WHICHTHAT地就近修饰和跳跃修饰整理

1、实用文档which that就近与跳跃修饰which的用法1、 WHICH 非限1 .which 指代主句宾语：s+verb+o,which 指代 0 （svo,which 指代 s 一定错！）2 .which 指代主句主语 s:s+verb,which（1）介词+which=连词3 .s+verb（+o）+prep+which2.s+verb（+o）,prep+which区别 介词+that=名词I will buy this book because from that I study a lot. （有 because 作 为连接词，不用“介词 +which ”结构连接）I will b

2、uy this book from which I study a lot.（无连接词，需要用“介 词+which”结构连接）which指代的三种情况：1、紧邻修饰一般情况下，名词，which”中的which是就近修饰紧邻的名 词的。这种例子多的不胜枚举。一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子“Aof B, which”（注：这里的of表示从属关系）1, The commission proposed that funding for development of thepark, whichcould be实用文档open to the public early next year, be

3、obtained through a local bond issue.2,Construction of the Roman Colosseumwhich was officially known as the Flavian Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle of religious pageants, gladitorial games, and spectacles.Flavi

4、an Amphitheatre : 福雷维安圆形剧场3, In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production ofprostacyclin, whicprevents clotting.thromboxane 生化凝血嗯烷，凝栓质，血栓素。阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶

5、烷 prostacyclin n.【生物化学、药物】环前列腺素，前列腺环素，4, The survival of coral colonies, whic hre composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but al

6、so by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.,5, In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficientl

7、y from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.,这些例子都能说明 从属关系"A of B which"中的which就近 修饰紧邻的名词Bo但是需要注意的是，在“ SVO,which”句 型中，如果which指代S一定错误，which如果指代主语，文案大全实用文档这样使用 ：s+verb, which2、跳跃修饰在前有核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况 下，which跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名

8、词。 下面是几个例子：From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar , which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.(A) bag

9、gage so light(B) baggage being so light(C) baggage, yet being so light(D) baggage, and so light(E) baggage yet was so light答案：E这句话的which离其所应该修饰的核心词canoe很远，中间 隔了一个插入语，还隔了个介词结构about，但只要知道核 心词是canoe就能一目了然找到which应该指的是什么。这 里不能修饰紧邻的名词cedar。Emily DickinsonOG12-26's letters to Susan Huntingtonnson were

10、written over a period beginning a few years before Susan文案大全实用文档marriage to Emily ' s brother and ending shortly before Emily death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.A,Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan ' s marriage to Enbilpther ahds endin

11、g shortly before Emily ' s death in 1886, outnumberingB,Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan ' s marriage to Emily ' s brother and ended s before Emily ' s death in 1886, outnumberC,Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years beforeSusa

12、n ' s marriage to Emily's brotherndsdshortly beforeEmily ' s death in 1886and outnumberingD,Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan ' s marriage to Emily , end ins brother before Emily ' s death in 1886, and outnumberingE,Dickinson, which we

13、re written over a period beginning a few years before Susan ' s marriage to Emily ' s brother and shortly before Emily ' s death in 1886, outnumber 这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词Susan Huntington Dickinson,必须跳过介词结构to；修饰核心词letter。Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driv

14、en by the need to save money and extend 文案大全实用文档companies ' service areas, the merger of the nation gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词utility

15、 industry ）必须 跳过介词结构in 二修饰核心词merger。In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.这里的which不能修饰紧邻的1698,必须跳过介词结构of 1968修饰前面的核心词act。

16、One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glutGlut n.（商品）供过于求；大量The Forbidden City in Beijing, from which the emperors ruled by heavenly man

17、date, was a site which no commoner or foreigner could enter without permission, on pain of death.有人这里会说这不是 A of B）which吗？ which应该紧邻修饰文案大全实用文档啊？其实不然，因为of 1968和前面的那些A of B实际上用 法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是 从属关系这个时间应 该归在介词结构一类，所以要跳过。on pain of违者以论处 OG12SC107Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, atechniq

18、ue called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, w

19、hich can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,(B) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission(C) A

20、 technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,(D) A technique originally developed for detecting air文案大全实用文档pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emis

21、sion, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying it,(E) A technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroyin

22、g the substance, called proton- induced X-ray emission,答案(A)答案中which发生跳跃指代，而且emission不处于介词短语 中)这句话的which不能修饰其紧邻的名词emission ,必须 跳过分词修饰结构called ； 修饰核心词technique。注意这不是 SVO,which 指代 S 了而是 called proton-induced X-ray emission 分词形式做后置修饰定语。GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10Marconi ' s conception of the radio was as

23、a subtute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.which isA,Marconi ' s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is B,Marco

24、ni conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but文案大全实用文档C,Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for privateconversation that could substitute for the telephone;instead, it has becomeD,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for privateconversat

25、ion, a substitute for the telephone, which has becomeE,Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for thetelephone, a tool for private conversation, other than whatit is,答案为C。B为啥不好？因为选B会有which修饰telephone的错误，which应该修饰radio的。虽然which可以跳跃，但是 逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候， 应该是就近优先的，即使逻辑上完成不了从句的动作， 跳跃也难 保不会被判错，所

26、以 尽可能不跳跃修饰。GMAT题干中曾经用到可以跳跃的 which, which跳跃是可 以接受的，但是正确选项中很少出现过which跳跃修饰的情况，几乎都被其他结构替代了，这说明如 果有可以替代的正确选项，那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的 which ,因为可能有歧义。C可以避免歧义，it 一般不指代介词短语中的名词，优先指代主语，如果主语是人或者复数不能指代， 则指代宾语，我不知道这题的radio还算不算宾语，但是至少你读出这个句子的时候，它确实相当于 一个宾语，至少算一个核心词。目前只见过A of B/A in B , which可以指代A,主要都发生在介词短语中。A选项可以我理解是因为 CAL

27、LED从句表达的只是tech的另一个名字而已，本质上是同一东西，指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。目 前我找到的which强悍地跳跃，无视前面的名词的非常少，而且基本都不出现在选项中，都是未画线 部分。但是，可以跳跃不是意味着必定跳跃，当 which前面有很多个名词的时候，不是只要有一个正 确，which就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的。相反， GMAT会优先判断这是修饰混乱。所以，最好 不要有跳跃指代，如果非跳不可，最好是使用单复数区分which的指代词。归纳一下，会发现which之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为which的内容太长，而介词、分词等修饰结构又很短，所以

28、把 which结构后 置了。3、特别情况 A and B, which这个which到底修饰谁呢？是 A?是B?还是A and B ?文案大全实用文档我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。如果A and B中的B为复数（Bs）, which后面动词也是复数， which指代会有歧义，让人不知道 which到底指的是什么。 As and Bs, which are （which 指 Bs?或 which 指 As and Bs?） A and Bs, which are （which 指 Bs?或 which 指 A and Bs ?） 下面情况没有歧义：如果A和B都是单数，which

29、后面动词复数，没有歧义，which 修饰A and B。如果B是单数（不管A是单数还是复数），which后面动词也 是单数，没有歧义，which修饰Bo如果B是复数（不管A是单数还是复数）则必须要用 which together）没有歧义）这时 which修饰A and Bs。举两个例子：The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both because the former carries information in the form of electrical impuls

30、es and because all of its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central exchange.Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space

31、 station will have to generate its own electricity.文案大全实用文档其实which的指代问题肯定不会只有这些，而且最准确判断 which指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思，但是在实战中有 个别GMAT题目的很难判断本意，所以准备写大方向性的小 结还是必要的。OG12-SC1010. Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network which kept

32、the brain from getting too hot.(A) which kept(B) that keeps(C) which has kept(D) that has been keeping(E) having kept答案 B)In (A) and (C), which introduces a restrictive clause. Some writers follow the convention that which can only be used for nonrestrictive clauses, but insistence on this rule is c

33、ontroversial, and both (A) and (C) can be rejected on other grounds.Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments , which are consistent with the growth 文案大全实用文档of industrial activity there.(A) Baltic Sea sediments, whic

34、h are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent w

35、ith the growth of industrial activity in the area(E) sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there波罗的海答案D为啥A不对？which 是可以跳过介词短语或者插入语的，但是不能跳过谓语动词 o svo,which指代s一定错！ ！ ！ "但这题中 which跳跃多远都不对， 这里 WHICH是指代前面整个句子的意思，而这在GMAT中是一定错的。sediments are consistent with th

36、e growth of industrial activity there逻辑意思有错误，只有 finding , result, means, forms 之类的抽象名词才能be consistent with ,某个具体的东西不行。that用法:适用范围为先行词(1)不定代词为先行词 any , all, each, every, little, few, no, much, many(3) “人+物”为先行词序数词为先行词文案大全实用文档最高级为先行词例句： The boy and the bike that are in the room(4) the only, the very,

37、the most 为先行词(注意，the 不可省略)1 .定语从句：a. subject+verb.+object+ that +verb.+object , that就近指代修饰离that最近的名词2 .定语从句中出现后置定语(介词短语分词)S+verb+O+(prep+C)+that+verb.+objectS+verb+O+that+verb+O+(prep+c)3 .that不能指代 人物”4 ,sth that and that(that 不可省略)OG85 . Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Da

38、ro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.(A) that flurished at the same time as the civilizations(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civiliz

39、ations(C) that flourished at the same time those had(D) flourishing at the same time as those did(E) flourishing at the same time as those were答案A0G12-126 The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that , in turn, create unconscious p

40、hysiological responses.(A) that , in turn, create unconscious physiological responses(B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn(C) creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses(D) to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious(E) who creates unconscious p

41、hysiological responses in turn答案A, that跳跃一个介宾结构修饰reactions这题有意思的地方还在于 E干扰选项,who紧跟在 individual后面，出题机构现在变得很阴险喽，如果不去理解逻辑意思只是快速看语法修饰，很容易误 选E所以也验证了很多同学说的，现在语法比以前更倾向于从句子逻辑角度出题考文案大全实用文档prep语法-6题that就近指代 Aof B,that指代BThe list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (

42、i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.(A) exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include(B) exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has

43、 been expanded and includes(C) exhibit a preference in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include(D) exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include(E) exhibit the preference

44、 as to either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes这个that修饰谁呢？答案 D! that是修饰animals只有动物才会exhibit a preference of either using the right or the left hand , list 怎么会 exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand GWD31-24-41.In Cali

45、fornia, a lack of genetic variation in the Argentine ant has allowed the species to spread widely; due to their being so genetically similar to one another , the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits thes

46、pread of this species in its native Argentina.A. due to their being so genetically similar to one another , the ants consider all their fellows to be a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits B. due to its being so genetically similar the ant con

47、siders all its fellows to be a close relative and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limitC. because it is so genetically similar , the ant considers all its fellows to be close relatives and thus does not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that lim

48、itsD. because they are so genetically similar to one another , the ants consider all their fellows to be close relatives and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limit E. because of being so genetically similar to one another , the ants consider all their fellows to be

49、 a close relative and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony struggles that limits 答案D不是直接考that指代，它考到了谓语单复数问题，that这里的指代the kind of fierce intercolony struggles名词词组，所以limit用单数.because of与due to问题记住because of后面不能跟动词以及具有动词功能的动名词 ，而due to=be caused by 基本上 gmat 不会选有 due to 的选项； due to means

50、 'caused by', due to 只有在 能使用caused by的情况下被用在句子里The game was postponed due to rain. wrongThe game was postponed because of rain. correctThe game's postponement was due to rain. correctBecause of和due to的一个相同点是它们之后只能加名词或名词性词组that跳跃修饰关于that引导定语从句的跳跃修饰：文案大全实用文档1. N +介词短语+ that(1) N +介词短语+ tha

51、t中that跳跃修饰N885-4-21. With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to jjs waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses.(A) is looking to its waterfront as

52、a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract(B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract(C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract(D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban lif

53、e and attracting(E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract答案C)从逻辑意思上看)that应修饰communities(2) N +介词短语+ that中that就近修饰(例子就不举了, 很常见)2. A of B + that(1) A of B + that 中 that 指代 Bwhen a child.Og10-1. The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a

54、 decade young men and women still experience some of the effects of a divorce occurrin(A) occurring when a child(B) occurring when children(C) that occurred when a child(D) that occurred when they were children(E) that has occurred as each was a child 答案为D; that就近指代a divorce;(2) A of B + that 中 that

55、 指代 A 的:文案大全实用文档Og10-168. Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.(A) double the apples that it has(B) twice as many apples as it did(C) as much as twice the apples it has(D) two times as many apples as ther

56、e were(E) a doubling of the apples that it didChoice B, the best answer, correctly uses the adverbial phrase twice as many. to modify the verb produces; properly employs many rather thanmuch to describe a quantity made up of countable units(apples); and appropriately substitutesdid for the understoo

57、dproduced to express the logically necessary past tenseof produces. Choice A awkwardly substitutes the adjective double for twice; usesthat without a clear referent; and misuses has to refer to events occurring in 1910. Choice C employs the incorrect much in a wordy construction and also misusesnas.

58、 D is wordy and imprecise;.as there were in 1910refers to all apples produced in 1910, regardless of locationE is illogical: sincethat refers toa doubling,E nonsensically asserts that the doubling occurred in 1910.文案大全实用文档GWD 32-2Written in ink or engraved by stylus, more than 2,000 letters and documents on wooden tablets excavated at the site of the old roman fort at Vindolanda in northern England are yieldinga historicalaccount of the military garrison in the first and second centuries tha