英语基础语法

1、英语主干1. 词汇2. 时态主动语态+被动语态动作 时间一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时sb. do/doesbe doinghave/has donehave/has bee nsth. be donebe being donehave/has bee ndoingdone过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时sb. didwas/were doinghad donesth.was/werewas/were beinghad bee n donedonedone将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时 1sb.will dowill be doingwill hav

2、e donesth.willbewill be beingwill have bee ndonedonedone过去一般过去将来过去将来进行时过去将来完成时将来sb.would dowould be doingwould have donesth. would bewould be beingwould have bee ndonedonedone3.从句1主语从句2宾语从句3表语从句4定语从句5状语从句6同位语从句4. 其他句型：包括强调句、倒装句、not.unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规那么等。主语从句I. 主语从句：主语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当主语1. 当主语是陈述句时，连接词

3、是that 即：that(不省略)+该陈述句Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain.(We will be late.)2. ) That he did not come yesterday is a pity. (He did not come yesterday.)(注意)主语从句的that 一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain.(主语从句，that 不能省略)2. ) I hope (that) we will win the game.(宾语从句，that 可

4、以省略)2. 当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not)即: whether(or not)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序(注意)“if不能引导主语从句，这要与宾语从句进行区分。Eg. 1.) Whether he will go there is not known. (Will he go there?)2. ) Whether they can finish the job (or not) is not clear.(Can they fin ish the job?)3. 当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“ 8W+H即:特殊疑问词 “8W+H +该特殊疑问句的陈述

5、语序(注：8W 指的是 what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H 指的是 how)Eg. 1.) What he did yesterday is not known. (What did he do yesterday?)2. ) Where he went yesterday is not clear. (Where did he go yesterday?)3. ) Which team he liked has not been decided. (Which team did he like?)4. ) Who won the game

6、seems certa in. (Who won the game?)5. ) Whom he met yesterday is not clear. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)6. ) Why he was late for the meeting is to be found out.(Why was he late for the meeti ng?)7. ) Whose book this is is not clear.(Whose book is this?)8. ) When he will arrive is not known. (When w

7、ill he arrive?)9. ) How we will help the lost boy will be discussed at the meet ing.(How will we help the lost boy?)II. (注意一) 主语从句后置 !为了防止主语冗长 ,句子头重脚轻 ,经常用 it 作形式主语 ,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain.- It 's certain that we will be late.2. ) Whether he will go there is not k

8、nown.- It is not known whether he will go there.3. ) Where he went yesterday is not clear.- It is not clear where he went yesterday.It 作形式主语常用句型： (that 引导的主语从句是真正的主语 )It is possible/important/necessary/clear that.It ' s said/ reported tha据说 /据报道It ' s been announced/declared that.已经通知 /宣布It

9、seems/appears/happens that显然、明显、碰巧 .It ' s no wonder that并不奇怪/无疑(注意二)主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数。 What 引导的主语从句，谓语动词根据表语决定What he needs _is_ that book.What he needs _are_ some books.(注意三) What 与 that 引导主语从句的区别Eg. (1) What you said yesterday is right. (What did you say yesterday?)(2) That she is still alive

10、is a puzzle. (She is still alive.)练习题1. _ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A. That B. Why C. WhatD. How2. _we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A IfB Whether C ThatD Where3. _ is known to us all is that America is a developed country.A. WhichB. As C. WhatD. It4. It

11、 's known to us all _ a form of energy .A. water isB. that water isC. is waterD. that water to宾语从句I. 宾语从句：宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语1. 当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是that 即：that(可省略)+该陈述句Eg. 1.) I hope (that) he will come tomorrow.(He will come tomorrow.)2. ) He guesses (that) this team will win.(This team will win.)(注意

12、)主语从句的that 一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain.(主语从句，that 不能省略)2. ) I believe (that) we will win the game.(宾语从句，that 可以省略)2. 当宾语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not)/if即：whether(or n ot)/if + 该一般疑问句的陈述语序Eg. 1.) I ask whether/if Tom knows Jack. (Does Tom know Jack?)2.) I don 'kno

13、w whether/if he came back yesterday. (Did he come back yesterday?)3. 当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H即：特殊疑问词“8W+H +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序(注：8W-what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/whe n, H-how )Eg. 1.) I don 'know what he did yesterday.(What did he do yesterday?)2. ) He wants to know where he went yesterday. (Wher

14、e did he go yesterday?)3. ) He didn 'tell me which team he liked. (Which team did he like?)4. ) We want to know who won the game at last. (Who won the game?)5. ) His mom asked whom he met yesterday. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)6. ) He didn 'find out why he was late for the meeting.(Why was

15、he late for the meeti ng?)7. ) I am not sure whose book this is.(Whose book is this?)8. ) They ask me when he will arrive.(Whe n will he arrive?)9) We have discussed how we will help the lost boy.(How will we help the lost boy?)II.注意一当主句的谓语动词是comma nd/dema nd/in sist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动词

16、时，从句谓语动词用(should ) +动词原词，should可以省略。eg ( 1)She required (that) he (should) go back home right now.She required (that) he go back home right now.(2) I suggested (that) he (should) ask his teacher for help.I suggested (that) he ask his teacher for help.(注意二)当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think 等作谓语动词时，否认要

17、前移。Eg. I don ' thi nk that he will come tomorrow. (He won 'come tomorrow.)He doesn't believe that it is true.(It is not true.)(注意三)宾语从句的语序宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分eg. I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wan ted to know what they can do for u

18、s.(注意四)宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，那么从句要用过去 完成时态。eg. 1)She says that she is a stude nt.She said that she was a stude nt.2) She says that she will fly to Japa n in a week.She said that she would fly to Japa n in a week.(注意五)由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从

19、句(也就是第二、第三种情况时)，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词+不定式做宾语的简单句结构。eg. I don ' t know what should do next.I don 'k now what to do n ext.He did n' t know wher曲e would live.He didn ' t knowhere to live.He wasn 'tclear which way he should go to reach the bank.=He wasn 'tclear which way t

20、o go to reach the bank.注意七含有宾语补足语时，假设宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语it代替，真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。Eg. 1 We think it wonderful that we will go on a trip this weekend.宾语是陈述句 2 Ithi nk it un certai n whether we will win the game. _ 宾语是一般疑问句3We hope it discussed how we will solve the problem.宾语是特殊疑问句 练习题1。一 Do you kn owthe Capi

21、tal Museum?Next Friday.A. whe n will they visitB. whe n they will visitC. whe n did they visitD. whe n they visited2. -Can you tell me?-She is in the computer lab.A. where Linda was B. where is LindaC. where was Linda D. where Linda is 3 。3。 GuessI did yesterday !I think you went to a party.A. where

22、 B. when C. what D. which4。 Could you let me knowyesterday?Because the traffic was heavy.A. why did you come late B. why you came lateC. why do you come late D. why you come late5。 一 Do you knowthe MP3 player last week?Sorry, I have no idea.A. how much did she pay forB. how much will she pay for C.

23、how much she paid for同位语从句同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, fact, truth, decision, fact, hope, idea, information,message, news,promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word 消息，agreement 致，problem , question.doubt, thought 等。The n ews that Mr. Li will be our new En glish t

24、eacher is true.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如:The n ews is true that Mr. Li will be our new En glish teacher.1. 一.当同位语从句是陈述句时，连接词是that 即：that不省略+该陈述句Eg.1 The n ews that Mr. Li will be our new En glish teacher is true.2. He admitted the fact that he had stolen the wallet.注意that引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间的

25、桥梁而已，无任何意义，也不充当任何成分，但that不可以省略二.当同位语从句是一般疑问句时，连接词是whetheror not即：whetheror not+该一般疑问句的陈述语序注意此处不能用if.1. He hasn ' t made thecision whether he will go there.decision 的内容是 Will he go there?2. They have not come to an agreement whether he should take part in this game. agreement 的 内容是 Should he take

26、 part in this game?三.当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H即：特殊疑问词“8W+H +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序注：8W 指的是 what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H 指的是 how1. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.2. We haven ' t yet settled thquestion where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.3. W

27、e have not come to a conclusion which team is the best.4. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.5. The doubt whom he talked with yesterday is important to the case 案件.6. ) The doubt why he did not come yesterday is important to the case(案件).7. ) The problem whose mone

28、y this is has not been solved.8. ) I have no suggestion when he will be back .9. ) The thought came to me how I can solve this problem.2. that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别1) 意义不同：that引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容，是解释中心词；而that引导的定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词，是修饰中心词(先行词)。Eg. The news that our team has won the final match is true. T

29、he news that he told us is true.分析中that引导同位语从句，解释说明“news的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。中that引导定语从句，对“ news加以限定：是他告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道，起 修饰作用。2) that 功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词，不充当任何成分；而that引导定语从句时，是关系代词，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充 当主语、宾语等成分。Eg. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the

30、 English test. .Dad made a promise that excited all his childre n.分析中that引导 同位语从句，其中that无词义，也不充当任何成分；.中that引导定语从句，that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语，且that可以用which替换。3) that可否省略：that引导同位语从句时，不可省略。在引导定语从句时，假设在从句中作宾语，可以省略，假设作主 语那么不可以省略。Eg.The news that our team has won the final match is true. The news (that) he

31、told us is true. The news that is from this newspaper is true.分析中that引导 同位语从句，不能省略。 .中that引导定语从句，that指代news,在从句中充当宾语，that可以用which替换， 也可以省略。 中that也是引导定语从句，that指代news,在从句中充当主语，that可以用which替 换，但that不能省略。3. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰的先行词后面，而被别的词隔开。Eg. The news is true that a new te

32、acher will come tomorrow to teach us English. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us English.(定语从句 who will teach you English 修饰 a new teacher,被 will come tomorrow 隔开，定语从句 与先行词别离)练习题1) . They expressed the hopethey would come over to China soon.2) The facth e didn ' t see Tom this mo

33、rning is true.3) Word has comesome America n guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4) . He can ' t answer the questionhe got the money from his home yesterday.5) . Do you have any ideais actually going on in the classroom?6) . The problemwe should have the meeti ng in the hall no

34、w must be decided at once.2. The suggesti onthe mon itor gave is good.The suggesti onwe will have a trip on the Great Wall this week is good.A. that B. C. which D. where定语从句定语从句：定语是个句子，也就是一个句子作定语附属于主句。 定语一般是由形容词充当， 所以 定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词 引导的，故又称作 关系从句。关系代词和关系副词又统称为 引导词。区别：汉语中，定语只能放在名词前面，

35、而英语中，定语既可以放在名词前形容词修饰名词，也可以放在名词后面定语从句修饰名词。被修饰的中心词叫作先行词。Eg. 1 He is a clever boy.He is a boy who is clever.a boy是中心词或者先行词，who is clever是修饰a boy的定语从句，who是关系代词，替代先行词a boy拆成两个句子：He is a boy.主干This boy is clever. 定语定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词先行词的后面 ，即:He is a boy this boy is clever. 去掉定语 从句中与中心词先行词重复的局部，即 this boy,把它替换

36、成指人的关系代词 who,即He is a boy who is clever.2他是一个我们喜欢的男孩。拆成两个句子：他是一个男孩。He is a boy.主干我们喜欢这个男孩。We like this boy.定语定语从句在中心词先行词的后面 ，即：He is a boy we like this boy .去掉定语从句中与中心 词先行词重复的局部，即this boy,把它替换成指人的关系代词who,即He is a boy we likewho.但是，定语从句中，关系代词要紧跟中心词先行词后面，所以who要紧跟在a boy后面，即：He is a boy who we like.一. 关

37、系代词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词代替前面的先行词，关系代词/先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose 。that既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作 主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。which代替物，在定语从句中作 主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略who代替人，在定语从句中作 主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。whom代替人，在定语从句中作 宾语，还可省略。whose既可指人又可指物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。一.先行词是人，1在定语从句中充当主语时：that/whoEg. An architect is a

38、 pers on that/who desig ns buildi ngs.I will n ever forget the teacher that/who taught us chemistry in my middle school.2在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/who/whom/ 关系代词省略Eg. Do you know the man that/who/whom/ we met in the school library yesterday?This is the student that/who/whom/ my father taught ten years ago.3在

39、定语从句中充当定语所有格时：whose/ of whomEg.The girl whose father is an engineer studies abroad.其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留学。The girl the father of whom is an engin eer studies abroad.A child whose pare nts are dead is called an orpha n.A child the pare nts of whom are dead is called an orpha n.二.先行词是物，1在定语从句中充当主语时：that/w

40、hichEg. Tom works in a factory that/which makes watches.I do not like stories that/which have un happy endin gs.2在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/which/ 关系代词省略Eg. This is the book that/which/ you want to buy?The letter that/which/ I received yesterday is very important.3在定语从句中充当定语 所有格时：whose /which ' /of whichE

41、g. Do you know the hotel whose win dow we can see here?=Do you know the hotel which 'swindow we can see here?=Do you know the hotel the window of which we can see here?关系代词 whose 指代先行词 hotel,也可以用 of which, whose window=the window of which,意思是：the window of the hotel。He can repair the desk whose

42、leg is broken.=He can repair the desk which ' leg is broken.=He can repair the desk the leg of which is broken.三.先行词既有人，又有物，1在定语从句中充当主语时：thatEg. The time, place and persons that are mentioned in the story are very important.He was watch ing the childre n and parcels that filled the car.他正望着塞满车的孩

43、子和包裹。2在定语从句中充当宾语时：that八关系代词省略Eg. The time, place and persons that/ the writer mentioned in the story are very important.注 意1. 当介词与关系代词紧密相连时，即介词后面的关系代词用whom指人时或者which指物时，而不用who 指人时和that 指人或物时。例如： The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our En glish teacher.我们校长刚刚与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。注意：介词与关系代词不

44、是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法： The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our En glish teacher. The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our En glish teacher. The man our headma

45、ster talked to just now is our En glish teacher.第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。2This is the book for which you asked.注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用which，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下三种说法： This is the book which you asked for. This is the book that you asked for. This is the book you asked for.2. 关系代词w

46、hich可以指代前面的整个句子。关系代词as也可以指代前面的整个句子。Eg. He comes from America, which I know from his acce nt.which在定语从句中作 know的宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子he comes from America.= He comes from America, as I know from his accent.练习题1. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?A. that B. Which C. D. A 、 Band C2. Finally, the

47、 thief handed everything _he had stolen to the police.A. which B. what C. who D. that3. His parents wouldn ' t let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose4 All is needed is a supply of oil.A. the thing B. that C. what D. which5. The place_you are going to visit

48、 is a place of interest . 名胜古迹 A.in which B.at which C.where D.which6. The Summer Palace 颐和园is one of the most beautiful parksbuilt in the Qing Dynasty.清朝A.where were B.where was C.that were D.which was7. She showed me the ditionary_she paid a lot of money.A. which B. C.for which D.that二、关系副词引导的定语从句

49、常用的关系副词只有三个：when,where,why，关系副词在定语从句中作状语，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。一关系副词 when 的用法 关系副词 when 代替的先行词表示的是时间， when 在定语从句作时间状语。Eg. I will never forget those days we lived together.= I will never forget those days which we lived together in.= I will never forget those days in which we lived together.= I will nev

50、er forget those days when we lived together.时间 the time in/on/during which. = 时间 the time when.区分 I will never forget those days we spent together.二关系副词 where 的用法关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。Eg. This is the placeLi Bai once lived.=This is the place which Li Bai once lived in .=This is the p

51、lace in which Li Bai once lived.=This is the place where Li Bai once lived.=This is where LiBai once lived.地点 the place in/at which. = 地点 the place where.区分This is the placeLi Bai once visited.三关系副词 why的用法关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。Eg. This is the reas onhe did not come yesterday.=This is the

52、 reason which he did not come yesterday for.He did not come yesterday for this reas on.=This is the reason for which he did not come yesterday.=This is the reas on why he did not come yesterday.原因 the reason for which.= 原因 the reason why.区分This is the reasonhe expla in ed.注 意1. 以下由关系副词 when/where/wh

53、y引导的定语从句，如果把先行词去掉，那么变成了表语从句。关系副词引导的定语从句：Those days are the time whe n we lived together.This is the place where we lived together 10 years ago.This is the reason why she did not come yesterday.表语从句：Those days are when we lived together.This is where we lived together 10 years ago.This is why she did

54、 not come yesterday.2. 区分定语从句与其它从句的区别。1那些日子是我们曾经住在一起的时光。 Those days are the time when we lived together.定语从句 =Those days are the time which we lived together in.定语从句 =Those days are the time in which we lived together.定语从句 Those days are when we lived together.表语从句表语是特殊疑问句：When did we live together?

55、2这是我们十年前住在一起的地方。 This is the place where we lived together 10 years ago.定语从句=This is the place which we lived together 10 years ago in .定语从句=This is the place in which we lived together 10 years ago. 定语从句 This is where we lived together 10 years ago.表语从句表语是特殊疑问句： Where did we live together 10 years ago?3这是她昨天为何没来的原因。 This is the reason why she did not come yesterday.定语从句=This is the reason which she did not come yesterday for. 定语从句=This is the reason for which she did not come yesterday.定语从句 This is why she did not come yesterday.