身。He went to the front door, his son following him.他走向前门，他的儿子跟在后面。4注意固定结构的分词独立成分作状语现在分词独立成分一般已形成固定结构，表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度或看问题的态度。例如：Generally speaking, we dont agree with you.一般说来，我们不同意你的看法。Considering his age, the child reads quite well.鉴于他的年龄，这个孩子读得相当好。Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.根据你所说的来看，他应当成功。5现在分词的完成式和被动式（1）现在分词完成