27037语言学概论复习精华44856

1、3 . Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaningless level.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。4 .Humanlanguageshave such design features asproductivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability .人类语言具有以下的甄另1J 性特征：

2、能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。1. According to John Lyons , general linguistics deals with language in generaland descriptive linguistics（描写语言学）is concerned with one particularlanguage7根据约翰，普遍语言学把语言作为一个整体进行研究，而描写语言学关注一种特定的语言。（2009年10月考题）2. In de Saussure ' s term, langue refers to the syste

3、m of language and parole refers to the speaker ，s speech . 根据索绪尔的定义，语言指的是语言的体系，而言 语指的是说话者的语言。（2009年10月考题）3. Phonology is the science that deals with the sound system.音位学是研究语音系统的科学。4. Syntax studies two kinds of rules :phrase structure rules and transformationalrules .句法学研究两种规则：短语结构规则和转换规则。5. Accordi

4、ng to Chomsky , competence is “the speaker-hearer ' s knowledge of his language ” .while performance is “the actual use of language in concrete situations ” .根据乔姆斯基，语言能力是语言使用者所具有的知识，而语言运用是这 种知识在具体情况下的实际运用。6. Saussure is the father of modern linguistics .索绪尔是 “现代语言学之父”。7. The synchronic study of

5、a language is concerned with a“state" of a languageat a particular point of time.语言的共时性研究关注的是处于某一时间点的语言所做的描述。8. A syntagmatic relation（横组合关系）refers to the sequential characteristic ofspeech.横组合关系指的是语言的序列特点。9. Phonological knowledge is a native speake r ' s intuition about the sounds and sou

6、nd patterns of his language .音位知识是当地语言者关于他语言的语音和语音模式的知识。10. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker ' s intuition about how a word is formed .形态学知识是当地语言者关于单词是如何形成的知识。11. Syntactic knowledge is a native speaker ' s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not .句法知识是当地语言者关于一个句子

7、是否合乎语法的知识。12. Semantic knowledge is a native speaker ' s intuition about the meaning of language ,including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.语义知识是当地语言者关于语言意义的知识，包括单词意义和句子意义。13. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.语音学是对所有人类语言的语音研究。（2009年10月考题）14. Morphology exa

8、mines word formation and the internal structure of words .形态学研究的是单词的构成和单词的内在结构。15. Syntax is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences .句法学关注单词是如何组合成语义学是对单词短语以及短语是如何通过规则形成句子的。16. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and se

9、ntences .和句子的意义研究。（2010 年1月考题）17. A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of a language over a period of time.历时性研究关注的是语言经过一定时间阶段所发生的历史变化。18. A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but

10、 belonging to the same sub-system of the language .纵聚合关系是话语中的一种语言成分和话语之外的语言成分之间的一种关系，但是都属下百言的同一种子系统。 （2009年10月考面1. Phonetics has three sub-branches :acoustic phonetics , auditory phonetics andarticulatory phonetics . 语音学有三种分支：声学语音学，听觉语音学和发音语音学。2. The vocal tract（发音系统）can be divided into two parts:th

11、e oral cavity andnasal cavity . 发音系统可以被分成两种：口腔和鼻腔。3. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air-stream from the lungs is either completely blocked or partially or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible frication . A vowel is usually produced with vibration of the vocal

12、cord1一辅音是发音的时限从肺部呼出的气流要么是全部阻塞或者部分阻 塞，出气口过窄以至于可以听到摩擦的声音。一个元音一般是通过声带振动所形成的。4. Articulatory phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.爱音语音学研究声音是如何通过发音器官形成的。5. Acoustic phonetics deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker' smouth to the listener，s ears.声学语音学

13、研究声音是如何从说话者的口中传入听话者的耳朵中的。 （2009 年10月考题）6. Auditory phonetics investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.听觉语音学研究声音是如何被听话者所接收的。（2010年1月考题）7. According to the position of the velum, consonants are divided into oral consonants and nasal consonants .根据软腭的位置，辅音被分成 口腔辅音和鼻腔辅日。8. The production of

14、 a stop consists of three stages :closure stage , hold stage andrelease stage .一个塞音或者闭止音的形成包括三个阶段：闭合阶段，保丽花和释放阶段。9. The raising of the soft palate causes the production of oral consonants while the lowering of the soft palate brings about the production of nasal consonants. 软腭的上提会导致口腔辅音的形成，而软腭的下降会导致鼻

15、腔辅音的形成。10. In English ,there are three nasal consonants .They are m ,n ,n .在英语中有三个鼻腔辅音，它们是 m, n, n.11. According to the presence or absence of vocal cord vibration（声带振动） ,theEnglish consonants can be classified into two groups :voiced consonants andvoiceless consonants .根据声带振动的有无，英语辅音可以被分成两种：浊辅音和清辅音

16、。12. In terms of lip rounding ,vowels are classified into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels . 根据口形，元音被分成圆唇元音和非圆唇元音。13. The space between the vocal cords is calledglottis . 声带中间的位置被称为声包。14. When the vocal cords are spread apart ,the air-stream is not blocked at the glottis and it passes freely into

17、 the vocal tract（声带系统）without vocal-cordvibration（声带振动）.The sounds produced in this way are called voicelessconsonants . 当声带被分开，气流在声门处没有阻碍，并且没有经过声带振动就自由进入到发音系统，以这种方式所发出的音被称为清辅音。15. When the vocal cords are nearly touching each other but not completely closed ,the air-stream passing through theglotti

18、s has to cause vibration .Thesounds made in this way are called voiced consonants.当声带几乎要合但是没有完全合闭，从声门所通过的气流一定会发生振动，以这种方式所形成的音被称为浊辅音。（2009年10月考题）16. Stops can be divided into two types:oral stops and nasal stops.塞音或者闭止音可以分成两种：口腔闭止音和鼻腔闭止音。一17. According to the state of the velum ,vowels are divided in

19、tooral vowels andnasal vowels.根据软腭的状态，元音被分成口腔元音和鼻腔元音。一18. In English ,nasal vowels occur only beforenasal consonants ,and oral vowelsbefore oral consonants 。 在英语中，鼻腔元音只发生在鼻腔辅音之前，而口腔元音 发生在口腔辅音之前。（2010 年1月考题）19. In English ,all the back vowels except a: are rounded vowels.在英语中，除了 a:之外所有的后元音都是圆唇音。20. I

20、n terms of tongue position ,vowels can be classified into front ,central ,back ,high ,mid and low vowels .根据舌头的位置，元音可以分成前元音，中元音，后元音，高元音，中元音和低元音。（2009年10月考题）（2010年1月考题） 第四章音位学填空题或选择题1. English phonology investigates the sound system of English .It is different from English phonetics, which is concern

21、ed withthe speech sounds that occurs inthe English language .English phonology studies the abstract aspects :the functions of sounds and the sound combination patterns.英语音位学研究的是英语的语音系统。它不同于英语语音学，英语语音学关注的是英语语言中所发生的语音现象。英语音位学研究是抽象的方面：声音的功能和声音的组合方式。一2. A phoneme is defined as a minimal distinctive unit

22、 in the sound system of alanguage .音位被定义成在语言的发音系统中最小的具有甄别性特征的单位。征009年10月考题）3. Two forms are a minimal pair when they meet three conditions :1）they are different in meaning ,2） they differ only in one sound segment , 3）the different sounds occur in the same position in the strings .When a group of wo

23、rds meet all the three conditions ,they are called aminimal set.当两种形式符合三种条件他们就是最小对立体或者最小对立对，第一，他们的意思不一样第二，他们只有一个一语音切分不一样，第三，不同的语音在同一个位置。当一组单词满足这三个条件，他们就是最小对立集。4. There are three types of distribution :contrastive distribution .complementarydistribution and free variation . 英语中有三种分布，对比分布，互补分布和自由 变异。（

24、2010年1月考题）5. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitutionof one sound for another brings about a change of meaningthey are incontrastive distribution . 如果两个或者更多的音在同一种环境下能够发生，并且 一个语音代替另一个语音会产生意义的改变，他们就是对比分布。6. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment

25、,they are said tobe in complementary distribution. 如果两个或者更多的音从不会在同一种环境下发生，他们就是互补分布。（2009年10月考题）7. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change of meaning ,then they are said to be in free variation . 如果两个音能在同一环境下发生，并且一个语音代替另一

26、个不 会导致意义的改变，那么他们就是自由变异。8. The distinctive features are the features that can contrast words .甄别性特征或者区别性特征是能够区别单词的特征。9. Distinctive features are used to describe phonemes .whilephonetic features （语音特征） are used to describe their allophones . 区别性特征是用来描述音位的，而语音特征是用来描述他们的音位变体的。10. The distinctive featur

27、es which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called segmental features.只对一种声音切分有影响的区别性特征被称为切分 特征。（2009 年10月考题）11. The distinctive features that can affect more than one sound segment and can also contrast meaning are called suprasegmental features .There are three kinds of them: stress

28、,intonation and juncture.能够影响的不止一个语音切分，而 且能区别意义的区别性特征被称为超切分特征。超切分特征有三种，重音，音调和连音 或者音渡。12. The position of stress can bring about a change of meaning in a word.。 重音的位置会导致单词意义的变化。13. Tone languages are languages that use pitch to contrast meaning at word level ,whereas intonation languages are language

29、s that use pitch to distinguish different meanings at phrase level or sentence level .声调语言是在单词的水平上用音高来区别意义的语言，然而语调语言是在短语或者句子的水平上用音高来区别不同意 义的语言。14. Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features that may mark grammatical units such as word and clause .连音是指能够表示诸如单词和从句等语法单位的语音分界特征。（2009 年10月考题）15. I

30、f we are interested in the phonetic units of a word, the resulting transcription is broad , if we are only interested in its distinctive features ,the resulting transcription is narrow .如果我们对一个单词的语音单位感兴趣，那么音标就是宽式 的，如果我们只对它的区别性特征感兴趣，那么音标就是严式的。16. The function of phonological rules is to change aphone

31、mic transcription （音位音标） into its phonetic transcription（语音音标）.音位规则的功能是将音位音标改变为语音音标一第五章形态学填空题或选择题1. Semantically ,morphemes can be grouped intoroots and affixes . 从语义上来讲，词素可以分成词根和词缀。2. Morphology is a science that examines word formation and the internal structure of words.形态学是一门研究单词的构成和单词的内在结构的科学。3

32、. A morpheme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a language .词素被定义为语言的语法体系中最小的意义单位。（2009 年10月考题）4. Structurally ,morphemes fall into two kinds : free morphemes and bound morphemes .从结构上来讲，词素分为两种：自由词素和黏附词素。5. The root is the most important part of a word that carries

33、the principal meaning .词根是一个带有主要意义的单词中最重要的部分。6. Affixes are lexically dependent on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.词缀在词义上是依赖词根的，不表达单词的重要意思。7. Free morphemes are those that can stand by themselves as individual words.自由词素是那些能够独立作为单词存在的词素。8. Bound morphemes are never found alo

34、ne as words ,but are always joined with other morphemes.黏附词素是不能够独立作为单词存在的，总是和其它词素合在一起。（09年10月考题）（2010 年1月考题）9. In terms of position , we may divide affixes intoprefixes and suffixes andMixes .就位置而言，我们可以把词缀分为前缀，后缀和中缀。（2010年1月考题）10. According to function, we can classify affixes into inflectional affi

35、xes andderivational affixes .根据功能，我们能将词缀分成屈折词缀和派生词缀。11. Morphs are related to morphemes in general ,whileallomorphs（语素变体）are always related to a specific morpheme.语子或形素与整体的语素有关，而语素变体总是跟某一特定的语素有关。（2010年1月考题）12. If two or more morphs are semantically identical and also in complementary distribution ,t

36、hey are said to be in allomorphs of the same morpheme.如果两个或更多的语子或形素在语义上是一样的而且处于互补性分布，他们就是同一语素的语素变体。（2009年10月考题）13. A morph that has form but no meaning is called aempty morph while a morphthat has meaning but no form is called azero morph .具有形式但是没有意义的语子或形素被称为空语子。而具有意义但是没有形iE而话子或形素被称为零语子。14. There ar

37、e two kinds of relations between the morphemes within a word:linearorder and hierarchical order.在一个单词的语素之间存在两种关系：线性结构和层次结构。15. In the IC Analysis of a word , the forms at the bottom of the tree-branch diagram are called ultimateconstituents ,which are individual morphemesand therefore can not be fur

38、ther divided into smaller parts.在一个单词的直接成分分析中，在树形图底部的形式被称为最终成分，他们是独立的语素，因此不能再拆成 更小的部分。（2009年10月考题）16. All the forms in a tree-branch diagram, except the word itself at the top, are the constituents of the word.在树形图的所有形式中，除了顶部的单词本身，者B是单词的成分。（2010年1月考题）17. The constituents which are involved directly

39、in forming a larger constituent are called the immediate constituents /ICs of the larger form. 涉及直接形成一 个更大成分的成分叫做直接成分。18. Morphological rules are the rules that determine how morphemes arecombined to form new words.形态学规则是指决定词素是如何组合形成新的单词的规则。19. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the ba

40、se ,the process involved is called affixation .当一个新单词是通过添加一个词缀到词基上形成的, 所涉及的过程被称为词缀法。20. Free morphemes can be further grouped into lexical morphemes and functional morphemes . 自 由语素可以进一步分成词汇语素和功能语素。21. Generally ,affixation in English may be further divided into two types : prelxationand suffixation

41、 .一般而言，在英文中词缀法可以进一步分为两种：前缀法和后缀法。22. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech .The process involved is called conversion.一些新单词只是通过改变他们的词性而创造的，这种过程被称为转类法。23. If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process i

42、s known ascompounding . 如果两个或者更多的独立单词合在一起形成可以被作为一个单独的单词而使用的形式，这种合并的过程就是复合法。（2010年1月考题）24. Blending is a process in which a compound is made by deleting and combining parts of two words.混合法是一种通过删除或者合并两个单词的部分而构成一个复合词的过程。（2009 年10月考题）25. Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened withou

43、t a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.略写法或者截短法指的是不改变意思和词性而将一个单词加以简略的构词过程。26. Acronymy is the process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together .首字母缩略法是指通过把许多单词的首字母合并而构成新词的过程。27. By back-formation , we delete a suffix from an apparently complex f

44、orm instead of adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation.通过逆序造词法或者逆生法，我门删除掉一个复杂形式的后缀而不是添加后缀。它可以被认为是后缀法的反过程。28. Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as number ,gender ,tense ,aspect ,caseand degree.屈折词缀或者屈折词素，表现的是语法关系，如数、性、时态、态、格和级。（2010&quo

45、t;一年1月考题）第六章句法学填空题或选择题1. Sentences can be studied in two ways: statically we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and the relationships among them:; dynamically , we examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules.句子可以用两种方式研究： 静态而言，我们

46、作出句子的结构描述来表明句子的部分和它们之间的关系。动态而言，我们检验用 句法规则构造句子的过程。（2009 年10月考题）2. Syntax is a science that is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences.句法学指的是研究单词是如何构成短语以及短语是如何通过规则组合形成句子的。3. The sequential /syntagmatic relation refers to the linear

47、ordering of the wordsand the phrases within a sentence .序列关系或者横组合关系指的是在一个句子中单词和短语的线性次序。4. The substitutional /paradigmatic relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence .替代关系或者纵聚合关系是句子中语言形式和句子外语言形式之间的一种关系。（2009年10月考题）5. The linguistic

48、 forms that have substitutional /paradigmatic relations belong to the same syntactic category （句法类型，句法范畴）.有替代关系或者纵聚合关系的语言形式属于同一种句法类型或句法范畴。（2010年1月考题）6. Syntactic categories can be further divided into two groups :lexical category （词汇范畴） ,such as Noun and Verb ; non-lexical category ,such as Sentence

49、 ,Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase.句法类型可以进一步分成两种：词汇范畴，比如名词和动词。非词汇范畴，比如句子、名词短语和动词短语。7. The hierarchical relation （等级关系）shows us the inner layering of sentences .等级关系为我们表明了句子的内部层次。8. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence ,there are three distinct levels or hierarchies : sentence level which is

50、the highest ; word level which is the lowest ; phrase level which is in between .在一个句子层次结构图中，有三种明显的层次或者等级，最高的句子层次，最低的单词层次和处于中间的短语层次。9. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence ,the forms at the word-level are ultimate constituents of the sentence ;the forms at the word-level and the phrase-

51、level are the constituentsof the sentence ;the constituents connectedby the two lines that are branching from the same point are called the immediate constituents of the form above that point .在一个句子的层次结构图中，位于单词层次的形式是句子的最终成分，位于单词层次和短语层次的形式是句子的成分，由同一点两条线连接的成分叫做直接成分。 （2010年1月考题）10. The same phrase or s

52、entence may have two or more interpretation dependingon the hierarchical arrangement of its constituents .Such a case is called structural ambiguity.（结构歧义）同一个短语或者句子可能有两种或者更多的解释，这取决于短语或句子成分的层次安排，这种例子被称为结构歧义。11. Each branching point in a phrase marker（短语标记法）is called a node .在短语标记法中的每一个分叉点叫做结点。12. TG

53、Grammar（转换生成语法）claims that the static study of sentences is onlyconcerned with one level of structure ,i.e ,surface structure ,but the dynamicstudy of sentences deals with two levels of structure :bothsurface structureand deep structure .转换生成语法强调句子的静态研究只涉及一种结构层次即表层结构，但是句子的动态研究筱两种结构层次，即表层结构和深层结构。13.

54、TG Grammar has assumed that to generate sentences ,we start with deep structures and then transform them intosurface structures .转换生成语法认为为了构造句子，我们首先以深层结构开始，然后将它们转换成表层结构。一（2010年1月考题）14. Deep structures are generated byPS rules ,and surface structures are derivedfrom their deep structures by T- rules

55、. 深层结构是由短语结构规则构成的，而表 层结构通过转换规则从深层结构而来的。（2009年10月考题）15. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement of words as they are pronounced .表层结构最符合单词的线性排列。16. A deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words.深层结构最符合单词有意义的组合。（2009 年10 月考题）17. A surface

56、structure is relatively concrete and gives the form of a sentence as it is used in communication.表层结构相对而言是具体的，它给出了在交流中一个句子的形式。18. A deep structure is abstract and gives themeaning of a sentence . 深层结构是抽象的，是解释句子意义的。19. The constituent which is always present on the right side of the arrow in a PS rul

57、e is called a compulsory constituent.在短语结构规则里总是出现在箭头右边的成分被称为强制性成分。20. In the deep structure ,verbs always take thebase form. That is to say ,at thelevel of deep structure ,the inflectional endings do not occur together with theverbs .They are separated from the verbs and are part of aauxiliary phras

58、e. 在深层结构中，动词总是基本的形式。也就是说，在深层结构的层次上，屈折结尾不与动 一 词连在一起。它们与动词是分开的，是辅助短语的一部分。21. The verbs in verb phrases are called main verbs ; the other verbs are helping verbs .在动词短语中的动词是主要动词，其它的动词都是助动词。22. In TG Grammar ,an auxiliary phrase consists of four components :tense ,modalverbs ,the perfect aspect and the progressive as