2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析

1、2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及解析（江南博哥）材料题根据下面资料，回答1-20题Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1 , particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-foll

2、owing child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2 , a younger sibling.3 , there's another sort of parent that's a bit easier to 4 : a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, 5 every parent would l

3、ike to be patient, this is no easy 6 .Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a 7 and composed style with their kids. I understand this.You're only human, and sometimes your kids can 8 you just a little too far. And then the 9&

4、#160;happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too 10 and does nobody any good. You wish that you could 11 the clock and start over. We've all been there.12 , even though it's common, it's important to keep in

5、mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your child's self-esteem.If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids, then

6、you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the 16 of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or

7、 maintain emotional control when 17 by stress isone of the most important of all life's skills.Certainly, it's incredibly 18 to maintain patience at all times with your kids. A more practical goal is to try, to be the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed a

8、s you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1、单选题第（1）题选A.tediousB.pleasantC.instructive

9、D.tricky 正确答案：D 参考解析：文章第一段第一句是主题句，该句提到，“每位父母都想成为好的父母”。空格句以But开头，句意上出现了转折，“但是如何定义好的父母是个难题”。since后给出了原因，“因为不同的孩子对待同样的养育方式反应也是不同的”。tedious意为“冗长的；啰唆的”；pleasant意为“令人愉快的；可喜的”；instructive意为“增长知识的”；tricky意为“棘手的，困难的”，D项符合句意。2、单选题第（2）题选A.in additionB.for exampleC.at onceD.by accident 正确答案：B 参考解析：前一句提到，“不同的孩子对

10、待同样的养育方式反应也是不同的”，空格所在句为例证，“如果换一种养育方式，一个冷静而听话的孩子可能会比他的弟弟或妹妹反应更好些”。所以用表示举例分析的词只有for example“例如”最合适，其他选项in addition“另外”；at once“偶尔”；by accident“意外地”都不合适。3、单选题第（3）题选A.FortunatelyB.OccasionallyC.AccordinglyD.Eventually 正确答案：A 参考解析：空格所在句指出：还有一类父母描述起来会容易一些，这类父母是非常耐心的。第一段告诉我们如何定义怎样才是好的父母是个难题，空格句在上下文文义上都是个转折

11、，幸运的是还好，有一类父母很好描述定义，并且各个年龄段的孩子都可以从他们的养育方式中获益。故选Fortunately“幸运地；交好运地”，其他选项Occasionally“偶尔”；Accordingly“对应地”；Eventually“最终地”都不合适。4、单选题第（4）题选A.amuseB.assistC.describeD.train 正确答案：C 参考解析：第一段告诉我们如何定义怎样才是好的父母是个难题，第二段出现转折，幸运的是还好，有一类父母很好描述定义，describe“描述”与define“定义”相呼应，故选c。amuse“逗笑；逗乐”；assist“帮助；协助”；train“训练

12、；培训”三个选项均不符合句意，故均排除。5、单选题第（5）题选A. whileB. becauseC. unlessD. once 正确答案：A 参考解析：空格所在句指出：虽然每位父母都想成为耐心的父母，但这并不容易。逗号前后为转折关系，只有while“然而”表转折，故选A。because“因为”；unless“除非”；once“曾经”三个选项均不符合句意，故均排除。6、单选题第（6）题选A.answerB.taskC.choiceD.access 正确答案：B 参考解析：空格所在句指出：虽然每位父母都想成为耐心的父母，但这不是个容易的差事任务。task

13、意为“任务”；其余选项answer“答案”；choice“选择”；access“途径权限”都不合适，故选B。7、单选题第（7）题选A. tolerantB. formalC. rigidD. critical 正确答案：A 参考解析：空格所在句指出：有时父母会很累很沮丧，这时候对待孩子就很难沉着冷静(composed)和包容。tolerant意为“包容的”；formal意为“正式的”；rigid意为“死板的”；critical意为“批评的”。A项带入原句符合句意，故选A。8、单选题第（8）题选A.moveB.dragC.pushD.send 正确答案：C

14、 参考解析：空格所在句指出：你也不是圣人/你也只是普通人，而且有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧。push意为“催促紧逼”；此处move“移动，使感动”；drag“拖拽”；send“发送”均不符合句意，故选C。9、单选题第（9）题选A.mysteriousB.illogicalC.suspiciousD.inevitable 正确答案：D 参考解析：空格前一句指出：有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧。空格后一句指出：你会失去耐心，对孩子大吼大叫。那么后一句“失去耐心，对孩子大吼大叫”是前一句“有时候孩子会把你逼得很紧”的必然结果。mysterious意为“神秘的”；illogical意为“不合逻辑的”；suspi

15、cious意为“怀疑的”；inevitable意为“无法避免的必然的”。带入原句，D项符合句意，故选D。10、单选题第（10）题选A.boringB.naiveC.harshD.vague 正确答案：C 参考解析：空格所在句句意：你会失去耐心并对孩子大吼大叫，而且有时候会说一些很伤人刻薄的话，对每个人都没好处。根据上下文可推知，something后面的形容词一定是贬义的，boring意为“没趣的；令人厌倦的”；naive意为“缺乏经验的；幼稚的”；harsh意为“刺耳的严格的”；vague意为“含糊的，不明确的”。四个选项中，只有C项是带贬义色彩的词并符合句意的，故选C。11、单选题第（11）

16、题选A.turn backB.take apartC.set asideD.cover up 正确答案：A 参考解析：空格所在句句意：你会希望时间倒流，一切重新再来。turn back意为“(使)往回走”；take apart意为“拆开拆解”；set aside意为“把放一旁不理会”；cover up意为“盖起来”。B、C、D三项均不符合句意，故选A。12、单选题第（12）题选A.OverallB.InsteadC.HoweverD.Otherwise 正确答案：C 参考解析：空格所在句句意：然而，即使这是很普遍的现象，我们还是要牢记，哪怕只是一点点的疲惫，都会让你对孩子说一些你会后

17、悔很久的话。上一段描述了一般情况下父母是如何对孩子失去耐心的，并且这很普遍“Weve all been thereits common”，空格所在句对比上一段发生了转折，所以要填一个含有转折意义的词。overall意为“全面的”；instead意为“反而；却”，however意为“然而”；otherwise意为“否则；不然”，故选C：13、单选题第（13）题选A.likeB.missC.believeD.regret 正确答案：D 参考解析：上一段描述了父母如何对孩子失去耐心，然后又希望时间倒流，一切重新再来，哪怕只是一点点的疲惫，都会让父母对孩子说一些他们会后悔(regret)很久

18、的话，故选D。其他选项like“喜欢”；miss“错过”；believe“相信”均不符合上下文，故均排除。    14、单选题第（14）题选A. raiseB. affectC. justifyD. reflect 正确答案：B 参考解析：结合原文语境，空格所在句句意：这也许不仅会伤害你和孩子之间的关系，而且会你孩子的自尊，所以空格处需要填上一个动词，这个动词可以与后面的宾语自尊心搭配。因此答案只能是affect“影响”，故选B。而raise意为“提高，养育”；iustify意为“证明正确”；reflect意为“反映”，均不

19、能与“自尊心”合理搭配，故均排除。    15、单选题第（15）题选A.timeB.bondC.raceD.cool 正确答案：D 参考解析：空格所在句句意：如果你总是对你的孩子失去本文一直在探讨的主题就是对孩子要有耐心，所以该空填与耐心类似的词。cool有“冷静”之意，所以符合题意的只能是cool，而time“时间”；bond“结合，纽带”；race“比赛，种族”都不符合这里的语境。16、单选题第（16）题选A.natureB.secretC.importanceD.context 正确答案：C 参考解析：A of B的结构中，名词A主要参照的是后面 of 结构

20、对它的修饰作用。0f结构在这里表示“建立对孩子宽容和耐心的”，联系前面提到的“我们越来越重视”因此符合题意的是importance“重要性”，故选C：nature意为“自然、天性”；secret意为“秘密”；context意为“环境”，均不符合题意，故均排除。17、单选题第（17）题选A.cheatedB.defeatedC.confusedD.confronted 正确答案：D 参考解析：根据本题语境，“事实上，在压力时，情绪调节或维持情绪控制的能力是所有生活技能中最重要的一项”，压力前面应搭配confronted“面对”，故选D。其他的选项cheated“欺骗”；defeated“打败”；

21、confused“困惑”均不符合题意。18、单选题第（18）题选A.terribleB.hardC.strangeD.wrong 正确答案：B 参考解析：空格所在句句意：不可避免的一直对孩子保持耐心。可以先看选项terrible“糟糕的”；strange“奇怪的”；wrong“错误的”，这三个选项都不能放在此处形成合理搭配，所以hard“困难的”更合适19、单选题第（19）题选A.tryingB.changingC.excitingD.surprising 正确答案：A 参考解析：根据原文语境“一个更实际的目标是去尝试，尽你最大的能力，当你面对涉及孩子的情况时，尽可能地宽容和冷静”。需要父母宽

22、容和冷静的应该是不太好的情况，选项中，trying作形容词时意为“令人厌烦的”最合适。其他选项changing“变化”；exciting“激动人心的”；surprising“令人惊讶的”，均不能体现这里的含义：20、单选题第（20）题选A.hideB.emergeC.withdrawD.escape 正确答案：B 参考解析：空格所在句句意：朝着这个目标努力的结果是，你和你的孩子将受益并从很有压力的这些时候，在身体和情感上感觉更好。四个选项中，只有emerge“浮现，出现”最符合题意，所以选B，而hide“隐藏”；withdraw“撤退”；escape“逃避”均为负面含义，故均排除。材料题根据下

23、面资料，回答21-25题Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether

24、rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and one asocial-for four days. The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.During the ex

25、periment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the oppor

26、tunity to release them by pressing a lever. Across 18 trial each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuinesocial being, says Quinn. The rats may have bonded more with

27、the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, she says."Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciproca

28、l help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity-where a rat will help another rat that has previously helpedthem, "says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat

29、but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. "We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't necessary, " says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helpe

30、d with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots,says Wiles. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. "We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, an

31、d it turns out other animals are too, " says Wiles.21、单选题Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can_.A.pick up social signals from non-living ratsB.distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile oneC.attain sociable traits through special trainingD.send out warning messages to thei

32、r fellow 正确答案：A 参考解析：根据题干关键词Quinn and her colleagues和a test定位到第一段第二句“To find out if this extends to nonliving beings，Laleh Quinn at the University of California，San Diego，and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats”，为了查明这是否延  伸到了非生物，奎因和她的同事测试了老鼠能否从机器老鼠身上探测

33、到社会信号。A项“从没有生命的老鼠身上获取社会信号”是原文的同义替换，故选A。B项“区分友好的老鼠和敌对的  老鼠”，C项“通过特殊训练获得社交品质”D项“向它们的同伴发出警告信息”，在原文中均未  提及，故均排除。  22、单选题What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?A.It followed the social robot.B.It played with some toys.C.It set the trapped rats free.D.It moved around alone. 正确答

34、案：D 参考解析：根据题干关键词the asocial robot和experiment定位到第三段最后一句  “Meanwhile。the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side”，同时，不具有  社交能力的机器人只能进行简单的前后左右移动。D项“它独自移动”是原文的同义替换。A  项“它跟随具备社交能力的老鼠”，与原文“the social robot rat followed the living rats around”不  符，原文中说的是具备社交能力

35、的老鼠跟随真老鼠。B项“它玩一些玩具”，与原文“the social  robot ratplayed with the same toys”不符，原文中说的是具备社交能力的老鼠玩同样的玩具。C  项“它释放了被困的老鼠”与原文“the social robot ratopened caged doors to let trapped rats  escape”不符，原文中说的是具备社交能力的老鼠释放了被困的老鼠，故排除A、B、C三项。23、单选题According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot beca

36、use they_.A.tried to practice a means of escapeB.expected it to do the same in returnC.wanted to display their intelligenceD.considered that an interesting game 正确答案：B 参考解析：根据题干关键词Quinn和the rats released the social robots定位到第四段，第四段最后一句“This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it e

37、arlier，and  wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped，she says”。奎因说：“这可能会让  老鼠更好地记住早些时候已经释放了机器人，并希望机器人在它们被困住时能回报它们  的恩惠。”B项“希望它也会这么做”是原文的同义替换j A项“试图尝试一种逃跑的方法”，c项“想要展示它们的智慧”和D项“觉得是个有趣的游戏”在原文当中均未提及，故均排除。24、单选题Janet Wiles notes that rats_.A.can remember other rats'

38、 facial featuresB.differentiate smells better than sizesC.respond more to actions than to looksD.can be scared by a plastic box on wheels 正确答案：C 参考解析：根据题干关键词Janet Wiles定位到第七段，第七段最后一句“We humans  seem to be fascinated by robots，and it turns out other animals are too，says Wiles”。怀尔斯说：“我们人类似乎对机器人很着

39、迷，事实证明其他动物也很着迷。”再结合第七段前面部分的阐述，会发现c项“对行动的反应多于对外表的反应”，是原文的类似表达。A项“能够记住其他老鼠的  面部特征”，与原文内容不符。B项“与体型大小相比，能够更好地区分气味”，与原文内容不符，原文中只提到赋予机器老鼠真老鼠的气味。D项“会被装有轮子的塑料盒子吓坏”，与原文内容不符，原文中只是提到机器老鼠只是装有轮子的塑料盒子，故排除A、B、D三项。25、单选题It can be learned from the text that rats_.A.appear to be adaptable to new surroundingsB.ar

40、e more socially active than other animalsC.behave differently from children in socializingD.are more sensitive to social cues than expected 正确答案：D 参考解析：题干并没有具体关键词，所以需要通过选项回到文中逐一对应。D项“对社交线索比预期更敏感”，与原文第七段第一句“The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social  cues，even when they come from basic r

41、obots，says Wiles”，属于类似表达，即这一发现显示了老鼠对社交暗示的敏感程度，即使是来自基本机器老鼠的社交暗示，故选D：A项“似乎能适应新环境”，在文中并未提及。B项“比其他动物更活跃”，与原文不符，在文中只提到其他动物也一样会对机器人着迷。C项“在社交活动中表现得与孩子不同”，与原文内容相反，原文内容指的是孩子们倾向于把机器人当作人来对待，即使他们只显示简单的社会信号，这一点与老鼠是一样的，故排除A、B、C三项。材料题根据下面资料，回答26-30题It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times th

42、e pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CE

43、O pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so mu

44、ch is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.Today's CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many more skills than simply being able to "run the company". CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how th

45、e company should trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there's the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger

46、number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling. Plus, virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies, one way or another. Beyond this, major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high

47、CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it

48、 is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. A

49、nd the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices,a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.26、单选题Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A.The growth in the number of corporationsB.The general pay rise with a better

50、 economyC.Increased business opportunities for top firmsD.Close cooperation among leading economics 正确答案：C 参考解析：根据题干关键词CEO pay rise及题干中对CEO薪酬增加原因的提问，定位到第二段第一句“The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO  talent in a world where business opportunities for the to

51、p firms are growing rapidly”。了解CEO薪酬 增长的最佳模式是，CEO人才在一个顶级公司的商业机会迅速增长的世界里是有限的。C项  “增加顶级公司商业机会的增加”是原文的同义替换，故选C。A项“公司数量的增长”，与原文内容不符，文中并不是说公司数量而是商业机会。B项“好转的经济带来的普遍加薪”，文中并未提到better economy。D项“主要经济体之间的密切合作”，文中未提到经济体之间的合作，故排除A、B、D三项。27、单选题Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required

52、to_.A.foster a stronger sense of teamworkB.finance more research and developmentC.establish closer ties with tech companiesD.operate more globalized companies 正确答案：D 参考解析：根据题干关键词predecessors及todays CEOs定位到第三段第三句“They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors，as the costs

53、of even a minor slipup can be significant”。他们还需要比他们的前任更好的公关技巧，因为即使是一个小失误的成本也可能是巨大的。选项中并未提到，继续往后看“Then theres the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before，with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries”。还有一个事实是，美国的大公司比以往任何时候都更加全球化，供应链遍布更多的国家。D项“

54、经营更全球化的公司”是该句内容的同义替换，故选D。A项“培养更强的团队合作意识”，文中提到意识，只有对金融市场有很好的了解，甚至公司应该如何进行交易的意识。B项“资助更多的研发”和c项“与科技公司建立更紧密的联系”定位段并未提到，故排除A、B、C三项。28、单选题CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite_.A.continual internal oppositionB.strict corporate governanceC.conservative business strategiesD.repeated government war

55、nings 正确答案：B 参考解析：根据题干关键词the 1970s定位到第四段第三句“Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising”。然而，首席执行官的薪酬主要是在这一治理更加有力的时期一直居高不下。B项“严格的公司管理”，是原文内容的替换表达，故选B。A项“持续的内部对立”在文中并未提到。C项“保守的商业策略”，定位段并没有提到。D项“政府的再三警告”，定位段并未提到，故排除A、C、D三项。29、单选题High CEO pa

56、y can be justified by the fact that it helps_.A.confirm the status of CEOsB.motivate inside candidatesC.boost the efficiency of CEOsD.increase corporate value 正确答案：D 参考解析：根据题干关键词High CEO pay及顺序出题规则，继续看最后一段，定位句是“And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to，say，stock prices，a s

57、ign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO”。"当公司把首席执行官的薪酬与股票价格挂钩时，股票市场的反应是积极的，这表明这些做法不仅为首席执行官带来机制，而且创造了公司价值。D项“增加公司价值”，是原文内容的替换表达，故选D。A项“证实CEO的地位”。B项“激发内部候选人的积极性”，文中最后一段第一句提到，首席执行官的最高薪水是付给外部候选人的，而不是付给那些舒适的内部人选，故排除B项。C项“提高CEO的效率”，定位段未提到。30、单选题The most suitable ti

58、tle for this text would be_.A.CEOs Are Not OverpaidB.CEO Pay: Past and PresentC.CEOs' Challenges of TodayD.CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define 正确答案：A 参考解析：根据题干分析文章主题词为“CEO的薪酬”，所以排除C、D两项。A项“首席执行官的薪水并不高”，B项“CE0的薪酬：过去和现在”，而CEO过去的薪酬并不是原文中心，属于偏离主题，故选A。   材料题根据下面资料，回答31-35题Madrid was hailed as a

59、public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise. Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a eentrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city's decision to stop levying fines, orderi