最新胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点资料

1、精品文档?语言学教程?重难点学习提示 第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的根本特征任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性；语言的功能应酬、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为；语言的起源神授说,人造说,进化说等. 第二章 语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原那么穷尽、一致、简洁、客观 ；语言学的根本概念口语 与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言水平与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为；普通语言学的分支语音、音位、语法、句法、语义 ；语言学的应用语言学与语言教学、语 言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言 学等. 第三章 语音学

2、 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学； 听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等. 第四章 音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学； 音节；重音词重音、句子重音、音高和语调等. 第五章 词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法合成与派生；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素词根,词缀和词干等. 第六章 词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的识别；习语与搭配. 第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与附属结构；句子成分；

3、范畴性,数,格；一致；短语,从句,句子扩展等. 第八章语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类传统、功能、语用 ；里奇的语义分类；词汇意 义关系同义、反义、下义；句子语义关系. 第九章语言变化 语言的开展变化词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化；第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔 -沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化 的异同. 第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论言内行为、言外行为 和言后行为；合作原那么.精品文档精品文档1.语言的普遍特征：任意性 arbitrariness双层Z构duality既由声音和意义结

4、构多产性 productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性 cultural transmission2.语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive应酬功能：Phatic娱乐功能 recreatinal元语言功能 metalingual3 .语言学linguistics :包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学 phonology形态学 Morphology句法学 syntax语义学 semantics语用学 pragmatics4 .现代

5、结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ,语言之语言系统的整体,言语那么只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5 .语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言水平与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can ea

6、sily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2 .What is the most important function of language?

7、a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3 .The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is _a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by _精品文档精品文档a saussureb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague sc

8、hool5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1 .发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2 .辅音 consonant： there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3 .辅音的发音方式爆破音 complete obstruction鼻音 nasals破裂音 plosives局部阻塞

9、辅音partial obstruction擦音 fricatives破擦音affricates等4 .辅音清浊特征voicing 辅音的送气特征aspiration5 .兀首 vowel分类标准舌翘位置,舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies _.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of sound

10、sd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in _a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What pho

11、netic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality精品文档精品文档5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicing b.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6 .The phonological features of the consonant k are _a. voiced stopb. voic

12、eless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7 .p is divverent from k in _a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8 .Vibration of the vocal cords results in _a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学 phonolo

13、gy1 .音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性,主要关注所有语言中人可能发出 的所有声音；音位学那么强调语音的社会功能,其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音.2 .音位 phoneme：最小语音单位3 .音位变体allophones:读音差异4 .比照性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中,而且产生了两个不同的单词,5 .互补性分布；如果两个根本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中,那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系,如送气 p绝不会出现在s之后,不送气的p绝不会出现在词首6 .音节 syllable, 分为节首 onset, 节峰 peak, 节尾 coda7 .

14、辅音群：一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音,节尾不能超过 4个8 .最小语音对 minimal pairsI. Introduction1. What is LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. What is Linguistics语言学Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic Distinctions区分in Linguistics3.1 Speech and Writ

15、ingOne general principle 原贝U of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope范畴and uses that speech does not have.3.2 Descriptive描述性or Prescriptive说明性A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it

16、tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.精品文档精品文档3.3 Synchronic共时and Diachronic历时StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.3.4 Langue语言and Parole言语This is a disti

17、nction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure 索绪尔early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized实际的language, or realization of langue.3.5 Competence水平and Performance行为Competence is the ideal lan

18、guage user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances 发声.4. The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics语音学is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech s

19、ounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.Phonology音韵学is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology词法is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.Syntax句法is the branch of linguistics which studies the r

20、ules governing the combination of words into sentences.Semantics语义学is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.Applied linguistics应用语言学 is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.

21、Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.Historical Linguistics 历史语言学 is the study of language changes.Anthropological linguistics 人文语言学 uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patt

22、erns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics神经语言学 studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.Mathematical linguistics数学语言学 studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.Computational linguistics计算语言学 is an approach

23、to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer.II. Phonetics语音学1. scope of phoneticsSpeech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:Articulatory phonetics发音语音学 we may examine the way in

24、which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate协调 in the process.Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated调节by the ear, the auditory nerve神经 and the brain.Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学we study the

25、 physical properties of speech sounds, astransmitted 传送between mouth and ear.2. The vocal organsThe vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream, 气流精品文档精品文档发生器官the producer of voice 声音发生器官and the resonating cavities.声音共振器官3. Consonants辅音Places of articulat

26、ion发音部位：bilabial,双唇Labiodentals,唇齿dental,齿alveolar, 齿龈retroflex,卷舌palate-akeolar,上齿龈palatal,上颗velar,软腭uvular, 小舌glottal声门Manners of articulation: plosive,暴破 nasal,鼻音trill,颤音lateral,边音 fricative,摩擦approximant,近似音affricate 破擦4. Vowels 元音The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising high,

27、mid, low, the position of the highest part of the tonguefront, central, back, and the degree of lip roundingrounded, unrounded III. Phonology 音韵学1. phonemes音素：a distinctive有区另1J的sound in a language.2. Allophones音位变体：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.3. Minimal pairs最小对立体： wor

28、d forms which differ from each other only by one sound.4. Free variation 自由变异：If two sounds occurring in the same environment环境,they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.5. Complementary distribution补充分类：Not all the speech sounds occur in the

29、sameenvironment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment.6.Suprasegmental phonology超音段音位：the study of phonological properties性质 of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable音节,stress,重音wordstress, sentence stress. pitch 音调and intonation 语调IV. Morphology 词法1. inflection构形法：th

30、e grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.屈折词缀2. Word-formation构词：the processes延程 of word variations signaling lexical relationships. 说明词法关系They are compound合成and derivation 派生.3. Morpheme词素： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.4.

31、Allomorph同质异象变体： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance,alternate shapes or phonetic forms.5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,词根 affix 词缀 and stem 词干6. Lexicon语言词7匚：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.7. Closed-class words封闭性 and open-class words开放性：the form

32、er whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle 实际上 indefinite or unlimited.8. Word class词性：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.9. Lexeme词位：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other small

33、er units.10. Idiom习语,成语： Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words词序which is semantically 语义上and often syntactically句法上 restricted.限制11. Collocation搭配：the habitual习惯的co-occurrences 同时出现of individual lexical items.V. Syntax 句法1. Positional relation or word order 词

34、序：the sequential顺序 arrangement of words in a精品文档精品文档language.2. Construction or constituent 句子结构：the overall process of internal 内部organization of a grammatical unit .3. Syntactic function句法功能：the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. T

35、he names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,修饰语complements 补语,etc.4. Category范畴：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender,

36、case and countability.5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of la

37、nguage that expresses a complete thought.VI. Semantics1. Conceptualism or mentalism 概念主义：Following F. De Saussure索学尔's "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier所指 and signified 被指,i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological 心 理的"associati

38、ve" bond.相关联系2. Mechanism机械主义：Some linguists, Bloomfield,布鲁费尔德 for example, turned to science to counter 反-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approachi 方法.The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.智力现象3. Contextu

39、alism 语境主义：It is based on the presumption假定that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.4. Behaviorism 行为主义：Behaviorists attempt to define 定义the meaning of a language form as "the situation情景 in which the speaker utters 说话 it and the response 反响 it calls forth in the hear

40、er."5. functionalism 功能主义：functionalists as represented 代表 by the Prague school 布拉格 学派linguists and neo-Firthian 新弗斯linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation 方法.They argue 争that meaning could only be interpreted 解释 from its use or function in social life.6. Sense relation

41、ships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc., and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy同义词,antonym反义词,hypon

42、ymy下层次Polysemy一词多义and Homonymy 同音异义词7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1 componential 成分 analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. 意义成分 2 predication 表述analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which c

43、ompose it. 3 relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.VII. Language variation 语言变化1. Lexical change词汇的变化：changes in lexis.2. Invention:新造词 new entities.精品文档精品文档3. Compounding合成tBJ New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.4. Blending: 混合词：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two