科技英语之2常用概念的英译1

1、2 常用概念的英译 2.1 怎样译“有” 译法： have include be ofl hold show undergo be composed of be made up ofconsist of there be 句型 contai comprisel Contain “包含有”、“含有”，指一个统一体包含有两个或多个部分或成分，但都不一定要完全列出所包含的部分或成分，作“有”、”含有”、“装有”、“盛有”等解。The gas contains about 5% of carbon monoxide.The tank contains 100 gallons of oil. The a

2、lloy contains 5% nickel and 5% iron.l Consist of “由组成”、“由构成”，可翻译成“有”。它有“某个整体是由其各个部件组成”的含义，只能用于主动语态。The class consists of thirty students. Smelting consists of heating the iron ore in the furnace and removing the slag. 冶炼有两个步骤，在高炉内加热铁矿石和除去铁渣。l Comprise 双面动词，主语和宾语从原则上说可以互换，而句子意思基本不变。表示“包括”。 Most fuels

3、 comprises a mixture of different substances.Short course are arranged which last for five days and comprise lecture, demonstration and visit to a hospital.l Be composed of “由组成”。 The machine is composed of several different parts. The sea is mainly composed of water and salt.Gunpowder is composed o

4、f sulfur, carbon, and potassium nitrate(硝酸钾).Include “包括有”，“含有”，指有形或抽象的东西，其宾语可指全体，也可指部分。l The book was more useful because it included a detailed chronological(编年的) table of the events. The chief live stock breeds include 12 horse breeds, 14 cattle breeds,11 sheep breeds, 15 swine(猪) breeds, and yak

5、(牦牛) and camel.The machine includes two plastic parts. Include Hold, have l Hold “装有”、“盛有”、“容纳有”、“包含有”，常用于科技上。l Sea-water holds many salts in solution. “溶有” The battery holds enough electricity. Have “有”。 A rectangle has four sides.The new methods has the most remarkable advantages.l Be made up of 侧

6、重于强调“人为的组成”。 Cast-iron is made up of about six different substances. The contents of moulding sand(造型砂) is made up of quartz, feldspar and mica(云母).l Be of 表示抽象概念的“有”。Engines are of two kinds, internal-combustion engines and external-combustion engines.l There be 句型 表示“有”，”存在” There are 13 species a

7、nd 1000 varieties or more of Chinese pears which have been classified into oriental pear.l Show “表现出” This paper showed a great practicality. 这篇论文有极大的实用性。l Undergo “经历”，“发生”， 有时可翻译成“有”l Since 1976, this research center has undergone radical changes.l 其它With all his achievement he remains modest and

8、prudent. 他虽有很多成就，但还是谦虚谨慎。.2 “用”，“采用”的常见译法l 译法： use make use of adopt apply harness utilizeExploit employ Use 表示“为某目的而使用某物”，常用于指“使用”、“消费”；Large quantities of steam are used by modern industry in the generation of power.A thermometer is used to read temperature.Gasoline has been used up.Employ “雇佣”、“使

9、从事于”、“使用”， 无“消费”之意。Different methods are usually employed for welding steel sheets together.Modern boiler which employs solid fuels are usually too large to be hand stocked. 使用固体燃料的新式锅炉通常太大，不适宜用人工添煤。l Exploit “开发”、“利用”、“发挥”、“剥削”，多用于自然资源，如exploit a mine 开矿 exploit the full power of the engine开足马力It w

10、ill be difficult to exploit this invention commercially.The government decided to exploit the rich natural resources in the north-west of our countryl Utilize “利用” The properties of uranium are utilized in nuclear reactions. The water which is normally used as a coolant cannot usually be utilized in

11、 the boiler, and can therefore be re-circulated.The modulation is what the radio receiver utilizes to reproduce the radio program from the broadcasting station.l Adopt “采用（手段、方法、技术等）”Various measures can be adopted to control the environment pollution.The farmers adopted new techniques in raising si

12、lkworms.The designers adopted a more advanced material for the airplane engine.l Apply “施加”，“应用”This kind of salve can be applied to wound. 这种膏药可以用于敷伤口。A pressure of 100 b/in2 is applied to the piston. 在活塞上加100镑/平方英寸的压力。The principle was successfully applied to the design of rocket.l Harness “利用”l I

13、n the near future, people will be able to harness the limitless solar energy to provide power for us.thanmore adj. than less than as as not as as not so, as not such as just as , so A 比B A 不如 B A 象B 一样 A 不如 B 那样 比较Steel is much more expensive than cast-iron.或Steel is a much more expensive material t

14、han cast-iron.或Cast iron is not quite such an expensive material as steel.或Cast-iron is not so expensive as steel.比较Cast-iron is almost as useful as steel.或Cast-iron is almost as useful a material as steel. Just as planets move round the sun, so electrons move round the nucleus. 比较Electromagnetic wa

15、ves travel as fast as light.Sound does not travel so fast as light.D.C. motors are more easily controlled than A.C. motors.与 相同 Be the same as Be the same in . Be similarBe identical with Be identical in 与 相同与 相似，与 不同l be similar to l be like l be alike in l 与 相似l 与 不同Same, similar, identicall same

16、指“数量”“方式”“种类”“性质”等方面的“相同”“无异”l similar 指事物之间“相象”“类似”l identical 指事物之间“完全等同”“同一性”same = not different, unchangedsimilar = alike but not identical identical = exactly alike, or to agree in every waySame, similar, identicalsimilar tol This machine is like the other one in design.l The two machines are

17、alike in many aspects.l The two machines are the same in design.l This machine is the same as the other one in design.similaridenticalidentical with例句l This car is identical with the other l one in every aspect.l =This car is exactly the same as the other one in every aspect.l Each atom normally has

18、 the same number of electrons, revolving about the nucleus as it has protons.Because all the waves of a laser beam travel in the same direction, the laser beam is very narrow.例句l In almost every aspect an a.c. motor is similar in construction to a d.c. motor.l They cited cases of identical twins rea

19、red in different homes who developed very different characteristics despite identical heredity. 他们举出这个事实：在不同家庭抚养的一对孪生儿，尽管其遗传性相同，却会发展成显著不同的个性。Identicall Identical 在表示某事物与另一事物相同或相等时，有三种表达方式：l X and Y are identical.l X is identical with/to Y.Two (or more) things are identical.Identical, different例如：Eac

20、h of the products is identical in shape. The products are identical in shape.The shapes of the products are identical.例：A is different from B. A differs from B.与比较l Comparel Compare with l Compare to Contrast用于比较相类似的或同种类中的东西，可以指出其相似点，也可指出其不同点。“与比较”“比得上”“可与相比”“与相比”“把比作”“对比”“对照”，用于对不同或不同种类的东西的对比，强调差别，

21、即差别较大。与比较Compared with/to As compared with In comparison with Contrast with In contrast with l 与比较Compare 例句l Experimental results obtained in the laboratory are compared with theoretical calculations.l How does this compare with that? 这怎么能与那相比。l The output of the factory has increased by 20 percent

22、 as compared with last year.Contrast 例句l Blue and yellow contrast prettily in a design. l In contrast to the mechanisms of conduction and convection, radiation may take place in a perfect vacuum. 图样中，蓝色和黄色形成对照，显得很好看与传导和对流的原理不同，辐射可以在完全真空中进行。Contrast 例句l The cold weather contrasts with last weeks heat

23、. l How does living in a shed contrast with living in an apartment? 本周的寒冷天气同上周的暖和天气形成对比。住在窝棚里怎么能跟住在公寓里相比呢？表示“相反”的表达式l Conversely rather Instead But However Still Yet In factl Nevertheless While Whilst Whereas On the one handl On the other hand In contrast By contrast On the contrary与一致l Agree with A

24、ccord with Coincide with Be in agreement with l Be in accord with Be in conformity with Be consistent with 对比句型l 当两个式是需要对比时，常用表示对比l 的词或句型l Insufficient air will prevent complete combustion while/whereas too much air will reduce the temperature.While/Whereas the traffic density on the road is very hi

25、gh during the peak hours, it is very low at midday and during the night.对比句l A skilled craftsman can earn high wages. On the other hand an unskilled worker earns very little.l If you were to say that the insides of the gasoline engine we have just been describing are complicated, you would be right.

26、 It has pistons(活塞), connecting rods(连杆), valves(气阀), valve lifters(阀杆), and numerous other parts. In contrast, the turbine engine is rather simple.l A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. A old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending

27、. 停了的表，上了发条以后能继续使用。对比起来，一只旧表磨损的非常厉害，变得非常不可靠，最后连修也不值得了。2.4 举例子的表达方法l 2.4.1“实例”的表达方法l 事例 实例 样例 例证l 词：l example, illustration, instance, case, sample, specimenExamplel 标本，范例，例子，可指人或物l I could give a large number of examples within my own experience to prove to the full truth of my contention.l The most

28、 common example of a machine element is a gear.This building is an example of early Chinese architecture.Instancel 事例，实例，样品，场合等l For instance l For example l There are many instance about friction.In many instances, they provide answers previously unobtainable or economically unfeasible. 在许多场合，他们提供的

29、答案都是以前得不到的或是经济上不可行的。举实例以说明从许多事物中举出一个事物为例Case事例，案例，情形，所遇到的事实，病例，强调的主要是事实，有时可与instance 互换，如in your casein your instance.在你这种情形下l In cases like the following，l This is a civil case. 民事案件l Recently, there have been four cases of fire. 四场火灾l A case in point 恰当的例子Illustrationl 通过事例说明某一理论或原理，也有插图、图例、例证、说明l

30、 He gave an illustration of what he meant.l This illustration gave an adequate picture of the importance of friction.Sample、specimen、patternl Sample 特指足以表示物体性质的“样品”、“样例”l Specimen “样品”、“标本”、“抽样”、“试样”l Pattern “样块”、图样”、“式样”、“花样”l To detect gases, a sample of air can be analyzed chemically. l He colle

31、cted specimens of all kinds of rocks and minerals. Sample、specimen、patternl All the sample welds proved to be stronger than the parent metal.l Determine the volume of your specimen by measuring the appropriate dimensions.l The new method offers a potentially simpler means of producing the small meta

32、l patterns.2.4.2 举例方法引出例子的词或词组：l as, like, for example, for instance, such as, such asl Languages coming from Latin, such as French, Italian, and Spanish have some characters in common.l 或Such languages coming from Latin as French, Italian, and Spanish have some characters in common.举例子l Acupuncture

33、(针灸) is one way of curing disease such as used in curing mental disease. 2.5 分类的表达方法Classified divided grouped categorized arranged putPlaced classes categories groups types kinds varietiesSpecies can be may be is are x into according to depending upon/on on the basis of 对事物进行分类常用的句型The classificati

34、on is based upon/onTypes kinds sorts classes varieties groups categoriesThere are several Of Ns. X be of several kinds.分类的例句l The most common classification used for purpose of discussion of design procedures is based upon the materials comprising the structure.l Metals fall into two main categories

35、, ferrous (based on iron) and non-ferrous.l Bloods cells are of two types/kinds/ sorts, white blood cell(WBC) and red blood cell(RBC).分类的例句l Engines are of two kinds/sorts, internal combustion engine and external combustion engine.l There are many/several types of engines.l We can classify bearings

36、according to their position on the shaft.l Books can be classified according to their contents.l Books can be divided into several classes.分类l 注许多表示分类的句子可用主动语态也可用被动语态：l Bearings can be divided into several categories according to their position on the shaft.l We can divide books into several groups

37、according to their contents.A Classification of Drinks小结l Everything in nature is constantly changing. These changes are of two kinds: physical changes and chemical changes. A physical change occurs when a substance changes in form or state; a chemical change occurs when a substance undergoes chemic

38、al transformations. There are two general kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains other elements as well, such as nickel, chromium(铬), tungsten(钨), etc. The properties of carbon steels, notably strength and hardness, depend

39、 on the amount of carbon they contain. Low carbon steel is relatively soft and weak; medium carbon steel is both harder and stronger than low carbon steel, while high carbon steel is the hardest and strongest. The additional element of alloy steel make it not only stronger and harder than carbon ste

40、el, but resistant to rust as well. For the latter reason, alloy steel is also called stainless steel.说明对比l In the solid state a body has a definite volume and is almost incompressible. It also has a shape independent of the space in which it is placed. In the liquid state matter also possesses a def

41、inite volume and has little compressibility, but it has no definite shape and automatically takes the shape of any vessel into which it is placed. In the gaseous state matter has neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. A quantity of gas introduced into any closed space immediately spreads out to fill

42、that space. 2.6.1 度量长度 longin lengthMillimeter = mmCentimeter = cmKilometer = km宽度widein width高度highin height厚度thickthickness深度deep depth角度angle面积area (square)度量Milliliter = mlKiloliter = kl体积volume (cubic)容量capacity hold重量weight weighKilogram = KgKiloton = Kt速度speed电流currentMilliampere = mA电压voltag

43、eKilowatt = kwKilowatt-hour =KWH千瓦时power功率frequency频率Kilohertz = khz例这根线有两米长。The wire is two meters long.The wire is two meters in length.The wire has a length of two meters.这根带子15毫米宽。l The belt is 15 mm wide.l The belt is 15 mm in width.l Building has a height of 150 m.The steel plate is 5 mm thick

44、.l 这条河有三米深。The depth of the river is three meters.l 这块钢板面积为6平方米。The steel plate is 6 square meters in area.l 这块钢板是3米×2米的。The steel plate measures 3 by 2 meters.l 这块铁的体积是12 立方厘米。The volume of the iron block is 12 cubic centimeters.l 这个油箱的容量是12加仑。The oil tank is ten gallons in capacity.The oil ta

45、nk has a capacity of ten gallons.The oil tank has a capacity of holding ten gallons.例l 这个电机重1000kg。The engine weighs 1000kg.l 直线AB和BC的夹角是30度。The angle contained by lines AB and BC is 30。.l 绳A和绳B成直角。Rope A makes a right angle with rope B.l 这种高速飞机的速度能达到700米/秒。Such high-speed aircrafts travel at a spee

46、d of 700 m.p.s. .公制表The metric system衡制表Table of weights度量表(英 美)Table of measureMicron 微米Millimeter 毫米Centimeter 厘米Decimeter 分米Tonne 吨Liter 升TonLong ton =1016.05kgShort ton =907.20kgPound=0.454kgOunce =28.3495gPound (金衡、药衡)=373.24gMile=1.6093kmYard=0.9144mFoot=30.48mmInch=2.54mmNautical mile =1.852k

47、m海里Acre=40.47公亩Gallon=4.546升2.6.2 仪表，计，仪，器仪表，计：meter, gauge (gage)仪器，装置：instrument, device, equipment机，机器：machine, plant, equipment安培表：ampere-meter伏特计：volt-meter水表：water-meter电表：electricity-meter煤气表：gas-meter温度计：thermometer雨量器：rain gauge例l 应当定期记录室内温度计的读数。l Readings of the thermometer in the room sho

48、uld be taken regularly.l 该机器用电驱动。l The machinery is driven by electricity.Machine 与 machinery 不同。How manyl new machines have been installed?l new machinery has been installed?How much2.6.3 测量，确定，估计，推断Measure, determinel 两星球之间的距离用光年表示。l The distance between two stars is measured in light-year.l 流体速度可

49、以用各种装置测量。l The rate of flow can be measured by a variety of devices.l 钢中的碳含量可用化学分析方法测定。l The carbon content in steel can be determined by chemical analysis.l 必须确定矿石中有些什么金属。l The metals present in the ore must be determined .determine, estimatel 测定物质中有哪种或哪几种元素叫做定性 分析。l The determination of what eleme

50、nt or elements are present in a substance is called qualitative analysis.l 据估计，我国石油资源能持续几百年。l It is estimated that the oil resources of our country will last for several hundred years.Judge, deduce, evaluatel 我们推断工作还需三个月就完成了。We judged that it would take three months to finish the work.l 从埋在里面的化石我们可以

51、推断岩石的年龄。From the fossil embed in it, we can deduce the age of a rock.l 我们估出了实验结果。We have evaluated the results of the experiment.2.6.4 值 读数l XIV是14 。The value of XIV is fourteen.l X和Y代表不同的数。X and Y stand for different values.l 温度读数是96度。The reading of the temperature was 96 degrees.l 上周的温度读数是多少？What

52、are the temperature readings for the week?2.7 因果关系的表达2.7.1 因为，由于2.7.2 结果，因此，所以2.7.1 因为，由于l 表达方法：l Because,l because of, l since, l for, l as, l due to, as a result of,owing to,seeing that, in that,on account of, in view of, by virtue ofl 因为轴承破了，所以必须换个新的。In view of the fact thatOn account of the fact

53、 that Owing to the fact thatSeeing thatthe bearing isworn, it must be replaced with a new one.The reason why the bearing must be replaced with a new one is that it is worn.The bearing is worn. This accounts for the fact that it must be replaced with a new one.再看几个例子He was pardoned in view of the cir

54、cumstances.Some of the steam condenses as a result of the expansion.The surface to be welded must be thoroughly clean, for dirt will weaken the weld. 2.7.2 结果，因此，所以l 表达方法：l sol thusl as a resultl hencel thereforehencelead toresult inso thatconsequentlywith the result thatin consequence of l 因为温度升高，所以金属膨胀。therefore so con