全国职称英语考试卫生类C级课堂笔记概括大意第六讲

1、全国职称英语考试卫生类 C 级课堂笔记概括大意第六讲例题解析：passage 1Soot 煤灰 and Snow ： a Hot CombinationNew research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the waysunlight reflects off snow According to a computersimulation ，black soot may beresponsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the pa

2、st century Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth，where ice is morecommon ，absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy,white background Dark-colored black carbon ， or soot ， absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlightSoot in areas with snow and ice may play an im

3、portant role in climate change Also ，if snow and ice covered areas begin melting ，the warming effect increases， as the soot becomesmore concentrated on the snow surface "This provides a positive feedback as glaciers and ice sheets melt ，they tend to get even dirtier,"said Dr James Hansen ，

4、a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies New York Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space) ， which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere， such asthinning Arctic sea ice ， melting glaciers and pe

5、rmafrostSootalso is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land "Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space ，thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon' ，"Hansen said Soot's increased abs

6、orption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate "This forcing is unusually effective， causing twice as muchglobal warming as acarbon dioxide forcing of the same magnitude ''Hansennoted Hansen cautioned ， although the role of soot in altering global cli

7、mate is substantial， it does not alter the fact thatgreenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warmingduring the past century Such gases are expected to be thelargest climate forcing for the rest of this centuryThe researchers found that observed warming in theNorthern Hemisphere was large in

8、 the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes These observations were consistent with the researchers'climate model simulations which showedsome of the 1argest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight1 Paragraph 3 _.2 Paragraph4 _.3 Paragraph 6 _.4

9、Paragraph 7 _.5 In the twentieth century，soot _.A Soot's Role in Changes in the Climate and theAtmosphereB Observations of Warming in the Northern HemisphereC Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by SootD Effect to Reduce Snow AlbedoE Ways to Reduce Soot EmissionF Greenhouse Gases as t

10、he Main Factor of G10bal Warming5. In the twentieth century, soot _.6 Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases_.7 Black soot covered snow and ice_.8 A soot forcing is unusually effective， which_.A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudeB contributed to 25

11、percent of observed global warmingC can produce greenhouse gasesD absorb more of sun's energy and warmth than white backgroundE still surpass soot in warming the world'S climate during the last centuryF can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere答案及解析：1 文章标题分析： Soot 煤灰 and Snow ： a Hot Com

12、bination根据标题内容可以判断该文章与自然环境环境污染有关。2被选项分析：A Soot's Role in Changes in the Climate and the AtmosphereB Observations of Warming in the Northern HemisphereC Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by SootC Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo反照率E Ways to Reduce Soot EmissionF Greenhouse Gases as the M

13、ain Factor of G1obal Warming 分析：被选项中都涉及到了文章标题所揭示的核心词，划线结构 是小标题中的核心结构，也是可以用作答案线索的结构。直接解题：A Soot's Role in Changes in the Climate and the AtmosphereB Observations of Warming in the Northern HemisphereC Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by SootC Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo反照率E Ways to

14、 Reduce Soot EmissionF Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming1 Paragraph 3 _.Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change Also ，if snow and ice- covered areas begin melting ，the warming effect increases ， as the soot becomes more concentrated on the sno

15、w surface "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt， they tend toget even dirtier," said DrJames Hansen ，a researcher at NASA'sGoddard Institute for Space Studies New York 1C 分析：段首句的大意和用词似乎在暗示A 是答案。但是在下文中没有具体提到 soot 是如何改变气候的排除 A 。段落中 soot 出现了两次，因此重点注意包含 soot的被

16、选项：C和E。段落中没 有提到有关"煤灰散发"的问题，所以排除E,选择C。提示：在借助段首句内容的时候判断答案的时候还应该扫视一下 全文。A Soot's Role in Changes in the Climate and the AtmosphereB Observations of Warming in the Northern HemisphereC Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo 反照率E Ways to Reduce Soot EmissionF Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1

17、obal Warming2 Paragraph4 _( Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space) ， which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere， such asthinning Arctic sea ice ， melting glaciers and permafrost)Sootalso is believed to play a role

18、 in changes in the atmosphereabove the oceans and land2A 分析：因为段落中 soot 出现了两次，因此重点注意包含 soot的被选项：A和E,同样段落中没有提到有关"煤灰散发"的问题, 所以判断 A 是答案段落最后一句观点句的含义与 A 一致提示： "避重就轻法 "- 段首句复杂那么看段未句。B Observations of Warming in the Northern HemisphereC Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo 反照率E Ways to Reduce So

19、ot EmissionF Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming3 Paragraph 6 _.Hansen cautioned ， although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial ， it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century Such gases are

20、expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century3 F。 分析：因为段落中 gas 出现了两次，因此重点注意包含 gas的被选项：F。而F中的内容正好与段首句中的核心结构it doesnot alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century它没有改变 '温室效应是在过去的世纪中造成气候变暖的主要原因 '这个事实一致B Observat

21、ions of Warming in the Northern HemisphereC Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo (反照率)E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission 4 Paragraph 7 _.The researchers found that observed warming in theNorthern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes(These observations were consistentwith th

22、e researchers'climate model simulations, which showed some of the 1argest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight )4. B.分析：段首句中出现了 Northern Hemisphere ，而接下 来的句子中出现了 "These observations"，这些词都被包含在 B中， 因此判断B是答案。A produces much more global warming

23、than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudeB contributed to 25 percent of observed global warmingC can produce greenhouse gasesD absorb more of sun's energy and warmth than white backgroundE still surpass soot in warming the world's climate during the last centuryF can be seen mostly

24、 in the Northern Hemisphere5. In the twentieth century, soot _.5. B 。分析：结合文章标题主题 Soot 煤灰 and Snow ： a Hot Combination ，判断 B 很可能是答案。也可以借助文章中的相 关语句：According to a computer simulation , black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century A produces much more gl

25、obal warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudeC can produce greenhouse gasesD absorb more of sun's energy and warmth than whitebackgroundE still surpass soot in warming the world's climate duringthe last centuryF can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere6。Hansen caution

26、ed that greenhouse gases_.6 E 分析：文章中提到温室气体仍然是造成全球温度上升的 主要因素，因此判断 E 是答案。A produces much more global warming than acarbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitudeC can produce greenhouse gasesD absorb more of sun's energy and warmth than white backgroundF can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere7 Black soot covered snow and ice_.7 . D。分析：该题可以借助常识直接判断 D是答案带有煤灰 的冰和雪要比白色的背景吸收的热量多 。A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same mag