WTO---段落大意填入合适的单词教材

1、请根据段落大意填入合适的单词，首字母已经给出。 (答案应填写完整的单词)1 China was one of the 23 original s of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) in 1948. After China's rin 1949, China left the GATT system. Nearly 40 yearslater, in 1986, China notified the GATT of its wish to resume its status as a GATT cparty.In Ju

2、ly of 1986, China a for admission to the WTO's predecessor, the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The GATT formed a Working Party in March of 1987, composed of all interested GATT contracting parties, to examine China's application and negotiate terms for China's a. For the n

3、ext eight years, negotiations were conductedunder the auspices of the GATT Working Party. Following the formation of the WTO on January 1, 1995, a successor WTO Working Party, composed of all interested WTO members, took over the negotiations.World Trade Organization (WTO) members formally aan agree

4、ment on the terms ofaccessionfor the People's Republic of China (China) on November 10, 2001 at the WTO MConference in D_, Qatar. One day later, China signed the agreement anddeposited its instrument of ratification with the Director-General of the WTO. China became the 143rd member of the WTO o

5、n December 11, 2001.2Hong Kong, then a British Crown Colony became c party of GATT on 23 April 1986.On 1 July 1997 the People's Republic of China, r the exercise of sovereignty over HongKong. From that date, Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of China. As such it would, inter alia,

6、 retain the status of a s customs territory, and would continueto decide its economic and trade policies on its own and could, also on its own, using the name “ HongKong, China ” ,m and develop relations, and conclude and implementagreements, with States, regions and relevant international organizat

7、ions in the economic, trade and other f_. Subsequently, Hong Kong, as a contracting party of GATT, was a full participant in the Uruguay Round and a all of the corresponding rights and o_through formally accepting the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of M Trade Negotiations, whic

8、h was drawn up at Marrakesh on 15 April 1994. By virtueof Article XI of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Hong Kong became an original Member of the WTO. In accordance with the arrangements described above, Hong Kong will continue to be a WTO Member using the name of

9、“ HongKong, China ”6.3根据短文内容填入所缺单词，首字母已给出。(答案应填写完整的单词)WTO Ministerial Conference approves China's accessionThe WTO's Ministerial Conference approved(10 November, 2001) by c_ the text of theagreement for China's e_into the WTO. China will become legally a member 30 days after the WTO rece

10、ives n of the ratification of the agreement by China's Parliament.The documents adopted today by the Conference are the report of the Working Party for the Accession of China, the p of accession, which includes the terms of membership, and theschedule of China ' s c_ on m_ access for g_ and6

11、s_.4All m have joined the system as a result of n_ and therefore membership means ab of rights and obligations. They enjoy the p_ that other member-countries give tothem and the s_ that the trading rules provide. In return, they had to make cto opentheir markets and to abide by the rules those commi

12、tments were the result of the m_ (or “ accession ” ) negotiations. Countries negotiating membership are WTO- 5 “ o ”members|negotiation|balance|privileges|security|commitments|membership|observers 5 The Uruguay Round took seven and a half years, almost twice the original schedule. By the end, 123 co

13、untries were taking part. It covered almost all trade, from t to pleasureboats, from banking to telecommunications, from the genes of wild rice to AIDS t. Itwas quite simply the largest trade n_ ever, and most probably the largest negotiation of any kind in history.At times it seemed d to fail. But

14、in the end, the Uruguay Round brought about thebiggest reform of the world ' tsrading system since GATT was created at the end of the Second World War. And yet, despite its troubled progress, the Uruguay Round did s_ some early results. Within only two years, participants had agreed on a package

15、 of cuts in import duties on tropical p_ which are mainly exported by d_countries. They had also revised the rules for settling d, with some measures implemented on the spot. And theycalled for regular reports on GATT members' trade policies, a move considered importantfor making trade regimes t

16、ransparent around the world.- 46 Did GATT succeed?GATT was provisional with a limited field of action, but its successover 47 years in promoting and securing the liberalization of much of world t is incontestable. Continualreductions in t_ alone helped spur very high rates of world trade growth duri

17、ng the 1950s and 1960s around 8% a year on average. And the momentum of trade l helpedensure that trade growth c out-paced production growth throughout the GATT era, ameasure of countries ' increasing ability to tradeh weaitch other and to reap the benefits of trade. The rush of new members duri

18、ng the U_ Round demonstrated that the mtrading system was r as an anchor for d and an instrument of economic andtrade reform.-Unit27 At the end of the Uruguay Round, d countries were prepared to take on most of theo that are required of developed countries. But the a did give them transitionperiods

19、to adjust to the more unfamiliar and, perhaps, difficult WTO provisions particularly so for the poorest,-d_“_ ”leasctountries. Aministerial decision adopted at theend of the round says better-off countries should accelerate implementing market access con goods e by the least-developed countries, and

20、 it seeks increased technicalassistance for them. More recently, developed countries have started to allow duty-free and quota-free imports for almost all products from least-developed countries. On all of this, the WTO and its m are still going through a learning process. The current DohaDevelopmen

21、t Agenda includes developing countries ' concerns about the difficulties they face in |i the Uruguay Round agreements.-unit38 and knowledge are an increasingly important part of t_. Most of the value of new medicines and other high tproducts lies in the amount of i_, innovation, research,design

22、and testing involved. Films, music recordings, books, computer software and on-line services are bought and sold because of the and creativity they contain, not usuallybecause of the plastic, metal or paper used to m_ them. Many p that used to be tradedas low-technology goods or commodities now cont

23、ain a higher p of invention and designin their v for example brandnamed clothing or new varieties of plants. unit-119根据文段大意写出所需单词，首字母已给出。(答案为完整的单词)The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is the first and only set of m_ rules governing international trade in s. Negotiated in the Uruguay Rou

24、nd, it was developedin r to the huge growth of the services e over the past 30 years and the greaterpotential for trading services brought about by the communications revolution.Services represent the fastest growing sector of the g_ economy and account for two thirds of global output, one third of

25、global employment and nearly 20% of global trade.When the idea of bringing rules on services into the multilateral t_ system was floated in the early to mid 1980s, a number of countries were sceptical and even opposed. They believed such an agreement could undermine governments ' ability to purs

26、ue national policy objectives and constrain their regulatory powers. The agreement that was developed, however, allows a high degree of f, both within the framework of rules and also in termsof the m access commitments. u-1010 s is the central pillar of the multilateral trading s_, and the WTO'

27、s uniquecontribution to the s of the global e_. Without a means of settling disputes, therules-based system would be less e because the rules could not be enforced. TheWTO' sprocedure underscores the rule of law, and it makes the trading system more secure and predictable. The system is based on

28、 clearly-defined r_, with timetables for completing a case. First rulings are made by a p and endorsed (or rejected) by t he WTO' s full m.Appeals based on points of law are possible. U-12(1) The past 50 years have seen an exceptional growth in world trade. Merchandise exports grew on average by

29、 6% annually. Total trade in 2000 was 22-times the level of 1950. GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing to unprecedented growth.(2) With the Second World War only recently ended, they wanted to give an early boost to trade liberalization, and to b

30、egin to correct the legacy of protectionist measures which remained in place from the early 1930s.(3) Sometimes, promising not to raise a trade barrier can be important as lowing one, because the promise gives businessesa clearer view of their future opportunities. With stability and predictability,

31、 investment is encouraged, jobs are created and consumers can fully enjoy the benefits of competitionchoice and lower prices.(4) China is in the process of implementing economic reforms and transforming its economy into one which is more market-based. China's accession process to the WTO has bee

32、n guided by a Working Party whose membership consists of all interested WTO member governments.(5) The telecommunications sector has a dual role: it is a distinct sector of economic activity； and it is an underlying means of supplying other economic activities (for example electronic money transfers

33、).( 6) Decisions are made by the entire membership. This is typically by consensus. A majority vote is also possible but it has never been used in the WTO, and was extremely rare under the WTO 's predecessor, GATT. The WTO 's agreements have been ratified in allmembers'parliaments.( 7) F

34、rom 1948 to 1994, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided the rules for much of world trade and presided over periods that saw some of the highest growth rates in international commerce.( 8) Opening markets can be beneficial, but it also requires adjustment. The WTO agreements all

35、ow countries to introduce changes gradually, through “progressive liberalization ”. Developing countries are usually given longer to fulfill their obligations.( 9) The annexes are an integral part of the protocol, are legally binding and address specific issues related to the applicant 's trade

36、regime. As with all other accessions,the annexes,which have been a focus of the negotiations, are meant to provide WTO members with guarantees that the reforms or other transitional measures promised by the applicant will actually be implemented.(10) A commitment to national treatment, for example,

37、would only mean that the same regulations would apply to foreign suppliers as to nationals.(11) Before that, in 1997, a high-level meeting on trade initiatives and technical assistance for least-developed countries resulted in an “integrated framework ” involving six intergovernmental agencies, to h

38、elp least-developed countries increase their ability to trade, and some additional preferential market access agreements.(12) The original intention was to create a third institution to handle the trade side of international economic cooperation, joining the two “Bretton Woods”institutions, the Worl

39、d Bank and the International Monetary Fund.(13) Lowering trade barriers is one of the most obvious means of encouraging trade. The barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict quantities selectively. From time to time other issues su

40、ch as res tape and exchange rate policies have also been discussed.(1 4) The WTO on 17th September 2001 successfully concluded negotiations on China ' terms of membership of the WTO, paving the way for the text of the agreement to be adopted formally at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qa

41、tar, in November.(1 5) Since domestic regulations are the most significant means of exercising influence or control over services trade, the agreement says government should regulate services reasonably, objectively and impartially.(1 6) Training courses are also organized in Geneva for officials fr

42、om countries in transition from central planning to market economies.(17) There were additions in the form of a section on development added in the 1960s and “plurilateral ”agreements (i.e. with voluntary membership) in the 1970s, and efforts to reduce tariffs further continued.(18) National treatme

43、nt only applies once a product, service or item of intellectual propertyhas entered the market. Therefore, charging customs duty on an import is not a violation of national treatment even if locally-produced products are not charged an equivalent tax.(19) China is the largest developing country in t

44、he world; without the China 's participation, the WTO will be incomplete and will be unable to express the universality and fairness of the multilateral trading system.20) GATS says government must publish all relevant laws and regulations, and set up enquiry points within their bureaucracies.(2

45、1) The WTO set up reference centers in over 100 trade ministers and regional organizations in capitals of developing and least-developed countries, providing computers and internet access to enable ministry officials to keep abreast of events in the WTO in Geneva through online access to the WTO 

46、9;s immense database of official documents and other materials.(2 2) Much of this was achieved through a series of multilateral negotiations known as “trade rounds”the biggest leaps forward in international trade liberalization have come through these rounds which were held under GATT 's auspice

47、s.(23) In general, MFN means that every time a country lowers a trade barrier or opens upa market, it has to do so for the same goods or services form all its trading partners whether rich or poor, weak or strong.(24) After entry into the WTO, China' economic system will more conform to the comm

48、on international rules and will greatly help improve China's industrial and investment environment. In the meantime, China's huge market potential will be gradually transformed into real purchasing power, thereby providing a formidable market and business opportunity for various countries an

49、d regions around the world, this will definitely enable China to make new contributions to all mankind.(25) GATS ' approach to making commitments means that members are not obliged to do so on the whole universe of services sectors.（1）世界贸易组织（WTO的建立开创了全球经济合作的新纪元，反映了各国为其人民的 利益和幸福而在更加公平和开放的多边贸易体制中运

50、作的普遍愿望。2）通过贸易政策审查机制对国家贸易政策定期监督，无论在国内或国际层面，都提供了一种进一步鼓励透明度的手段。3）尽管进程艰难，但乌拉圭回合的确取得了一些早期成果。4）具体承诺减让表应附在本协定之后，并应成为本协定的组成部分。5）版权的保护权延伸至表达方式，而不延伸至思想、程序、操作方法或数学概念本身。6）部长们认识到实施这些规定对最不发达国家十分重要，并宣布愿意继续帮助和便利这些国家扩大贸易和投资机会。7） 该体系的确允许关税的存在，并在有限的情况下， 允许其他形式的保护。 更准确的说，这是一个致力于公开、公平和非扭曲竞争的规则体系。8） 谈判陷入僵局，直到官员们于次年4 月份在日

51、内瓦更低调地会面才得以解决。9）各成员可就在本协定项下提供服务的所有类别的自然人流动所适用的具体承诺进行谈判。10）录制制品制作者应享有准许或禁止直接或间接复制其录音制品的权利。1 1）货物贸易理事会、 服务贸易理事会和 TPIPS 理事会应按要求设立附属机构。 各附属机构应自行制定各自的议事规则，但需经各自的理事会批准。(12 )这些问题很复杂，本规则尝试建立何为公平或不公平、以及各国政府回应的方式， 特别是通过征收额外进口关税，以弥补由不公平的贸易所造成的损害。(13)乌拉圭回合有时似乎注定要失败，但它最终给世界贸易体系带来了自GATT创立以来最大的变革。(14 )本附件规定了一成员在本协

52、定生效时豁免进行审议。(15)任何标记或标记的组合，只要能够将一企业的货物和服务区别与其他企业的货物和 服务，既能够成商标。(1 6)知识产权的保护和实施应有助于促进技术革新及技术转让和传播，有助于技术知识 的创造者和使用者的相互利益，并有助于社会和经济福利及权利与义务的平衡。17) 四分之三以上的世贸组织成员国都是发展中国家和向市场经济转型国家。在乌拉圭 回合谈判的七年半时间里，有超过 60个这种类型的国家自主的实施了贸易自由化。18) 虽然部长们本打算发起新一轮谈判，但会议在农业问题上不能达成一致，被普遍看 作一次失败。19) 服务贸易理事会应对其所授权的超过五年期的豁免进行审议。20)

53、专利所有权人还有权利或以继承方式转移其他专利并订立许可合同。21) 各成员应特别考虑向最不发达国际提供机会，以鼓励外国电信服务提供者在技术转 让、培训和其他活动方面提供帮助，支持发展其电信基础设施，扩大其电信服务贸 易。22) 但该协定的确给了他们一个过渡时期去适应更陌生的、也许是更艰难的世界贸 易组织规定特别是为那些最穷的、 “最不发达”国家。23) 原本在乌拉圭回合谈判协定中所列的议程有了增加和修改。24) 服务包括任何部门的政府任何服务，但是在行驶政府职权时提供的服务除外。25) 有关知识产权的实施程序应公平和公正。1) The system was developed through

54、a series of trade negotiations, or rounds, heldunder GATT. The last round the 1986-94 Round led to the WTO 'screation.2) But a member of simple, fundamental principles run throughout all of thesedocuments. These principles are the of the multilateral trading system3) Any state or customs territo

55、ry having full autonomy in the conduct of its trade policiesmay join ( “ accedeto ”) the WTO, but WTO members must agree on the terms. Broadly speaking the goes through four stages.4) China is in the process of implementing economic and transforming itseconomy into one which is more market-based. Ch

56、ina 's accession process to the WTOhas been guided by a Working Party whose membership consists of all WTO member governments.5) The original GATT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes. Forexample, it allowed countries to use some non-tariff measures such as import quotas,

57、and to subsidize the agricultural trade. Agricultural trade became highly distorted, especially with the use of export subsidies which would not normally have been allowed for products.6) The WTO 's top level decision-making body is the Conference which meets atleast once every two years. Under

58、the WTO agreements, countries can not normally between their trade partners. Grant someone a special favor and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.( 8) The government applying for membership has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements. This is to theWTO in a memorandum which is examined by the working party dealing with the country 's application. These working parties are open to all WTO members.( 9) The Working Party had two tasks: to compile a report based on its ; and tocomplete a Protoc