英语中级听力课程Lesson-27

1、英语中级听力课程Lesson-27Lesson 27In terviewer: I un dersta nd youre in terested in holisticmedicine. Can you explain what holistic medici ne is?Vivie nne: OK. Holistic medici ne, um, takes into considerati on the whole of the pers on. Now what this meansin, in most holistic systems is regarding the person

2、as aphysical entity, a men tal or emoti onal pers on, and alsoeve n their spiritual side of them. Um, it also includeslooking at the body as a whole rather than looking at individual parts of the body, and as a way of expla ining this,we could look at conven ti onal medicine as producingpeople who a

3、re like acardiologist, who looks at a heart, um, a brain specialist, aperson who deals with bones, er, etc. So what weve tended to do in conven ti onal medic ine is break things dow nto a point where were actually only look ing at one part ofthe person and were not actually relating terribly well th

4、atpart to the rest of the body, whereas holistic medici ne insists that if there is a problem, er, with your right foot, thatis going to somehow, um, affect your en tire body.In teriewer: Um, your specialityis acup un cture.Er, is that a part of holistic medic ine?Vivie nne: Acup un cture is very mu

5、ch a holistic system.Um, traditi on ally the Chin ese regarded the person verymuch as a whole entity and acupuncture itself works onan energy system basically, and in a very simplified way,its saying that, er, you have an energy system within yourbody and whe n that en ergy becomes blocked or tainte

6、din some way, then you will manifest certa in symptomsand the things that we look at in conven ti onal medic ineas thi ngs like arthritis or rheumatism are, to the Chinese,merely an imbala nee of the en ergy. So, i n this way, theymay say to you, well, yes, you have rheumatoid arthritisbut were goin

7、g to actually look at your en ergy bala neeand rebala nee you, and, as a result, yoursymptomsshould disappear.In terviewer: Um, is acup un cture esse ntially a form ofpreve ntative medic ine?Vivie nne: Traditi on ally, it was, very much. Um, in fact,traditi on ally, i n China, people only used to pa

8、y the doctorwhile they were well and they used to go to their doctorfairly regularly on, you know, maybe four or five times ayear, and they would only pay the doctor whenthey werekept well. And if they got sick, they did nt pay the doctor.And the doctor had various methodsof which acup un cture was

9、one, diet was ano ther,exercise was another, er, of ensuring that the person liveda right life style and their emphasis was on if youre living aright life style, if youre living in tune with the laws of theuni verse,going to sleep whe n its dark,waking up when its light,working,resting,doing all the

10、se things properly, the n you wont get sick.Unfortun ately, our way of look ing at life in the West isvery differentin that we tendto struggle on in spite of our headache and not taketerriblymuch notice of our body when thingsare not quite right and we tend to struggle on until we fallover and we ge

11、t carted off to hospital in an ambulanee.And so, acupuncture in the West, unfortun ately, i n a way,has come to be not the preventative medicine that it couldbe because were not takingresponsibilityeno ugh for ourselves in going along and making sure thatwe stay well.Janice: So you really believe th

12、at clothes carry a kind ofmessagefor other people and that what we put on is insome way a reflecti on of what we feel?Pauline: Oh yes, very much so. People are beginningnowto take seriously the idea of a kind of psychology ofclothing, to believe that there is not just in dividual taste inour clothes

13、 butalso a thi nki ng behi nd what we wear which is trying toexpress someth ing we may not eve n be aware ofourselves.Janice: But surely this has always been the case. Wealldress up when we want to impress some one, such as fora job in terview with a prospective employer; we tend tomake an effort an

14、d put on somethi ng smart.Pauli ne: True, but thats a con scious act. What rm talkingabout is more of a subconscious thing. Take for examplethe student whois away from home at college or university:if he tends to wrap himself up more than the others, this isbecausehe is probably feeli ng homesick. S

15、imilarly, a gen eral feeling of in securitycan sometimes takethe form of over-dressing in warmer clothes than are necessary.Jani ce: Can you give any other examples of this kin d?Pauline: Yes. I think people who are sociable andoutgoing tend to dress in an extrovert way, preferri ngbrighter or more

16、dazzli ngbright reds, and so on. In thesame way, what might be see n as a parallel with theanimal kingdom, aggressive clothes might in dicate anaggressive pers on ality or attitude to life. Think about thethreat displays used by ani mals whe n they want to warnoff opp onen ts.coloursyellows,Janice:D

17、o you think the careor lack ofitover the way we actually wear our clothes hasanything to tell us?Pauli ne: Yes, i ndeed. The len gth, for example, of amans trousers speaks volumes about his awareness ofhis own image. Or, if his trousers are at half-mast, all sortof hanging down, this probably means

18、hes absorbed byother thi ngs.Jani ce: Really.Pauli ne: Or, to give you other examples, ofte n minoritygroups, who have perhaps failed to persuade with words,tend to express themselves by weari ng unconven ti on al,or what some might consider outrageous clothing, as away of showingtheir thoughts and

19、feeli ngs are differe nt from the rest,and so they find an outlet in this way.Janice: That surely spills over into other things as well.Pauli ne: Oh yes, i ndeed. Haircuts, jewellery, kinds offabric usedthese thi ngs can all be aform of rebelli on. But to get back to clothes, I would like toadd that

20、 a whole lot about our pers on ality is con veyed inour clothes and the way we lookaggressiveness,rebelliousness,happ in ess, sad ness, and so on. These can all beinterpreted.Think of the ageing pop star who maybe pushing middle age, hell keep on dressing up like arebel to try to prove hes with it s

21、till, and in touch with hisyoung fans and curre nt tren ds.Jani ce: Do you think that at work clothes and gen eralappeara nee have any sig nifica nee?Pauli ne: Defin itely. Wevealready spoke n aboutjob in terviews a bit, and its in terest ing tonote that in a recent survey it was suggested thatemplo

22、yers prefer young executives to stick to grey, blackand dark blue suits if they are men, and classical outfitsand dresses in sober colours if they are wome n, perhapsbecause they feel this is a reflection of a more responsibleand sober attitude to work and will also project this imageto customers.Ja

23、ni ce: Do you subscribe to this opinion?Pauli ne: I pers on allythi nk that too muchcon servatism defeats the object of the clothesin dustry. They want to create new fashi ons and colour tosell clothes, so I cant really say that I go alongwholeheartedly with it. There should be room for manoeuvre, l

24、eav ing people scope to express their individualityin what they are weari ng.Weve all see n them on TV commercials, lookingout at us from the covers of glossy magaz ines or showing off the latest creati ons from Paris, and it must haveseemed to us that they have lives which are all glamour.Jeffrey I

25、n grams has bee n delv ing into the world of thefashion model and has come up with some interestingfacts.Deni se: The average model can earn roughly the sameas a top secretary on the basis, that is, that shes a freelanee with an age nt wholl send her out for auditi ons and interviews and get work fo

26、r her.Jeffrey:Denise Harper is a model age nt. TheCen tral Model Agen cy, i n which shes a part ner, is veryclosely associated with the Metropolitan Academy ofModelli ng, where doze ns of aspiri ng models havecomeover the years to pay their money to take a basiccourse in the techniques of being a mo

27、del. Just over fiveyears ago, one such aspiri ng model was eightee n-year-old MargaretConnor, fresh from school.Margaret: Your mother has told you that youre a prettygirl and you think that youre Gods gift. Youre not, ofcourse, but the Academy give you the works, how to domake-up, how to walk, how t

28、o do your hair, dress sen se,the lot.Jeffrey: Now before we go any further I really ought to giveyou someidea of what Margaret looks like. Shes about 5feet 8 in ches tall, with shoulder-le ngth aubur n hair, hazeleyes and a ready smile. Like Margaret, every model hasher in dex card which pote ntial

29、clie nts can keep in theirfiles to refer to. Whe n not worki ng, Margaret is a ratherprettier-tha n-average girl-next-door, but her photographaloneseemedto show that she can be as versatile and as fashi onable as anyone might want. But why did Denise Harperpick her out from the other similar applica

30、 ntsfor themodelli ng course atAcademy?Deni se: I always look for pers on ality, poise, goodheight and, very important, initiative, of whichMargaret has. You try to find above a girl who you thinkwill work and is not only in it for the mon ey.Jeffrey: Naturally, whe n theyve fini shed the course itt

31、heallalldoes nt always mean automaticallythatthey are set for stardom. Margaret occasi on ally givesclasses at the Academyand she told mewhy some girlsjust pack in the job.Margaret:Sometimes the work is too hard,sometimes its too scarce and sometimes you have topush yourself too much. Youve got to b

32、e a saleswoma nto be a model, just sitti ng back and thinking youre goingto be cosseted is no good, youve got to go out there andget work. But once youve got it, OK, fine.Jeffrey: Whe n work does come alon g, it could be prettywell any thi ng.Margaret: Really its a different job every timeit mightbe

33、 TV advertisements, live advertis ingpromoti ons, aphoto sessi on,anything.Jeffrey: I asked Margaret to give me some idea of a typicalday in her life.Margaret: This is the fun thing about it, really. Youve gotno idea what youll be doing tomorrow, no thi ngs planned ahead. Theres such a variety of wa

34、ys of spe ndingthe day. Theres a sort ofwake-up at 8 oclock with the phone ringingday,and next minute youre off abroad somewhere, which iseverybodys idea of modelli ng. Then, other days youhave to go round and sell yourself because youve gotnothing on at allseeing photographers, magaz in es, newspap

35、ers, gen erally gett ing your face around. On abusy day youve got to dash from job to job, its all veryhectic, but basically youve always got to have everythi ngliterally by the phone, be ready to leave at a momentsnotice. But theres variety in it. Maki ng TV commercialshas in fact now overtake n st

36、raightforward fashi on as ourfavouriteoccupati on.Its more funtha nphotographic work, where one splitsec onddecides whether you look nice or no t. I n a TV commercialtheres someacting involved, and you have to keep it upfor a while, which is more of a challe nge.Jeffrey: Whe n Margaret said she kept

37、 everythi ng by thepho ne, I won dered what she meant.Margaret:Definitelyyour diary, with a pen,wait ing for that in terview.The n every model hasone arm Ion ger tha n the other (laughs) because of all thethings she has to cart around in her bagspare pairs ofshoes, make-up, spare tights, and a booki

38、t can getboring waitingaroundsometimes. I read such a lot of no vels! Umm, everythingbut the kitchen sink itallhas to be packed in.Jeffrey:Whatever her motivation, its quiteclear that Margaret eno rmously enjoys being a model.Margaret: Yes, I love it! Its fantastic!I justcould ntthi nkof doing any t

39、hi ngelse. Itsalways bee n the glamour that attracted me. To begi nwith, its real hard work to get established, but the varietyand exciteme nt of not knowing from one day to the nextwhats going to happe n has n ever ceased to give me athrill.Solvi ng ProblemsToday I am going to talk about some thoug

40、htsthat psychologists have had on how people go about solving problems.The first point I want to makeis that there is no oneway of solv ing all problems. If you think about it you willrealize the obvious fact that there are many differe ntkinds of problems which have to be solved in differe ntways.

41、Let us take two very differe nt examples. A stude ntis sitting in his study, trying to solve a problem inMathematics. After an hour, still un successful, he givesup and goes to bed. The follow ing morning he wakes upand wan ders intothe study. Sudde nly, the soluti on comes to him.Now for a very dif

42、fere nt ki nd of problem. In theShakespeare playHamlet, young Hamlet, Prince ofDenmark, discovers that his father has been murdered byhis uncle. The evidenee is based on the appeara nee ofhis fathers ghost, urging him to reve nge his death by killing his un cle. Should he accept the ghosts evide nee

43、, andkill his un cle? This is obviously a very differe nt kind ofproblem. Such moral or emotional problems might haveno real soluti on, or at any rate no soluti on that every onemight agree on.There are many other differe nt types of problemsapart from these two. I n this talk, I would like to talk

44、aboutthe first kind of problem: the kind that the student ofMathematics was in volved with.The soluti on to thatkind of problem is sometimes called an A-ha solution,because the soluti on comes sudde nly, out of no whereas it were, and in English people sometimes say A-hawhena good idea comesto them

45、like that. Another, lessamusing, name for ittime the student seems to getno where, and then there is a sudden flash soluti onappears.A classic example of in sight is the case ofthe French mathematicia n,Poin care.spell it. P-O-l-N-C-A-R-E, POINCAREFor fifteen daysPoincare struggled with a mathematic

46、al problem and hadis in sight. For a longof in sightand theIllno success. Then one eve ning he took black coffeebefore going to bed (which was not his usual custom). Ashe lay in bed, he could nt sleep, and all sorts of ideascame to him. By morning he had solved that problemwhich had baffled him for

47、over a fortni ght.What do psychologists have to say aboutthis process of problem solv ing?A very good and helpful description of the solvingprocess has been madeby POLYA,a teacher ofMathematics.II spell his name, too. P-O-L-Y-A, POLYA.Remember that Polya is thinking of in sight problems, andin particular, mathematics problems, but his ideas shouldapply in all sorts of areas.Polyas descriptionhas four stages. Theyare:Stage one:Un dersta nding the problem: At thisstage, the student gathers all the information he n eedsand asks himself two questi ons:The first questi on