西方翻译理论

1、盛年不重来,一日难再晨.及时宜自勉,岁月不待人.The North American Translation Workshop( 早期北美译学派)Development:The North American Translation Workshop began to study the human sbrain function in the translation . It also put forward the nature and the definition of the translation It purposed many questions about epistemolog

2、y which made a difference in the translation study and practice. It also doubt the standard of translation evaluation. The scholars in NATW subverted many traditional translation school and expressive form. It believed that translation is a kind of literary criticism.While opening up new perspective

3、s, the general approachas practiced in the North American Translation Workshop might be characterized by a theoretical naive and subjective methodologies that tend to reinforce whatever theoretical values individual translators hold.1 . I. A. RichardsRichards is a critic, linguist, poet, founder of

4、New Criticism. He is often labeled as the father of the New Criticism, largely because of the influence of his first two books of critical theory, The Principles of Literary Criticism and Practical Criticism.Richardss "initial premises remain intact: he still believed that the field consists of

5、 texts containing a primary body of experience that readers could discern; with the proper training, a consensus could be reached regarding what that experience might be.Richardss aims were threefold: (1) to introduce a new kind of documentation into contemporary American culture; (2) to provide a n

6、ew technique for individuals to discover for themselves what they think about poetry; (3) to discover new educational methods.2 . Ezra PoundEzra Pounds theory of translation focused upon the precise rendering of details, of individual words and of single or even fragmented images;Pounds theoretical

7、writing fall into two periods: an early imagist phase that, while departing from traditional forms of logic, still occasionally contained abstract concepts and impressions; and a second late imagist or vorticist phase that was based on words in action and luminous details;Pound's emphasis was le

8、ss on the "meaning" of the translated text or even on the meaning of specific words. Instead, he emphasized the rhythm, diction, and movement of words;Pound supposes that we can have a creative translation besides literal translation and free translation.3 .Frederic WillMeaning is redefine

9、d by W川 as thrust or energy. Meaning is redefined by Will not as something behind the words or text, not as an essence in a traditional metaphysical sense, but as different, as thrust of energy, something which is at the same time indeterminate and groundless and universal and originary. Translation

10、 is possible both because dynamic universals constantly and continually thrust and because language is impenetrable. In translation W川 seems to find a possible / impossible paradox of language which not only defines the translation process, but defines how we come to know ourselves through language.

11、4 .Lawrence VenutiAn influential scholar among those who have broadened translation studies within the social-cultural framework is Lawrence Venuti. He put forward two translation strategies: Demesticating translation and Foreignising translation.Lawrence Venuti's contribution to translation stu

12、dies are multiple: He criticizes the humanistic underpinning of much literary translation in the United States and shows how it reinforces prevailing domestic beliefs and ideologies;He Provides a new set of terms and methods for analyzing translations;He offers a set of alternative strategies he wou

13、ld like translators to try.二. The Science of Translation 译科学派Development:North American translation workshop might be characterized by a theoretical naive and subjective;The problem is not just a contemporary phenomenon in North America, but one that has troubled translation theory historically;Peop

14、le practiced translation, but they were never quite sure what they were practicing. Until early sixties, linguists has been characterized by largely descriptive research in which individual grammars were detailed. Generative transformational grammar along with its legitimacy within the field of ling

15、uistics, lent credence and influence to Nida's science of translation.1. Noam ChomskyThe phrase structure rules generate the deep structure of a sentence, which contained all the syntactic and semantic information that determine its meaning;Chomsky's empirical evidence of language structure

16、is not based upon living language but on sentences found only in an ideal state;He does not claim that the deep structure are universal.The form of a particular language does not necessarily equal the form of another.2. NidaHe proposed formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence;He tries to lay the g

17、round work for a larger audience;Nida simplifies Chomsky's transformation-generative grammar and adopt only the later two part of the model in order to validate his science.3. Wolfram WilssWilss's science of translation is divided into three related but separatebranches of research: 1 a desc

18、ription of a general science of translation which involves translation theory. 2 descriptive studies' of translation relating empirical phenomenon of translation equivalence; 3 applied research, in translation point out particular translation difficulties and ways of solving specific problems.Wi

19、lss's argument is based less on scientific argument and more on intuition.Wilss's work has evolved over the course of the past two decades,especiallyhis descriptive studies, which works with pair-bound cases and explores the various possibilities for their translation.4. Functionalist theori

20、es in German language countries: Katharina Reiss; Hans Vermeer; Christiane Nord三.The Early Translation Studies早期译学派Development: P77 包括挑战、特点、目标、研究方法、影响1 .James Holmes:如果全面解释的话,就找书91页or 如果只是简要概括, 就可以直接从91页开始找点2 .Raymond Van den Broeck: Who addressed the problem of equivalence in translation from the p

21、erspective of translation studies.3 .Andr e Lefevere : Rewriting-Translation is a rewriting of an original text. All rewritings, whatever their intention, reflect a certain ideology and a poetics and as such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a given way.Rewriting is manipulatio

22、n, undertaken in the service of power, and in its positive aspect can help in the evolution of a literature and a society. Rewritings can introduce new concepts, new genres, new devices. But rewriting can also repress innovation, distort and contain.4 .Ji?i Levy: Levy's theory also reinforced a

23、by product of Formalism: in addition to the awareness of the correspondence of sign to object, there is the necessary opposite function simultaneously in process, namely that the relationship between sign and object is always inadequate.5.BassnettBassnett divides Translation Studies into four catego

24、ries:History of translation;Translation in the TLcultureTranslation and linguisticsTranslation and poetic四.Polysystem Theory (多元系统学派)Development:With the incorporation of the historical horizon, polysystem theorists changed the perspective that had governed traditional translation theory and began t

25、o addressa whole new series of questions. Not only are translations and interliterary connections between cultures more adequately described, but intraliterary relations within the structure of a given cultural system and actual literary and linguistic evolution are also made visible by means of the

26、 study of translated texts.1.Turij Tynjanov :According to him, any new literary work must necessarily deconstruct existing unities, or by definition it ceases to be literary.Two changes in Tynjaov's thinking became apparent: first, literariness, could not be defined outside of history.And second

27、, formal unities receded in importance as the systemic laws were elevated.Tynjaov s major contribution to literary theory was to extend, in a logical fashion, the parameters of formalism to include literary and norms.2.Itamar Even-Zohar:Even-Zohar adopted Tynjanov s concept of system. He developed t

28、he polysystem hypothesis while working on a model for Israeli Hebrew literature. In a serious of papers written from 1970 and 1977 and collect in 1978 as Papers in Historical Poetics' He first introduced the termpolysystem" to refer to the entire network ofcorrelated system within society.

29、Thus, it is a global term covering all of the literary system both major and minor existing in a given culture.He developed an approach called polysystem theory to attempt to the function of all kinds of writing within a given culture from the central canonical texts to the most marginal non-canonic

30、al texts.3.Gideon Toury:He believes that descriptive study is very important, and he distinguishes three kinds of translation norms: preliminary, initial and operational norms.Several aspects of Toury's theory have contributed to development withing the field:(1) the abandonment of one-to-one no

31、tions of correspondenceas well as the possibility off literary/linguistic equivalence (2) the involvement of literary tendencies within the target culture system in the production of any translated text.(3) the destabilization of the notion of an original message with a fixed identity;(4) the integr

32、ation of both the original text and the translated text in the semiotic web of interesting cultural systems.五.Deconstruction (解构主义学派)Development: The development of translation school is deeply influenced by the trend of the times. In the mid-1960s, the theoretical circles in the West made a rebelli

33、on against structuralism and the deconstruction emerged. It also called post structuralism. From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the influence of this trend of thought has expand gradually and has a huge impact on the traditional translation theory. Deconstructionists analyze the differences, sli

34、ps, changes, and elisions that are part of every text.Deconstruction is a literary theory and philosophy of language derived principally from Jacques Derrida's 1967 work Of Grammatology. The premise of deconstruction is that all of Western literature and philosophy implicitly relies on metaphysi

35、cs of presence, where intrinsic meaning is accessible by virtue of pure presence. Deconstruction denies the possibility of a pure presence and thus of essential or intrinsic meaning. 1.FoucaultFoucault attempts to break down the traditional notion of the author,and instead suggestswe think in terms of author-function“ Foucault thinks of