关系代词关系副词用法

1、关系词(关系代词和关系副词)有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。1. 关系代词作宾语时的省略：当关系代词 who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时 的介词宾语时，可以省略。Is there anything (that/which) you wanted?注意：当先行词为 all, much, little 以及不定代词 any thi ng,someth in g, everythi ng 等时，关系代词多用that |Who is the man (that/who/whom) you were tal

2、k ing to?This is the best no vel (that) I have ever read.注意：当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that2. 关系代词作表语时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时，可以省略。China is not the country (that) it was.3. 关系代词作宾补时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足语时，可以省略。I ' m not the madman (that) you thoug

3、ht me. that做宾补4. 关系副词when的省略：用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于day, year,time等少数几个词后可以省略，也可换成thatThat was the year (when /that) I first we nt abroad.I ' ll never forget the day(when/that) we met.5. 关系副词where的省略：用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place,somewhere, any where, everywhere, no where少数

4、几个词后时才可以省略，也可换成 thatThis is the place (where/that) they met yesterday.Have you met somewhere (that) I can lie dow n for an hour?6. 关系副词why的省略：关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which, 均可省略。That' s the reason (why/for which/that) he came.关系副词的特点：关系副词用于引出定语从句，英语的关系副词主要有when, where, why 三

5、个。Sun day is the day (when/that) very few people go to work.That' s the reason ( why/for which/that) he dislikes me.Do you know a shop where/that I can find san dals?注意：关系副词用于引出定语从句，且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因。使用关系副词应注意的几点：不能用作关系副词，不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way后表示方式：This is the way how

6、he spoke. (wrong)This is how he spoke. /This is the way (that/i n which) he spoke. (right)This is the way that he solved the problem. =This is how he solved the problem.2. 关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，但why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句，可用for which reason)3. 引导定语从句时，when的先行词为时间，where的

7、先行词为地点，why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason), 但 是反过来却不一定Don' t forget the time (that) I ' ve told you. 做宾语Do you know the house (that) he bought recen tly?做宾语Please tell me the reason (that) you know.做宾语关系代词引导的定语从句who, whom, which, that, whose在句中必做成分1) who, whom, that指人，在句中做主语或宾语，作宾语可省略Is he the man who

8、/ that wants to see you?做主语He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday.做宾语2) which, that指物，在句中做主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略做宾语A prosperity which/ that had n ever bee n see n before appears in the coun tryside.做主语The package (which/that) you are carry ing is about to come un wrapped.3) whose表所属关系,指人或物。指物可与 of which互换

9、,指人可与of whom互换They rushed over to help the man whose car had broke n dow n.=They rushed over to help the man of whom the car had broke n dow n.=They rushed over to help the man the car of whom had broke n dow n.Please pass me the book whose cover is gree n.=Please pass me the book the cover of which

10、 is gree n.=Please pass me the book of which the cover is gree n.关系副词引导的定语从句whe n, where, why1) 区别：及物动词后面无宾语，用关系代词；不及物动词用关系副词This is the place (where/that) I lived onee. where指代 the place 充当地点状语This is the place (which/that) I visited onee. which做 visit 的宾语，可省略I ' ll never forget the days (which

11、) we spend together. which做 spend 的宾语, 可省略I ' ll never forget the days (when/that) we live together in the country. when指代 the days 充当时间状语2) 关系副词含义相当于”介词+which”结构，可以互换，口语中可省略There are occasions when/that one must yield屈服.=There are occasions on which one must yield.Beiji ng is the place (where/t

12、hat) I was born. =Beiji ng is the place on which I was born.Is this the reason (why/that) he refused our offer? = Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?3) that代替关系副词：that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why和”介词+which” 引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in which)

13、 he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (where/that/in which) he lived forty years ago.不能用that的情况1) 引导非限制性定语从句时，不能用thatThe tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (wrong,应用 which)2) 介词后不能用We depe nd on the land from which we got our food.=We depe nd on the land which/that we

14、 got our food from.只能用that的情况1) 在there be 句型中，只用that, 不用which2) 在不定代词如 anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等做先行词时，只用 that3) 先行词有the only, the very 修饰时，只用that4) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that5) 先行词即有人，又有物时当先行词是 way时，关系副词常常省略。I appreciate the way (that) you teach me.That作为关系副词所具备的功能，即代替w

15、hen、where、why三大关系副词或介词 + which。但这种代替是有条件 的，主要适用于表示时间、 地点、原因、方式这四大类基本含义的先行词，即time(替代when), place(替代where)，reason(替代why)， way(替代in which)，其中time类的词汇最多，包括若干下义词，女口 hour, evening, summer, year, moment等。大概是因为这些词最基本、最常用，所以在约定俗成的习惯下挣脱了原有关系副词的束缚。此外，that 还可以与speed, distanee等先行词连用，此时无法用 where代替。在非正式语体中，关系副词tha

16、t是经常省略的。正是基于这个原因，在论述”关系副词that的功能”中笔者并未 给出相关例句，因为在各语法书和词典关系中关系副词that总是有左右两个括号相伴。We moved here the year (that/whe n) my mother died.I still remembered the summer (that) I walked around Paris.The reas on I called was to ask about the pla ns for Saturday.There are so many delicious ways you can prepare

17、chicke n.This is the place (where) I lived five years.Do you know any where (that) I can get a drink?She knows the place (that/where) he stays.There is no where (that) we can go.The speed (that/at which) he is driving is 70 miles per hour.This is the place (that) I spe nt my childre n at. =This is t

18、he place (that) I spe nd my childhood.前者为关系代词用法，比后者关系副词的用法更为正式I don ' t know any place (that) you can get a better exchange rate.如上所述,关系副词that是广泛存在的，并且经常省略。当然各个词典和语法书的观点并非完全一致，例如薄冰高级英语语法认为先行词为place时，关系副词where也可省略；薄冰高级英语语法认为先行词为reason时，关系副词why可以省略。为了便于记忆和理解，我们可以将这类省略现象统一看做是关系副词that的省略。Oxford dict

19、ionary中可给出that作为关系代词的义项，但所举例句中包含了that作为关系副词的用法(见如上第一个例句)。根据对句子结构的分析，这里的that相当于when或in which,不是代词而是副词。个别语法书中 提到that代替关系副词 when, where, why, how,鉴于how作为关系副词并不具有充分的例证，且多部语法书明确提出how不能做关系副词，故笔者不采用that代替how的说法。(先行词是time, day, occasion等表时间的名词时在口语中可以省略)At the time (when) I saw him, he was quite strong.Do yo

20、u know the year (whe n) The Declarati on of In depe ndence was published?2. Where(先行词是place, room 等表示地面的名词，在口语中可以省略)This is the place (where) I lived for 5 years.(先行词只有reason,在口语中，可以省略why)That' s the reason (why) I ' m checking it now.还有一种省略应特别关注，在this/that/it is后可省略先行词 the time, the place,

21、the reason,直接跟 why,when, whereThat was (the time) when he lived there.It is (the place) where that rock festival is held every year.That' s (the reason) why he spoke.一、关系代词在限制性定语从句中的省略场合1. 当关系代词，that, which, who , whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略The professor (that/who/whom) you wish to see has come.Where

22、is the book (which/that) I bought this morning?2. 当关系代词that在定语从句中作补语时可以省略He has cha nged. He is not the man (that) he was.3. 当关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中作主语时，只有当主句是由It is, that is, there is引导的场合才能省略It isn ' t everybody (that/who) can learn a foreign Inguage so easily.That was his brother (who/tha

23、t) just went by.There was some one (who/that) asked for you, Bill.二、关系副词 whe n,where, why引导的限制性定语从句在非正式语体中，通常可以省略I shall n ever forget the day (whe n) we first met.The reas on (why) he came so early in his own affair.That' s the place (where) he stayed when he was in London.另外，在当代英语里，that 可以用于表示

24、时间、地点、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+which ”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.三、 以the way作为先行词的限制性定语从句用在非正式语体中通常省略in which或者thatThe way (in which/that) you an swered the qu

25、esti ons was admirable.,day, year, place, house, reason, way等作先行词时可以被省略，其后的子句不再是形容词子句，而变成名词子句或副词子句。This is where he was born. Where he was born是名词子句This is the place where he was born. Where he was born是形容词子句I ' ll meet her where I first met her. Where I first met her 是副词子句I ' ll meet her at

26、 the place where I first met her. Where I first met her 是形容词子句Tuesday is when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是名词子句Tuesday is the day when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是形容词子句2. 关系副词有限定用法 ,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。We were very happy in those days when we st

27、udied in school.3. 关系副词有补述用法 , 即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句 , 主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加 以补充 , 前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。Tom got married the day before yesterday, when it was his birthday too.引导的定语从句 : 先行词是表示地点的名词 , 如 place, room, house, street, area等 , 或含有地点意义的抽象名词,如situation(处境,地势),stage, point( 点),case(案例，情况),用where引导定语从句,在

28、定语从句中做地点状语。The school where/in which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.Harvard is a world-famous university. There Wang An got his Doctor' s degree.=Harvard is a world-famous university where Wang An got his Doctor' s degree.This is the house. I was born in the house.=Th

29、is is the house where/in which I was born.=This is the house which I was born in.A bank is the place where/in which they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back whenit begins to rain.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.This is the house where I lived two ye

30、ars ago.* 先行词为抽象名词situation, stage, point, job, case, system, game, degree等 , 表示模糊化的地点 , 用where 引导定语从句。You reach a point where medicine can't help.She is in a hopeless situation where we will keep a very close eye on her.引导的定语从句：先行词是表示时间的名词 , 如 day, time, year, hour 等, 用 when 引导定语从句 , 在句中作状 语。Th

31、e time when/at which I first met Nelson was a very difficult period of my life.The day when/on which Nelson helped me was one of my happiest. When=in/at/on/during+ whichI ' ll never forget the day. I joined the league on that day.=I ' ll never forget the day when I joined the league.The days

32、 are gone when physical strength was all your needed to make a living.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.I ' ll never forget the day when I joined the army.一、 ”介词 +关系代词”结构1. 当关系代词 whom, which 在定语从句中作介词的宾语时 , 可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间； 当先行词指人时 , 介词后的关系代词用 whom, 其余用 which, 这时的关系代词不能省略 ;

33、有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行 词, 也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面 , 这时的 which 可用 that 替换。当介词放在有关动词的后面时 , 关 系代词 which, that, whom 在口语和非正式语体中经常省略。This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which/that) he used to live in.Who's the man with whom you just shook hands? = Who 's the man (that/whom) you

34、just shook hands with?注意 : 下列情况介词不能提前1) 用who代替whom,用that代替which时，介词不能提前He' s the boy (who) I learned English from.This should be the place (that) Tom send the parcel to.2) 当 whom, which 省去时介词不能提前Is he the boy you went there with?This is the room he lived in.3) 当whom, which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不

35、能拆开提前You' re the very man (whom) I ' m looking for.This is the program (which) he liste ned to.2. ”介词+关系代词”结构通常可以和一些关系副词(when, where 和why相互转换)1) where=i n/o n whichThis is the room where/in which he lived.2) whe n=on/in/at/duri ng whichI still remember the year when/in which I joined the Par

36、ty.I still remember the day whe n/on which I joi ned the Party.I still remember the hour whe n/at which the rocket was laun ched.3) why=for whichThis is the reas on why/for which he was killed.注意：并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代I am very impressed by the way in which he works.这里 in which 代表的是 in the way,在句

37、中作方式状语 ，只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用 when, where和why代替。试比较下面两组句子：This is the factory that/which produces radios.划线部分作主语 , 应用关系代词 The factory producesradios.This is the factory where radios are produced.化纤部分作地点状语 , 应用关系畐U词 Radios are produced in _the factory.Do you remember the days (that) we s

38、pe nt together?关系代词在句中作宾语We spe nt the days together.Do you remember the days when we worked together?关系副词作时间状语 We worked together during the days.关系副词的省略：time, every time, the mome nt 等后的关系副词可以省略By the time (whe n) he was fourtee n years old, Jim had lear nt more tha n two thousa nds En glish words

39、.2. 在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略，如the place 等This is the place (where) I saw him last time.3. 先行词the reason 后面的关系副词可以省略The reas on (why) he came is quite clear.4. 当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略I know the way (that) he lear ns En glish.An architect is a pers on who/that desig ns build in gs.I will never forget the te

40、acher who/that taught us chemistry in the firstyear of my senior middle school.Anyone who/that wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.Do you know the gen tlema n (whom/that) we met in the school library yesterday?This is the stude nt (whom/that) my father taught ten years

41、 ago.The girl (who/whom/that) I saw is called Mary.非正式英语中，可用 who代替 whomThe girl stude nt whose father is a senior engin eer used to study abroad. Whose father=the father ofwhomDo you know the n ame of the hotel whose window we can see here? Whose win dow=the window of which指the window of the hotelLo

42、ok out! Don ' t get too close to the house whose roof is under repair. Whose roof-the roof of whichI do no t like stories which/that have un happy endin gs.Toms works for a factory which/that makes watches.Is the girl that/whom sells n ewspaper?Where is the ice-cream that/which was in the fridge

43、?Is this the book (that/which) you want to buy?关系副词 In Beiji ng July and August are the mon ths (whe n/that) it rains very ofte n.Do you remember the day (whe n/that) we first went to the Summer Palace?I haven ' t seen her since the year (when) I left Tokyo.Great cha nges have take n place in th

44、at school. It is no Ion ger what (=all that= the things that) it was20 years ago, whe n it was so poorly equipped.During the Spring Festival I went back to the town (where/that ) I was brought up.That 不能作为表示地点的关系副词This is the place (where/ that ) Li Bai once lived.That 不能作为表示地点的关系副词区另U: This is the

45、place (that/which) Li Bai once visited.If a shop has chairs (where) women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.The reas on (why/that) I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.This is the reas on (why/that) he came late to school. =This is why he came late to

46、 school.As是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。一、在固定搭配己 asas, so as, such as, the same as中,as 弓丨导定语从句You may take as( 副词)many books as( 关代，代替books,在定语从句中作宾语 )you want.I have got such a computer as yours.I have n ever see n so beautiful a place as Guil in.二、独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句As we know, the earth tur ns a

47、round the sun.As is known to us, the earth tur ns around the sun.As we know和As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。Taiwa n is, as you kno w, is an in separable part of China.关系代词 as指代整个主句 , 在定语从句中作宾语。As is ofte n the case, we have worked out the product ion pla n. Which禾口 as 弓丨导定语从句均可代表一句话或整个主句，

48、但which不能放在句首，另外as有”正如”的意思，而which没有。一、关系代词who和that的区别1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格whoHe who loses hope loses all.先行词为代词 he, they , any, all, one等时, 多用 whoI met Alice, who told me that she was learni ng Chi nese.在非限制性定语从句中用who2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom,不用thatThe man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our E

49、n glish teacher.=The man (who/whom/that) our headmaster talked to just now is our En glish teacher.口语中省略关代最自然3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用thatHe is a man that is n ever afraid of failure. That用来泛指人4. 当关系代词出现在 who开头的疑问句时，应用thatWho is the girl that is talki ng to Tom in En glish?避免重复二、关系代词which与that的区别1. 当先行词为 all,

50、 much, little以及不定代词 anything, something, everything等时，关系代词多用 thatAll that glitters is not gold.She told me everything (that) she knew.2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用thatThat is the best no vel (that) I have ever read.He is the only pers on that has bee n i

51、n vited to the ball.3. 当关系代词出现在 which开头的疑问句时，应用thatWhich was the hotel that was recomme nded to the foreig n guest?4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用 whichBeijing, which is the capital of the People' s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games.5. 介词后的关系代词用which,不用thatShe has collected 600 stamps,

52、60% of which are German stamps.I saw a women running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction from which she had come.He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went to Cambridge.The English play in which my students acted at the

53、New Year' s party was a great success.=The English play which/that my students acted in at the New Year' s party was a great success.限制性定语从句中 , 从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切 , 若缺少 , 句意则不完整 , 故从句前不用逗号隔开 非限制性定语从句中 , 从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切 , 若缺少 , 句意仍然完整 , 故从句一般都用逗号 隔开。试比较以下两组句子 :The water which has been pol

54、luted by the factory is not fit to drink.Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.不只一个哥哥His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.只有一个哥哥The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of

55、 improvements and employ more people to keep it running, which means spending tens of thousands of pounds.I have many friends, of whom some are business.定语从句的位置 : 定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。 有时候 , 定语从句与先行词之间插入了其 他的短语 , 这样它们被分隔了 , 这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying

56、, obviously mad.A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.定语从句置于句末以示强调The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 : 同位语从句与定语从句从形式上看好像没什么区别 , 实际上从含义和功能上看 , 还是比较易区分的。 同位语从句的 先行词一般为 fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, proble

57、m等抽象名词 , 而且关联词大都为 that. 在idea, problem 等词后根据句意可能用到 who, when, why, how 等其他关联词。关联词 that 在同位语从句中仅仅 起连接作用 , 不作任何成分 , 但又不可省略。 定语从句的关联词 （ 关系代词和关系副词 ）在从句中是要充当句子成分 的且有实际意义。The suggestion that we should practice speaking English every day came from our monitor.同位语The suggestion （that） our monitor put forwar

58、d at the meeting is very valuable.关代 , that 作宾语A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother ' s birthday.We haven' t settled the question ofwhether 是否 it is necessary for him to study abroad.考查 whether 引导的同位语从句。这个句子中的 of 可以省略 , 形式上看 , of 后面的从句为介词的宾语从句 ,但实 际上 of 连接的 question 与 wh