太阳能光伏电池论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

1、外文翻译光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计1 .引言太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源越来越受到重视。太阳能发电 已经在很多国家和地区开始普及，太阳能照明也已经在我国很多城市开始投入 使用。作为太阳能照明的一个关键部分，蓄电池的充电以及保护显得尤为重要。 由于密封免维护铅酸蓄电池具有密封好、无泄漏、无污染、免维护、价格低廉、 供电可靠，在电池的整个寿命期间电压稳定且不需要维护等优点，所以在各类 需要不间断供电的电子设备和便携式仪器仪表中有着广泛的应用。采用适当的 浮充电压，在正常使用（防止过放、过充、过流）时，免维护铅酸蓄电池的浮充 寿命可达1216年，如果浮充电压偏差5%则使用寿命缩

2、短1/2。由此可见，充 电方式对这类电池的使用寿命有着重大的影响。由于在光伏发电中，蓄电池无 需经常维护，因此采用正确的充电方式并采用合理的保护方式，能有效延长蓄 电池的使用寿命。传统的充电和保护IC是分立的，占用而积大并且外围电路复 杂。目前，市场上还没有真正的将充电与保护功能集成于单一芯片。针对这个 问题，设计一种集蓄电池充电和保护功能于一身的 IC是十分必要的。2 .系统设计与考虑系统主要包括两大部分：蓄电池充电模块和保护模块。这对于将蓄电池作为 备用电源使用的场合具有重要意义，它既可以保证外部电源给蓄电池供电，又 可以在蓄电池过充、过流以及外部电源断开蓄电池处于过放状态时提供保护， 将

3、充电和保护功能集于一身使得电路简化，并且减少宝贵的而积资源浪费。图1是此Ic在光伏发电系统中的具体应用，也是此设计的来源。免维护铅酸蓄电池的寿命通常为循环寿命和浮充寿命，影响蓄电池寿命的 因素有充电速率、放电速率和浮充电压。某些厂家称如果有过充保护电路，充 电率可以达到甚至超过2c（C为蓄电池的额定容量），但是电池厂商推荐的充电 率是C/20C/3。电池的电压与温度有关，温度每升高 1C,单格电池电压下降 4 mV,也就是说电池的浮充电压有负的温度系数-4mV/C。普通充电器在25C 处为最佳工作状态；在环境温度为 0 c时充电不足；在45 c时可能因严重过充 电缩短电池的使用寿命。要使得蓄电

4、池延长工作寿命，对蓄电池的工作状态要 有一定的了解和分析，从而实现对蓄电池进行保护的目的。蓄电池有四种工作 状态:通常状态、过电流状态、过充电状态、过放电状态。但是由于不同的过放 电电流对蓄电池的容量和寿命所产生的影响不尽相同，所以对蓄电池的过放电 电流检测也要分别对待。当电池处于过充电状态的时间较长，则会严重降低电 池的容量，缩短电池的寿命。当电池处于过放电状态的时间超过规定时间，则 电池由于电池电压过低可能无法再充电使用，从而使得电池寿命降低。根据以上所述，充电方式对免维护铅酸蓄电池的寿命有很大影响，同时为 了使电池始终处于良好的工作状态，蓄电池保护电路必须能够对电池的非正常 工作状态进行

5、检测，并作出动作以使电池能够从不正常的工作状态回到通常工 作状态，从而实现对电池的保护。3 .单元模块设计3.1 充电模块芯片的充电模块框图如图2所示。该电路包括限流比较器、电流取样比较 器、基准电压源、欠压检测电路、电压取样电路和逻辑控制电路。该模块内含有独立的限流放大器和电压控制电路，它可以控制芯片外驱动器,驱动器提供的输出电流为2030mA,可直接驱动外部串联的调整管，从而 调整充电器的输出电压与电流。电压和电流检测比较器检测蓄电池的充电状态， 并控制状态逻辑电路的输入信号。当电池电压或电流过低时，充电启动比较器 控制充电。电器进入涓流充电状态，当驱动器截止时，该比较器还能输出20mA左

6、右，进入涓流充电电流。这样，当电池短路或反接时，充电器只能以小 电流充电，避免了因充电电流过大而损坏电池。此模块构成的充电电路充电过 程分为二个充电状态：大电流恒流充电状态、高电压过充电状态和低电压恒压浮 充状态。充电过程从大电流恒流充电状态开始，在这种状态下充电器输出恒定 的充电电流。同时充电器连续监控电池组的两端电压，当电池电压达到转换电压过充转换电压Vsam时，电池的电量己恢复到放出容量的 70%90%,充电器 转入过充电状态。在此状态下，充电器输出电压升高到过充电压V,由于充电器输出电压保持恒定不变，所以充电电流连续下降。当电流下降到过充中止电流Ioct时，电池的容量己达到额定容量的1

7、00%,充电器输出电压下降到较低的 浮充电压VF。3.2 保护模块芯片内部保护电路模块框图如图3所示。该电路包括控制逻辑电路、取样 电路、过充电检测电路、过放电检测比较器、过电流检测比较器、负载短路检 测电路、电平转换电路和基准电路（BGR）。此模块构成的保护电路如图4所示。当芯片的供电电压在正常工作范围内， 且VM管脚处的电压在过电流I检测电压之下，则此时电池处于通常工作状态， 芯片的充放电控制端CO和DO均为高电平，这时芯片处于通常工作模式。而 当电池放电电流变大，会引起 VM管脚处的电压上升，若VM管脚处的电压在 过电流检测电压Viov之上，则此时电池处于过电流状态，如果这种状态保持相

8、应的过电流延时时间tiov,芯片禁止电池放电，这时充电控制端 CO为高电平， 而放电控制端DO为低电平，芯片处于过电流模式，一般为了对电池起到更加 安全合理的保护，芯片会对电池的不同过放电电流采取不同的过放电电流延时 时间保护。一般规律是过放电电流越大，则过放电电流延时时间越短。当芯片 的供电电压在过充电检测电压之上（Vdd>Vcu）时，则电池处于过充电状态，如 果这种状态保持相应的过充电延时时间tcu芯片将禁止电池充电，此时放电控制 端DO为高电平，而充电控制端CO为低电平，芯片处于过充电模式。当芯片 的供电电压在过放电检测电压之下（Vdd<Vd>则此时电池处于过放电状态，

9、如 果这种状态保持相应的过放电延时时间tdi,芯片将禁止电池放电，此时充电控 制端CO为高电平，而放电控制端DO为低电平，芯片处于过放电模式。4 .电路设计由两个充电与保护模块结构图可将电路分为四部分：电源检测电路（欠压检 测电路）、偏置电路（取样电路、基准电路以及偏置电路 卜比较器部分（包括过充 电检测比较器/过放电检测比较器、过流检测比较器和负载短路检测电路 ）及逻 辑控制部分。文中主要介绍欠压检测电路设计（图5）,并给出带隙基准电路（图6）。蓄电池的充电、电压的稳定尤为重要，欠压、过压保护是必不可少的，因 此通过在芯片内部集成过压、欠压保护电路来提高电源的可靠性和安全性。并 且保护电路的

10、设计要简单、实用，此处设计了一种 CMOS工艺下的欠压保护电 路，此电路结构简单，工艺实现容易，可用做高压或功率集成电路等的电源保护电路。欠压保护的电路原理图如图5所示，共由五部分组成：偏置电路、基准电压、 分压电路、差分放大器、输出电路。本电路的电源电压是10V； M0, Mi, M2, R0是电路的偏置部分，给后级电路提供偏置，电阻 Ro决 定了电路的工作点，mo, Mi, M2组成电流镜；Ri, M14是欠压信号的反馈回路; 其余 M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14组成四级 放大比较器；M15, DO产生基准电压，输入比

11、较器的同相端，固定不变（V + ）, 分压电阻R1, R2, R3输入到比较器的反相端，当电源电压正常工作时，反相端 的欠压检测输给比较器的反相端的电压大于 V+。比较器输出为低，M14截止， 反馈电路不起作用；当欠压发生时，分压电阻R1, R2, R3反应比较敏感，当电 阻分压后输给反相端的电压小于 V,比较器的输出电压为高，此信号将 M14开 启，使得R两端的电压变为M两端的饱和电压，趋近于0V,从而进一步拉低 了 R1>R2分压后的输出电压，形成了欠压的正反馈。输出为高，欠压锁定，起 到了保护作用。5 .仿真模拟结果与分析本设计电路采用CSMC 0.6叩数字CMOS工艺对电路进行仿

12、真分析。在 对电路做整体仿真时，主要观察的是保护模块对电池的充放电过程是否通过监 测Vdd电位和Vm电位而使芯片的CO端和DO端发生相应的变化。图7所示的 整体仿真波形图是保护模块随着电池电压的变化从通常工作模式转换到过充电 模式，然后回到通常工作模式，接着进入过放电模式，最后再回到通常工作模 式。由于本设计处于前期阶段，各个参数还需要优化，只是提供初步的仿真结 果。6结论设计了一种集蓄电池充电与保护功能于一身的IC。利用此设计既可以减小 而积，又可以减少外围电路元器件。电路同时采用了低功耗设计。由于此项目 正在进行设计优化阶段，完整的仿真还不能达到要求，还需要对各个模块电路 进行优化设计。英

13、语原文Designofa Lead-AcidBatteryChargingand ProtectingIC in PhotovoltaicSystem1.IntroductionSolar energy as an inexhaustible, inexhaustible source of energy more and more attention. Solar power has become popular in many countries and regions, solar lighting has also beenput into use in many cities in

14、China. As a key part of the solar lighting, battery charging and protection is particularly important. Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid battery has a sealed, leak-free, pollution-free, maintenance-free,low-cost, reliable power supply during the entire life of the battery voltage is stableand no mai

15、ntenance,the needfor uninterruptedfor the various types of haswide application in power electronic equipment,and portable instrumentation. Appropriate float voltage, in normal use(to prevent over-discharge,overcharge,over- current), maintenance-free lead-acid battery float life of up to 12 16 years

16、float voltage deviation of 5% shorten the life of 1/2. Thus, the chargehasa major impact on this type of battery life. Photovoltaic, battery does not need regular maintenance, the correct charge and reasonable protection, can effectively extend battery life. Charging and protection IC is the separat

17、ionof the occupied area and the peripheral circuit complexity. Currently, the market hasnot yet real, chargedwith the protection function is integrated on a single chip. For this problem, design a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC is very necessary.2.Systemdesignand consider

18、ationsThe system mainly includes two parts: the battery charger module and the protection module. Of great significance for the battery as standby power use of the occasion,It can ensurethat the external power supply to the battery-powered,but also in the battery overcharge,over-current and an exter

19、nal power supply is disconnected the battery is to put the state to provide protection, the charge and protection rolled into one to make the circuit to simplify and reduce valuable product waste of resources. Figure 1 is a specific application of this Ic in the photovoltaic power generationsystem,b

20、ut also the sourceof this design.Maintenance-free lead-acid battery life is usually the cycle life and float life factors affecting the life of the battery charge rate, discharge rate, and float voltage. Some manufacturerssaid that if the overcharge protection circuit, the charging rate can be achie

21、ved even more than 2c (C is the rated capacity of the battery), battery manufacturers recommend charging rate of C/20 C/3. Battery voltage and temperature,the temperatureis increasedby 1 C, single cell battery voltage drops 4 mV, negative temperature coefficient of -4 mV / 0 C means that the battery

22、 float voltage. Ordinary chargerfor the bestworking condition at 25 C; chargelessthanthe ambient temperature of 0 C; at 45 C may shorten the battery life due to severe overcharge. To make the battery to extend the working life, have a certain understandingand analysisof the working statusof thebatte

23、ry,in order to achievethe purposeof protection of the battery. Battery, there are four states:normal state,over- current stateover the stateof charge,overdischargestate.However, dueto the impact of the different dischargecurrent over-capacity and lifetime of the battery is not the same, so the batte

24、ry over discharge current detection should be treated separately. When the battery is charging the statea long time, would severelyreducethe capacity of the battery and shortenbattery life. When the battery is the time of dischargestatus exceedsthe allotted time, the battery,the battery voltage is t

25、oo low may not be ableto recharge,making the batterylife is lower.Basedon the above, the chargeon the life of maintenance-freelead-acid batteries have a significant impact, while the battery is always in good working condition, battery protection circuit must be able to detect the normal working con

26、dition of the battery and make the action the battery can never normal working state back to normal operation,in order to achievethe protection of the battery.3 .Unitsmodular design3.1ThechargingmoduleChip, charging module block diagram shown in Figure 2. The circuitry includes current limiting, cur

27、rent sensing comparator,reference voltage source, under-voltage detectioncircuit, voltage sampling circuit andlogic control circuit.The module containsa stand-alonelimiting amplifier and voltage control circuit, it can control off-chip drive, 20 30 mA, provided by the drive output current can direct

28、ly drive an external seriesof adjustmenttube, so as to adjust the chargeroutput voltage and current . Voltage and current detection comparator detects the battery chargestatus,and control the state of the input signal of the logic circuit. When the battery voltage or current is too low, the charge t

29、o start the comparator control the charging. Appliances into the trickle charge state when the cut-off of the drive, the comparator can output about 20 mA into the trickle charge current. Thus, when the battery short-circuit or reverse,the chargercan only charge a small current, to avoid damage to t

30、he battery charging current is too large. This module constitutes a charging circuit charging process is divided into two charging status: high-current constant-current charge state, high-voltage charge status and low-voltage constant voltage floating state.The charging processfrom the constantcurre

31、nt charging status, the constant charging current of the charger output in this state. And the charger continuously monitors the voltage acrossthe battery pack, the battery power hasbeen restoredto 70% to 90% of the releasedcapacity when the battery voltage reachesthe switching voltage to charge con

32、version voltage Vsam charger moves to the state of charge.In this state,the chargeroutput voltage is increasedto overchargepressureVoc is due to the charger output voltage remains constant, so the charging current is a continuous decline. Current down to chargeand suspendthe current Ioct, the batter

33、y capacity has reached 100% of rated capacity, the charger output voltage drops to a lower float voltageVF.3.2ProtectionModuleChip block diagram of the internal protection circuit shown in Figure 3. The circuit includes control logic circuit, sampling circuit, overcharge detection circuit, over-disc

34、harge detection comparator, overcurrent detection comparator, load shortcircuit detection circuit, level-shifting circuit and referencecircuit (BGR).This module constitutesa protection circuit shown in Figure 4. Under the chip supply voltage within the normal scope of work, and the VM pin voltage at

35、 the overcurrent detection voltage, the battery is in normal operation, the charge and dischargecontrol of the chip high power end of the CO and DO are level, when the chip is in normal working mode. Larger when the battery dischargecurrent will cause voltage rise of the VM pin at the VM pin voltage

36、 at above the current detection voltage Viov, then the battery is the current status, if this state to maintain the tiov overcurrent delay time, the chip ban on battery discharge,then the chargeto control the endof CO is high, the dischargecontrol side DO is low, the chip is in the current mode,gene

37、ralin order to play on the battery saferand more reasonableprotection, the chip will battery over-dischargecurrent to take over the discharge current delay time protection. The general rule is that the over-discharge current is larger, over the shorter the discharge current delay time. Above Overcha

38、rge detection voltage, the chip supply voltage (Vdd> Vcu), the battery is in overcharge state, this state is to maintain the corresponding overcharge delay time tcu chip will be prohibited from charging the battery, then dischargecontrol end DO is high, and charging control terminal CO is low, th

39、e chip is in charging mode.When the supply voltage of the chip under the overdischargedetection voltage (Vdd <Vdl,), then the battery is discharged state, this state remains the overdischargedelay time tdl chip will be prohibited to discharge the battery at this time The charge control side CO is

40、 high, while the dischargecontrol terminal DO is low, the chip is in dischargemode.4 .Circuit DesignTwo chargeprotection module structure diagram, the circuit can be divided into four parts: the power detection circuit (under-voltage detection circuit), part of the bias circuit (sampling circuit, th

41、e reference circuit and bias circuit), the comparator (including the overchargedetection/overdischargedetection comparator,over-current detectionand load short-circuit detectioncircuit) andthe logic control part.This paperdescribesthe under-voltage detection circuit (Figure 5), and gives the bandgap

42、referencecircuit (Figure 6).Battery charging, voltage stability is particularly important, undervoltage, overvoltage protection is essential, therefore integrated overvoltage, undervoltage protection circuit inside the chip, to improve power supply reliability and security. And protection circuit de

43、sign should be simple, practical, here designed a CMOS process,the undervoltageprotection circuit, this simple circuit structure, processand easyto implement and can be usedas high-voltage power integratedcircuits and other power protection circuit.Undervoltage protection circuit schematic shown in

44、Figure 5, a total of five components:the bias circuit, referencevoltage, the voltage divider circuit, differential amplifier, the output circuit. The circuit supply voltage is 10V; the M0, M1, M2, Ro is the offset portion of the circuit to provide bias to the post-stagecircuit, the resistance, Ro, d

45、eterminethe circuit's operatingpoint, theM0, M1, M2 form a current mirror; R1 M14 is the feedbackloop of the undervoltagesignal; therest of the M3, M4 andM5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M io, M11, M12, M13, M14, composedof four amplification comparator; M15, DO, a referencevoltage, the comparator input with

46、 the inverting input is fixed (V+), partial pressureof the resistanceR1, R2, R3, the input to the inverting input of the comparator,when the normal working of the power supply voltage, the inverting terminal of the voltage detection is lost to the inverting terminal voltage of the comparatoris greaterthan V+. Comparator output is low, M14 cutoff, feedbackcircuit doesnot work; undervoltageoccurs,the voltage divider of Ri, R2, R3, reaction is more sensitive, lost to the inverting input vo