破解考研英语短文写作-五种作文类型

1、破解短文写作 (大作文 第一节 主题句作文1. 写作攻略主题句作文也可以叫做段首句作文,要求考生将每段所给出主题句分别加以扩展, 完成段落, 然后由段落组成文章。 主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式, 它不像一般正 规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段, 一般只给出三句主题句, 所以属于一种简单的三段式 作文。 在写作这种题目的作文时, 考生只要正确领悟每个主题句的意思, 然后对每段的主题 句进行阐述, 内容应当展开, 可以是对主题句的解释, 可以是例证, 也可以提供理由或细节。 在对主题句进行展开时,考生要学会如何取舍,有的观点见解独到或是非常精彩, 但是在表达时会有问题, 考生本身的英语水平

2、可能无法把这个观点表达清楚, 这时应该果断 地放弃这一观点。 因为考试要考生展现的是语言水平而不是思维的深度, 考生在写作时应该 尽量少暴露自己在语言上的不足。2. 必背模版句型As far as I am concerned, I believe that.至于我,我相信 Now it is widely acknowledged that. But I wonder whether.目前大家广泛认为 但我觉得 A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless it is.仔细想想这个问题就会发现它

3、其实毫无根据。In all the discussion and debate over., one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected.在所有就 的讨论中,有一点总是被忽略。There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First,. Second .Finally .有很多方法可以使我们保持健康。第一 ,第二 ,最后 One of the reasons given for.is that. What is also worth noticing is that.关于 的其中一

4、个原因是 ,另外 也值得我们注意。Why are (is / do / did.? For one thing, . For another, .为什么会 ?一方面 另一方面 Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that .考虑到所有这些因素,我们可以得出 的结论。A number of further facts may be added.这些的例子还可以列举很多 Television is more than just an electronic appliance; it is a m

5、eans of expression, as well as avehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. 电视不仅仅是一件电器; 它是表达的手段和交流的载体, 并因此成为联系他人的有力工 具。Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era

6、, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.电视, 这项以迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术, 正在步入一个 新时代,一个极为成熟和多样化的时代,这将重塑我们的生活和世界。The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal

7、 of refuse.一个地方的人口越多,对其水、交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。Adler is correct in his assertion that education does not end with graduation.阿得勒的这句话很正确,教育不能随着毕业而结束。With the opening and reform policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this ol

8、d mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5,000 years.随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行, 数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。 他们渴望参观这个有着 五千多年灿烂文化的神秘古国。On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: we should take strong measures t

9、o deal with it.无可否认, 空气污染 是一个极其严重的问题:我们应该采取有力措施来解决它。 In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施。3. 必背经典范文Title: The Computer(1 The computer is a wonderful machine.(2 Computers play an important role in our lif

10、e.(3 However, many scientists don t think that computers will replace human beings completely.The ComputerThe computer is a wonderful machine. The invention of computers has greatly changed the way of our living, and is an important event in human history.Today it is used a great deal in various fie

11、lds. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And there is great tendency for the use of computer not only in offices but home as well.Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do. They can give you information on buying and selling

12、 things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.However, many scientists don t think that computers will replace human beings completely. No ma

13、tter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain. It is human being who controls them.题目:计算机(1计算机是非常好的机器。(2计算机在我们的生活中起着很大的作用。(3但是,很多科学家认为计算机不可能代替人类。译文计算机计算机是非常好的机器。 计算机的发明改变了我们的生活方式, 是人类历史上的一件大 事。今天很多领域都用到了计算机, 尤其是在自动化和资料处理方面。 计算机已经不仅在办 公室使用,而且越来越多的计算机走进了家庭。计算

14、机在我们的生活中起着很大的作用。 人类做的事情它都可以做。 计算机可以提供买 卖的信息、可以为我们提供治疗某些疾病的信息,帮助我们解决问题。有了计算机的帮忙, 生活变的更加容易。但是, 很多科学家认为计算机不可能代替人类。 不论它们怎么聪明, 计算机永远都是人 脑的延伸,只能受人类的控制。第二节 提纲作文1. 写作攻略提纲式作文中, 为考生提供了题目和一个简单的写作提纲, 从而将考生的写作控制在一 定范围内。 这类作文只要考查的内容一般包括:说明主题、分析原因或解释做法。 作文题目 中会提供:(1标题; (2提纲; (3起始句。标题限定短文的基本发展方向,提纲规定短文的 基本框架, 起始句则提

15、供短文的起点。 考生应紧扣题目主题, 并根据提纲提示的思路和要点 展开段落。 由于提供的写作提纲一般也为三段, 所以考生也可以按照三段式作文将简单的提 纲展为主题句,再按照主题句作文的写作方法将文章写成。写提纲作文时的具体步骤:(1认真研究所给提纲考生要仔细领会提纲的含义,不能遗漏提纲要点,更不能错误理解提纲的意思。(2确定各段的主题句考生应根据所给提纲写出各段的主题句,合格的主题句应具备以下要点: 意义完整主题句结构要完整, 即结构符合语法规则; 意义要完整, 即主题句是一个符合逻辑的完 整句子。 表意清晰主题句要清晰明确,不能使用意思含混的词语或句子。 内容具体主题句的内容要明确具体,利于

16、段落的展开。 用词贴切主题句一定要用词准确,简明达意,为段落的拓展打好基础。(3逐步展开段落段落写作应围绕自己列好的主题句进行,在写作过程中可稍加调整。(4检查与修改检查考题所给提纲是否完整且准确地被表达于文章之中, 如有偏差, 应做出相应的修改。 2. 必背模版句型It is often said that.我们经常这么说It goes without saying that.毫无疑问It can be easily proved that.很容易被证明。One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is.与以上一点同

17、样重要的是I am of the opinion that.我支持The chief reason why .is that .之所以的主要原因是To take.for an example (instance .把作为一个例子According to a latest study, it can be predicted.最近的研究预测Another special consideration in this case is that .关于这件事还有一点值得考虑,那就是This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to.

18、这也许对,但关于我们仍然有一个问题。Besides, we should not neglect that.另外,我们不应该忽视Therefore, these findings reveal the following information.因此,这些发现揭示了以下信息On account of this we can find that .据此我们可以发现Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.尽管 A 很优秀,但它也有自身的缺陷。Among the most convincing reasons give

19、n, one should be mentioned.在所有可信赖的理由中,有一个值得一提Currently there is a widespread concern that.目前,对于普遍关注。There is no immediate solution to the problem of ., but .might be helpful. 关于解决没有快速的办法,但可能会有作用。All available evidence points to the fact that.所有的证据证明No one can deny the fact that.没人能否定这个事实。Taking into

20、 account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that.考虑到所有这些因素,我们可以做出这样的结论3. 必背经典范文Directions:Write an article on Changes on State-owned Houses and Private Houses of China. In your article you should(1 the present situation(2 the possible causes(3 its impactOwnership of Houses in Beij

21、ingOwnership of houses in Beijing has significantly changed in recent years. In 1990, 75 percent of the houses were state owned. But in 1995, the ratio of state-owned houses to private ones was 60 to 40. And the ownership changed dramatically since 1995 and by the end of the century, 80 percent of h

22、ouses were private.There might have been two main reasons. One of the reasons was the policy of the government. In the 1990s, China carried on with its reform policy and the government called for privatization of the sate-owned estate. But it took time for the reform to come into effect. But from 19

23、95 on when people have recognized its significance, the reformation took bigger steps. Another reason was that the people were getting better off and they could afford buying their own houses.Such changes have had great impact on individuals as well as the society. On one hand, the individuals must

24、save money to buy an apartment or to pay the mortgage. On the other hand, a heaven burden has been taken off the government so that it can take more effective measures to improve people s life.题目:就中国公房和私房的变化写一篇短文。你的短文应该包括:(1 目前的现状(2 可能产生的原因(3 相关影响译文北京房屋所有权最近几年,北京房屋的所有权发生了很大的变化。 1990年, 75%的房屋都是公房。到了

25、1995年,这一数字就变成了 60%。 自 1995年起,所有权发生了很大的变化,到本世纪末私房数量已经达到 80%。可能的原因有两个。其中一个原因是政府的政策。 90年代,中国开始了改革政策,政府呼吁房产私有化。但改革需要时间 才能显现成果。到 1995年人们意识到这一政策的意义,改革的作用向前迈了一步。另一个原因是人们的生活越来越好有能力购 房。这样的变化对国家和个人都有很大的影响。一方面,个人必须存钱或贷款买房。另一方面,政府的压力减轻后可以实施更 好的措施来改善人们的生活。第三节 规定情景作文1. 写作攻略规定情景作文也是一种控制性非常强的作文出题方式。一般不提供具体标题,仅仅规定一定

26、的情景,考生必须从情景信息 中找出所写文章的中心思想,并在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在写作过程中,考生应按照情景中规定的范围和条件 并结合自己的知识和经历来休会、构思和发展段落,但不能脱离情景任意发挥。并且要注意文章必须合乎逻辑情理,段落之间 的衔接要连贯和自然。规定情景题型写作要点:(1规定情景写作要求考生在题目规定的情景内展开构思和组织内容。(2仔细审题。考生一定要弄清楚题目所提供的情景,是说明还是论证,是叙事还是写景。(3确定段落与主题句。主题句为一个完整的句子,用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。一般放在段首。使用主题句,文章 结构会变得有条理,同时也使考生对自己所要表达的内容有更

27、具体的把握。(4逐步展开段落。确定主题句,考生便可以围绕主题句,展开段落,完成全文的写作。段落的展开应该建立在段落情景基 础之上,每段的重点都应集中于描述情景规定内容。(5考生的所用的每一个词句都应紧扣情景,突出重点,前后连贯,表达清楚,符合逻辑。(6明确题型种类。情景写作可根据内容写成不同文体,如记叙文、论说文、书信报告等,故考生应该注意灵活运用相应文 体的写作方法与技巧。(7认真检查与修改。考生应重点检查是否完全准确地包含了情景所要求的各项内容,是否有与情景相悖或不相关的内容。 如果一旦发现有出入,要及时修改。2. 必背模版句型. is becoming a serious problem

28、. This is because. 已经变得越来越严重,是因为 If possible, one may. There are many examples of .如果可能,一个人可以。有很多 的例子。I never think. is a waste of time and money because, it is something that I truly wanted in my life.我不认为 只是浪费时间和金钱,因为这是我生活中真正需要的。Further more . is the by-product of., so we should.进一步地说, 是 的副产品,所以我们

29、应该 As for me, this should not be.对于我来说,这不应该是 To be frank, I would like to support.坦白的说,我想支持 Personally, I would prefer.我个人比较倾向于 Yet differences will be found, that s why I feel that.然而分歧依然还在,这也是我为什么觉得 We have no reason to believe that.我们没有理由相信 It is one thing to insist that. , it is quite another to

30、 show that .坚持 是一回事,表明 是另外一回事。Recently the issue of. has been brought to public attention.目前 的事情被广泛关注。It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on.已经到了我们必须对 予以重视的时候了。Aside from that, all laws and regulations against the pollution should be forcefully implemented.除此之外,一切关于防止污染的法律法规都应该强制执行。For

31、 now the world has a more urgent mission: to stop the planet from overheating, and do it in a hurry.眼下,世界正面临着一个更迫切的使命:必须立即行动,防止地球继续升温。Over the past decade, the issue of. has risen to the top of the agenda.在过去的十年中,关于 的问题已经提到了首位。3. 必背经典范文Directions: it is generally acknowledged that families are now n

32、ot as close as they used to be. Give possible reasons and your recommendations.There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not the relationship between family members is close or not. Lots of factors can be identified. Hereby I would like to present my point of view.Great changes have taken p

33、lace in family life with the development of society. One of them is that the traditional family is becoming smaller and smaller. Many children have to leave their parents at an early age to study or work elsewhere. As time passes, they become emotionally estranged from their parents.In addition, the

34、 availability of various kinds of entertainment also diverts people from enjoying chats with the family members. Their free time is mostly occupied by seeing films, surfing the internet or playing computer games. Thus they have no interest in communicating with the other members of their families.In

35、 view of such alienation within families, I believe that urgent steps must be taken. Regular contact on the phone can bring care to those who live away from each other. Family reunions on holidays or other important occasions can make a difference as well. In a word, a close family relationship can

36、surely be maintained as long as we realize the significant role it plays in our lives and attach importance to it.题目:现在家庭之间的关系不再像过去那样亲密了。 说明这一现象产生的原因, 并提出 自己的建议。译文如今, 对于 “ 现在家庭之间的关系是否像以前那样亲密 ” 存在很多争议。 这里面有很多因 素。这里我将阐述一下自己的观点。随着社会的发展, 家庭生活发生了巨大的变化。 过去的那种大家庭现在变得越来越小了。 许多孩子在很小的时候就不得不离开家出去学习或工作。 时间长了, 孩

37、子在感情上和父母就 疏远了。而且, 各种各样的娱乐方式也减少了人们和家人聊天的机会。 他们把大部分的自由时间 都用来看电影、上网或玩网络游戏。人们对于和其他成员在一块交流失去了兴趣。面对家庭的这种倾向, 我认为必须立即采取一些措施。 打个电话就可以让住的较远的亲 人感受到彼此的爱。 假日或其他重要场合的家庭聚会也会拉近彼此之间的距离。 总之, 只要 我们意识到家庭对生活的重要性, 高度重视它, 那么, 亲密的家庭关系还是可以建立起来的。第四节 图表作文1. 写作攻略图表作文是考研英语写作中较为常见的题型之一, 也是难度较大的一种写作题型。 这类 作文可综合提供题目、 数据、 图像、 提纲, 形

38、式多样, 但实际上只涉及 5个方面:描述图表 、 指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议,而每次考试只是从这 5个方面的内容中选出 3个结合在一起。 从写作类型来看, 基本上属于说明文。 要求考生围绕题目将有关信息转化为 文字形式, 考生应该具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力, 同时会运用一定的写作方法。 考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章, 第一段总结归纳信息反映的整体情况, 点出主题 思想, 第二段回答第一段所得出的问题, 对数字、 数据等做出有条理的分析比较, 第三段做 出总结或给以简单的评论。表格和图表题型写作要点:(1考生应仔细研究题目以及提示信息,认清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部

39、分的变化 趋势和走向,抓住其主要特点,然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。 (2考生应该仔细研究图表所给出的大量信息,从中选取最重要,最有代表性的信息, 然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息。切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。 (3图表作文一般采用的时态为一般现在时,但如果图表中给出了具体时间参照,考生 则应对时态进行相应的调整。(4图表作文有一些固定句型和表达法,考生应对此融会贯通。(5图表作文可以细分为表格,曲线图、柱形图和饼形图。除了上述共同要点,考生还 应了解这四种图在写作方面的不同特点。 表格可以表示多种事物的相互关系,所以考生要对表格中所给出的大量数字进行 比

40、较分析,从中找出其变化规律。 曲线图常表示事物的变化趋势,考生应认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息,并且 密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。 柱形图用来表示各种事物的变化情况及相互关系,要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形 的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势, 因此考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及 图表旁边的提示说明与文字。 饼形图表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系,旨在要求考生准确理解并阐 述一个被分割成大小不等切片的饼形图所传达的信息。 考生应清楚掌握部分与整体, 部分与 部分之间的相互关系,这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。(6列出各段主题句。考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息

41、列出每段的主题句,为全文的 展开做好铺垫。(7围绕主题句完成段落的展开。尽量做到主题明确、条理清楚、文字简练。(8检查与修改。对图表作文的检查与修改应着重看文章中所列举的信息是否与图表所 显示的信息一致,资料是否恰当。2. 必背模版句型As can be seen from/in the chart/diagram/table/graph.从表格 /图形中我们可以看到 The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.表格显示比去年上升了 3倍。According to /As is shown in the Table

42、 /Figure/Chart.如表格 /图表中显示 The number is 5 times as much as that of.此数字是 的 5倍。It has increased by three times as compared with that of .同 相比,增长了 3倍。It can be seen from the chart/diagram/table/graph/figures/statistics that.从表格 /图表 /数据中我们可以看到 From the table/figures/data/results/information above, it ca

43、n/may be seen/concluded/shown/estimated/calculated/inferred that.从以上的表格 /图表 /数据 /结果 /信息中,我们可以看到 /总结 /预测 /计算 /得出 A has the highest sales figure in the three departments, followed by B and C.在 3个部门中, A 的销售额最高,其次是 B 和 C 。The figure of A is about twice as much as that of B.A 的数字是 B 的两倍。The rise lasted f

44、or two weeks and then began to level off in August.上升两个星期后, 8月份开始平稳。It accounts for 30% of the total population.占到总人口的 30%。The number of students has reached 500, indicating a rise of 20%, compared to last semester. 学生人数达到 500人,与上个学期相比上升了 20%。It picked up speed at the end of this month.这个月底加快了速度。The

45、 pie charts show the changes on. in some place in 2000.此饼形图显示了 2000年一些地方 的变化。from this year on, there was a gradual declined reduction in the., reaching a figure of. 从这年起, 逐渐下降至 There are a lot of similarities/differences between.and. 与 之间有许多相似 (不同 之处It can be drawn from the chart that the proportio

46、ns of A and B are going down, though the falling level of the latter is a lot lower/higher than that of the former.尽管 B 的下降速度比 A 要慢 /快,从表中我们可以看到 A 和 B 的比例都在下降。 The increase/decrease is more noticeable during the second half of the 5 year period. 在 5年期限的后半段,增长 /降低比较明显。It falls from 50% in 2000 to 30%

47、 in 2004, and then the trend reverse, finishing at 58% in 2005.从 2000年的 50%降到 2004年的 30%,然后形势逆转, 2005年达到了 58%。The table shows the changes in the number of.over the period from.to.该表格描述了在 年之 年间 数量的变化。As can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the fluctuation of.如图所示,两条曲线描述了 的波动情况。3. 必背经典范文Dir

48、ections: the table below shows the number of road accidents which occurred in Britain in different places and the ages of the injured persons. Write a report describing the information shown below.Road accidents in Britainwhen/where accidents occurred2-4Age5-7Age8-11Age11-13Age14-16TOTALGoing to sch

49、oolGoing home from schoolPlaying in the streetCycling into the streetShopping for their parentsThe chart above organizes data about road accidents involving children in Britain by and by when and where the accidents occurred. It can be seen that the incidence of accidents decreases as the children s

50、 age increase and that age correlates with the circumstances surrounding the accident.For all ages, the most common situation leading to accident is playing in the street but young children were particularly affected. Children between the ages of 5-7 seemed to get into accidents while engaged in act

51、ivities appropriate to their age, such as shopping for their parents or going home from school. In fact, this age group accounted for the most road accidents of all. Children between 8 and age 11 had the most accidents cycling in the street. After age 11, the number of accidents dropped considerably

52、 in all situations.From the chart, we get to know that playing in the street is the most common and universal site of accidents of all ages, but the risks that other sites and situations present vary with the children s ages.题目:表格给出了英国在不同地点和不同年龄段的人所发生的交通事故。 请描述一下这 个表格。译文上面的图表中的数据反映了英国不同年龄段的孩子在不同地点发生

53、交通事故的情况。 我 们可以看到随着年龄的增长, 孩子出现交通事故的次数在不断下降, 而且年龄段与发生事故 的地点也有关系。就所有的年龄段看, 最容易出现事故的情况是在马路上玩耍, 尤其是对那些年龄小的孩 子。 处在 5至 7岁之间的孩子在做适合他们年龄段的事情时, 比如替父母上街买东西, 或者 从学校回家,也很容易出事。事实上,这个年龄段的孩子发生事故最多。 8至 11岁的孩子 在街上骑车最容易发生事故。 11岁以后,在所有场合的事故发生都有所减少。从表中我们知道,对所有的年龄段的孩子来说,在马路上玩耍都是最容易发生事故的, 但是其他情况的危险性则随着年龄的变化而不同。第五节 图画作文1.

54、写作攻略图画作文是较难的题型之一,近几年考研英语写作试题均为图画题型,因此考生应该特 别认真地对待。 这类题一般要求考生仔细看图,根据题目要求写成自己的作文。实际上,图 画作文也可以当作三段式的提纲作文来写。第一段用来描述图画并揭示其寓意 (寓意一般用 一句话来概括就可以 ,第二段分析原因,最后一段发表评论或提出建议,其中第二、三段 应该是写作的重点。面对此类题型,考生应首先确定主题,然后再动笔。具体写作要点:(1 仔细研究作文指令, 弄清楚作文的要求, 是否有标题?是否有提纲?然后从题目中 找出中心词,分析修饰词,准确地抓住题目的中心思想。(2认真解读图画, 因为图画是作文的信息基础。 考生

55、应对图画进行全面而细致的研究, 尤其要注意图画中人或物 (人与物 的体貌表情特征和背景, 确定人物之间, 人物与背景之间 的主要关系,以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。(3如果图画以系列形式 (既两幅以上 出现,考生除需掌握每一幅图画的信息外,还应 该对图画之间的相互联系有所理解,在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。(4面对图画作文,考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想,用生动恰当的言辞抒发自己对图 画的所思、所想、所感。(5注意图画作文中的文字说明。文字说明非常重要,通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要 点,考生在看说明时要看清主、谓、宾,正确理解说明的意义。(6草拟提纲,合理组织材料。根据图画内容的不同采用不同的段

56、落发展方式。如图画 式作文写作多要求进行描写图画。对于 漫画式写作,漫画描写本身并不重要,但文章的寓 意却要力求准确,不要拖泥带水。(7系统且突出地展开段落。展开段落要根据画面内容进行,最好能围绕每一段的主题 句进行。(8检查与修改。考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来,题目所给提示是否 完整地反映在文章之中。 如果存在与画面不相符的内容, 或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示, 考 生应对文章做出相应修订。2. 必背模版句型As is described in the picture.这幅图描述了 The purpose of the picture is to show us that.这幅图的目的是为了给我们展示 We can deduce form this picture that.从这幅图中我们可以推断 The picture indicates / conveys the meaning that这幅图指出 /传达 More and more people have come to realize.越来越多的人已经意识到 Now it is commonly held that. but I doubt whether.现在大家都普遍认为 ,但我怀疑 A