初中英语必备语法知识概要句子成分和词性解析

1、句子成分（句子结构）和词性1. 区别句子成分和单词词性：句子成分：主语、主补、谓语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语、同位语、独立结构。单词词性; 名词，形容词，副词，代词，介词，数词，量词。2. 分析句子成分;主语：主语一般由名词，代词，动名词或者动词不定式充当。动名词和动词不定式一般用it充当形式主语。 名词做主语：English is very important. 英语是很重要的。The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。代词作主语They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。Most o

2、f the students come from the countryside. 大多数学生来自农村。动名词作主语Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。动词不定式(短语)作主语To see is to believe. 眼见为实。It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。（解释同上）谓语：谓语一般由动词充当，可作谓语的动词一般为实义动词(也就是行为动词)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。但动词不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词-ing

3、和过去分词-ed）为非谓语动词不能作谓语。实义动词非常多，如kill，hit，cry等等。有时还有情态动词+动词原形做谓语，情态动词有will(would),can(could),may(might),must,need, dear，shall(should)等及其否定形式，这里就不一一说明了。系动词包括：状态系动词be、持续系动词keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand、表像系动词seem, appear, look、感官系动词feel, smell, sound, taste、变化系动词become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, c

4、ome, run、终止系动词 prove, trun out。在初中阶段，我们只要掌握以下几个系动词即可：sound听，watch，see观, feel感, make使, let让, help帮。及物动词作谓语We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?不及物动词作谓语He left here yesterda

5、y. 他昨天离开这儿。Youre driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。连系动词表状态He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。The box itself is not so heavy.

6、箱子本身并不重。We see him singing in the classroom.我们看见他正在教室里唱歌。Tom made his mother very angry.汤姆让他妈妈很生气。表语：表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、分词、数词等充当。They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。 名词What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。 代词Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。 数词John is captain of the te

7、am. 约翰是足球队的队长。 名词The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。 反身代词The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。反身代词All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只需从机场打个的即可。 动词不定式My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。 动名词He is singing in the calssroom.他正在教室里唱歌。 分词（-ing）Tom made his mo

8、ther very angry.汤姆让他妈妈很生气。 形容词宾语：宾语是行为动词（实义动词）的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。 名词I bought a ticket for Milan. 我买了一张去米兰的车票。 名词I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。 动名词Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了吗? 动名词He certainly did not want to join them. 他确实不想参加他们的活动

9、。 动词不定式They decided to close the border. 他们决定封闭边境。动词不定式We hoped that all would come well. 我们希望一切都会好转。 句子We expected that you would stay for a few days. 我们预计你会待几天的。 句子定语：定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。形容词性物主代词Mr. Gr

10、een has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。数词The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。介词短语The man downstairs couldnt sleep well. 楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。 副词I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。形容词Can you find out the answer to the question？你能找到这个问题的答案吗？介词短语Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的东西吗？动词不定式A barking dog sel

11、dom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。分词（-ing）A man going to die is always kind-hearted. 人之将死，其言也善。分词（-ing）The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 送往委员会的建议被采纳了。分词（-ed）Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗？ 定语从句状语：英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度

12、、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结果、伴随等。(1) 时间状语 I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。Hearing the news, they felt very excited. 听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。Go along this street until you reach the end. 沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。(2) 地点状语 Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。You should put the book where it was. 你应该把这本书放回原来的

13、地方。(3) 程度状语 I have quite a lot of work to do. 我有相当多的工作要做。(4) 目的状语Well go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. 这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper. 他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。(5) 方式状语We usually go to sc

14、hool on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。 Please do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。(6) 让步状语Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. 虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. 无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。(7) 条件状语If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the others.假如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。Given more attention, the

15、flowers would have grown better. 如果给予更多的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。(8) 比较状语Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的手表与我的不一样。Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. 迈克不及杰克高。(9) 原因状语We didnt go to the park because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们没有去公园。Im glad to meet you. 见到你我很高兴。Being ill, he didnt go to school. 由于病了，他没有去上学

16、。(10) 结果状语The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 风是如此地猛烈，以致于我们寸步难行。He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早地离去，(结果) 因此赶上了火车。(11) 伴随状语The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm. 这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of hi

17、s students. 老师进到教室里来，后面跟着一群学生。宾语补足语（宾补）：宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：Tom found the climb quite easy. 汤姆觉得爬山很容易。形容词Dont be so formal. Call me Jim. 不要这样正规，叫我吉姆好了。名词Im finished. Lets go now. 我已干完，咱们走吧。形容词You must keep it clean. 你要把它保持干净。形容词I have the car waiting. 我让汽车等着。分

18、词（-ing）We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。分词（-ed）Why dont you have your hair cut? 你为什么不理发? 分词（-ed）He had his finger hurt. 他的手指弄伤了。分词（-ed）I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。分词（-ed）I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。动词不定式She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足够的衣服穿。动词不定式He made me repeat

19、 the story. 他要我把那事重讲一遍。动词不定式不带toRain makes plants grow. 雨水使植物生长。动词不定式不带to注意：后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call, name, think, make, choose 等，后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at 等)，使役动词(如 let, have, make 等)，动词不定式不带 to。

20、同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。 We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。独立成分（独立结构）：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：Hes a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。时态一、一般现在时： 概念：经常

21、、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原行为动词。二、一般过去时： 概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习

22、惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。三、现在进行时：概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在

23、进行的动作及行为。时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。四、过去进行时：概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构：was/were+doing 否定形式：was/were + not + doing. 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。五、现在完成时：概念：过去发

24、生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc.基本结构：have/has + done否定形式：have/has + not +d one.一般疑问句：have或has。六、过去完成时：概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.基本结构：had + done.否定形式：had

25、 + not + done.一般疑问句：had放于句首。七、一般将来时：概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。八、过去将来时：概念：立足于

26、过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。. 几种常見时态的相互转换英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常見的转换形式：一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中，延续

27、性动词能与表示一段时间的状语連用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用別的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对應的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间連用；瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago.B. He has been in the League for tw

28、o years.C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.Peter is working, but Mike is playing.三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中go, c

29、ome, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon.The train will leave soon.四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的轉换“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：We are going to v

30、isit the Great Wall next Sunday.We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday现在完成时一 现在完成时的构成:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 (过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。略 )     选择填空( )1.I Enghish in this school since 1999(A)taught (B)have taught (C)tea (D)would teach( )2.Lilei the pen for five y

31、ears(A)has had (B)bought (C)have had (D)have bought( )3.Kate her grand mother's photo beforeA.haven't seen B.have seen C.see D.hasn't seen( )4. Mary you these days?(A)Has,seen (B)Do,see (C)Did,see (D)Is,seeing( )5.so far ,we thousands of Building in Quanzhou(A)build (B)have build (C)buil

32、d (D)will build二、否定式:主语 + havent/hasnt + 过去分词 疑问式: Have /Has + 主语 + 过去分词?  简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定)选择填空( )1.Have you finished your work? .(A) Yes, I have. (B) Yes, I do. (C) Yes, I am. (D) Yes, I did.( )2.Has she ever learned English? (A) Yes, she has. (B) Y

33、es, she does. (C) No, she doesnt (D)No, she has( )3.He finished his homework yet?(A)doesnt(B)havent (C) hasnt (D) doesnt have三 现在完成时的含义之一表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与never/ever，just，already/yet，before。so far等连用。这些标志词可以表达这种含义 以already, just和yet为标志 already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。He has alrea

34、dy got her help. He has just seen the film.      He hasnt come back yet.。  以ever和never为标志 ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。 This is the best film I haveever seen. He has never been to Beijing.    以动作发生的次数为标志 若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时. He says he has been t

35、o the USA three times.   以so far为标志 so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。       He has got to Beijing so far. She has passed the examso far.选择填空( )1.Have you travelled on the train. Yes, I have.(A)never (B)ever (C)just (D)yet( )2.Have you finished your homework?Not .(A)ever (B

36、)already (C)yet (D)just( )3. We haven't finished our homework .(A)already(B)ever (C)yet (D)never( )4.Have you learned English?Yes, I've learned a lot.(A)never,ever(B)ever,never(C)ever,already (D)already.ever( )5.Have you finihed your homework ?Yes,I've done that (A)yet,already (B)already

37、, yet (C)ever,never (D)still,just( )6.John's father borrowed some pictures(A)have already (B)has just (C)have ever (D)has yet四、现在完成时含义之二表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与for, since, how long, these days等连用。Since+过去点的时间（since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点）Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. Hes learned

38、about 5,000 English words since he went to college. for+一段时间（数词+量词），（for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段）。此划线部分用how long提问。We have known each other for twenty years. I havent seen her for a long time. Exercises4 A）用since和for填空1) _ two years2) _ two years ago3) _ last month 4) _ 19995) _ yesterday6) _ 4 ocloc

39、k7) _ 4 hours8) _ an hour ago9) _ we were children 10) _ lunch time11) _ she left hereB）用since和for填空1. He has lived in Nanjing _ the year before last.2. Ive known him _ we were children.3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _ three years.4. She has been away from the city _ about ten years.5. Its abou

40、t ten years _ she left the city.C）选择填空( )1.I've been like this ever snice (A)last week (B) for a week (C) a week before (D)the last week( )2.My mother has worked in this factory 2 years.(A)about (B)for (C)in (D)since( )3. I haven't heard from him last week.(A)since (B) for (C)ago (D)before(

41、)4.His father joined the party_(A)for three years (B)since three years ago(C)three years ago (D)in two years' time( )5.He moved here in 1999,and he has been here .(A)at that time (B)for five years ago(C)since four years (D)for four years( )6.Tom has been away from home about five days ago.(A) (B

42、)in (C)since (D)for五、句式：主句（现在完成时）since+ 从句（一般过去时）Exercies 5 选择填空( )1.she Enghish in our school ever since she here.(A)has taught, come (B)taught ,came(C)has taught, has come (D)teaches,has come( )2.OurEnghish teacher in our school since he to China.(A)has taught . come (B)taught,come(C)has taught,ha

43、s . come (D)teaches,has come( )3.She in Quanzhou since she born in 1980(A)has lived, has been (B)has lived, was(C)lived, has been (D)lived, was六、句式：Its 一段时间since从句（用一般过去时）Exercies 6 选择填空 ( )1.Its ten years since she .(A)has left (B)has been away (C)left (D)leave ( )2. Its three years since he the ar

44、my . (A)has joined (B)has been in (C)join (D)joined七、have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 此外还有这些搭配：have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm have been here (ther

45、e) / abroadhave(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用， I have just been to the post office. Mary has never been to the Great Wall. Have you ever been to Hangzhou? have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。：I have been to Beijing three times.。They have been to that village several times. hav

46、e(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。-Where is Tom? -He has gone to the bookshop.。Jack Johnson has gone to London. Exercises7A） 用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。A: Where _ Li Fei _?B: He _ to Hainan Island.A: How long _ he _ there?B: He _ there for three days.A

47、: When will he come back , do you know?B: Im afraid he wont come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?B: Sorry, I _ never _ there.A: How many times _ Li Fei _ to that place?B: He _ there only once. B） 用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。1) Where is Jack? He _ his country

48、.2) David _ the park just now.3) John _ England since he came back.4) How long _ have _ this village?5) The Smiths _ Beijing for years.6) _ you ever _ America? - Yes, I _ there many times.7) I _ this school since three years ago.8) Where is Jim? He _ the farm.C）选择填空( )1.Mrs whites isn't here,she

49、 London,she there many times(A)has been to , went (B)has gone to , hasbeen(C)went to, has gone (D)has been to , has gone( )2.She has_ to Beijing twice .(A)gone (B) got (C)been (D)come( )3.where your father , Li Lei?To Beijing(A)have,been (B)has,been (C)have,gone (D)has,gone( )4.Mr Green isn't in

50、 the office , He to the library(A)has gone (B)went (C)has been (D)will go( )5.Mr smith to Tokyo and he will be back in a week(A)has been (B)has visited (C)has sent (D)has gone( )6.They_ China for two years (A)have been to (B)have been in(c)have gone to (D)have come to八、现在完成时的反意疑问句【have（nt）/has（nt）代词

51、】Exercises8 选择填空( )1.Jim's been to the Great wall before , ?(A)isn't (B)wasn't (C)hasn't (D)doesn't( )2.She's never been to England, she?(A)has (B)hasn't (C)isn't (D)is九、How long与现在完成时Exercies 9 选择填空( )1.-_ have you been here? - Since last year(A)How far (B)How long (C)How often (D)How soon( )2._has Hanmei been in the library.(A)Howlon