RabindranathTagore(泰戈尔)

1、Rabindranath TagoreFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected fromTagore, Rabindranath)Jump to:navigation,searchRabindranath TagoreRabindranath Tagore in Kolkata, c. 1915Born7 May 1861CalcuttaDied7 August 1941 (aged80)CalcuttaOccupationpoet, playwright, philosopher,composer, artistWriting peri

2、odBengal RenaissanceNotableNobel Prize in Literatureaward(s)(1913)InfluencedshowSignature"Tagore" redirects here. For other uses, seeTagore (disambiguation).Rabindranath Tagore( help · info) ? ( Bengali :?, ? IPA: ?obi nd?onat ? ?aku?( help · info) ) (7 May 1861 7 August 1941), ?

3、 alsoknown by the sobriquetGurudev, ? was a Bengalipoet, Brahmoreligionist,1visual artist, playwright, novelist, and composer whose works reshapedBengali literatureandmusic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.He became Asia's firstNobel laureate1when he won the 1913Nobel Prizein Literature

4、.A Pirali Brahmin234fromCalcutta,Bengal, Tagore first wrotepoemsat the age of eight. At the age of sixteen, he published his firstsubstantial poetry under the pseudonymBhanushingho ("Sun Lion") andwrote his first short stories and dramas in1877. In later life Tagoreprotested strongly again

5、st theBritish Rajand gave his support to theIndian Independence Movement. Tagore'slifework endures, inthe form ofhis poetry and the institution he founded,Visva-Bharati University.Tagore wrote novels, short stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays onpolitical and personal topics.Gitanjali( Song

6、Offerings ),Gora( Fair-Faced ), andGhare-Baire( The Home and the World ) are among hisbest-known works. His verse, short stories, and novels, which oftenexhibitedrhythmic lyricism,colloquiallanguage, meditativenaturalism ,and philosophicalcontemplation,receivedworldwideacclaim.Tagore wasalso a cultu

7、ral reformer andpolymathwho modernised Bengali art byrejectingstricturesbindingittoclassicalIndianforms. Two songs fromhis canon are nowthe nationalanthems ofBangladesh and India: theAmarShonar Banglaand theJana Gana Mana respectively.Contents hide ?1Early life (18611901)?2Twilight years (19321941)?

8、 3 Travels? 4 Workso 4.1 Novels and non-fictiono 4.2 Music and artworko4.3 Theatrical pieceso 4.4 Short storieso4.5 Poetry? 5 Political views? 6 Impact and legacy? 7 Bibliography (partial)? 8 See also? 9 Notes? 10 Citations2?11 Timeline12 References13 Further reading14 External links edit Early life

9、 (18611901)Main article:Life of Rabindranath Tagore (18611901)Tagore in 1879, when he was studying in England.Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi")was born theyoungest ofthirteensurvivingchildren in theJorasanko mansionin Calcutta (now Kolkata, India)of parentsDebendranath Tagore(1817-1905) and Sarada

10、Devi(1830-1875). ?5TheTagore familywere theBrahmofoundingfathersoftheAdi Dharmfaith.Afterundergoinghisupanayan atageeleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta on 14 February 1873 totour India for several months, visiting his father'sSantiniketanestate andAmritsarbefore reaching theHimalayanhill

11、 stationofDalhousie . There, Tagore read biographies, studied history,astronomy, modern science, andSanskrit, and examined the classicalpoetryof67In 1877,he rosetonotabilitywhen he composedKlid .saseveral works, including a long poem set in theMaithilistylepioneeredby Vidyapati . As a joke,he mainta

12、inedthatthesewere thelost works ofBhnusi?ha, a newly discovered 17th-centuryVai?avapoet. 8He also wrote "Bhikharini" (1877; "The Beggar Woman"theBengali language's first short story)910 and Sandhya Sangit (1882)including the famous poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" (&qu

13、ot;The Rousing of the Waterfall").3Tagore and his wife Mrinalini Devi in 1883.Seeking to become a barrister, Tagore enrolled at a public school in Brighton , England in 1878. He studied law at University College London, but returned to Bengal in 1880 without a degree. On 9 December 1883he marri

14、ed Mrinalini Devi (born Bhabatarini, 18731900); they had11five children, two of whom later died before reaching adulthood.In 1890, Tagore began managing his family's estates in Shilaidaha, a region now in Bangladesh; he was joined by his wife and childrenin 1898. Known as "Zamindar Babu&quo

15、t;, Tagore traveled across the vastestate while living out of the family's luxurious barge, thePadma,to collect (mostly token) rents and bless villagers; in return,appreciative villagers held feasts in his honour.12 These years,which composedTagore's Sadhana period (1891 1895; namedforone of

16、Tagores magazines), were amonghis most fecund.During thisperiod,more than half the storiesofthe three-volume and eighty-four-storyGalpaguchchha were written.9With irony and emotional weight, theydepicted a wide range of Bengali lifestyles, particularly village13life.4Tagore, photographed inHampstead

17、, England in 1912 byJohnRothenstein .In 1901, Tagore leftShilaidahaand movedtoSantiniketan( West Bengal)to find an ashram, which would grow toincludea marble-flooredprayerhall("TheMandir "),an experimentalschool,groves oftrees,gardens,and a library.14There, Tagore's wife and two of his

18、 children died.His father died on 19 January 1905, and he began receiving monthlypayments as part of his inheritance. He received additional incomefrom the Maharaja ofTripura, sales of his family's jewellery, hisseaside bungalow inPuri , and mediocre royalties (Rs.2,000) fromhisworks. 15By now,

19、hiswork was gaining him a largefollowingamongBengali and foreign readers alike, and he published such works asNaivedya (1901) and Kheya(1906)whiletranslatinghispoemsinto freeverse . On 14 November 1913, Tagore learned that he had won the 1913Nobel Prize in Literature. According to theSwedish Academy

20、, it wasgiven due to the idealistic and for Western readersaccessiblenature ofa smallbody ofhistranslatedmaterial,includingthe 1912Gitanjali:Song Offerings. 16In1915,Tagore receivedtheknighthoodfrom the British Crown. But as a mark of rebuke to the rulers, posttheJallianwala Bagh massacrein 1919, he

21、 renounced the title.In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economistLeonard Elmhirstset upthe Institute for Rural Reconstruction (which Tagore later renamedShriniketan "Abode of Wealth") in Surul, a village near the ashramat Santiniketan.Through it,Tagore soughttoprovidean alternativeto Gandhi&

22、#39;s symbol- and protest-basedSwaraj movement, which hedenounced. 17 He recruited scholars, donors, and officials from manycountriestohelpthe Instituteuse schoolingto "freevillagesfromthe shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalizingknowledge". 1819Inthe early1930s, he

23、alsogrew more concerned about5India's"abnormal caste consciousness"and untouchability, lecturingon itsevils,writingpoems and dramas with untouchableprotagonists,and appealing to authorities at theGuruvayoor Temple to admitDalits.2021 edit Twilight years (19321941)Main article:Life of R

24、abindranath Tagore (19321941)In his last decade, Tagore remained in the public limelight,publiclyupbraidingGandhi forstatingthata massive 15 January1934 earthquake inBiharconstituteddivine retributionfor thesubjugation of Dalits.22He also mourned the incipientsocioeconomic decline of Bengal and the

25、endemic poverty ofCalcutta;he detailedthe latterinan unrhymed hundred-linepoemwhose technique of searing double-vision would foreshadowSatyajitRay'sfilmApur Sansar. 2324Tagore alsocompiled fifteenvolumes of writings, including the prose-poems worksPunashcha(1932),Shes Saptak (1935),and Patraput(

26、1936).He continuedhisexperimentations by developing prose-songs and dance-dramas,includingChitrangada(1914),25 ShyamaChandalika(1939), and(1938),and wrote the novelsDui Bon (1933),Malancha (1934),andChar Adhyay (1934).Tagore tookan interestin sciencein hislastyears, writingVisva-Parichay(a collectio

27、n of essays) in 1937.His exploration of biology, physics, and astronomy impacted hispoetry, which often contained extensive naturalism thatunderscored his respect for scientific laws. He also wove theprocess ofscience(includingnarrativesofscientists)intomanystoriescontained in such volumes as Se (19

28、37),Tin Sangi (1940),and Galpasalpa (1941).26Tagore'slastfouryearswere marked by chronicpain and two longperiods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousnessin late1937; he remained comatose and near death foran extendedperiod. This was followed three years later in late 1940 by asimil

29、ar spell, from which he never recovered. The poetry Tagorewroteintheseyears isamong his finest, andis distinctiveforits preoccupation with death.2728After extended suffering,Tagore died on 7 August 1941 (22 Shravan 1348) inan upstairsroomof the Jorasanko mansion in which he was raised;2930his deatha

30、nniversaryisstillmourned in publicfunctionsheldacrosstheBengali-speaking world.6 edit TravelsTagore (center, at right) visits Chinese academics atTsinghuaUniversityin 1924.Owing to his notable wanderlust, between 1878 and 1932, Tagorevisitedmore than thirtycountrieson fivecontinents;31many ofthese t

31、rips were crucial in familiarising non-Indian audiencesto hisworks and spreading hispoliticalideas.In1912,he tooka sheafofhistranslatedworks toEngland, where theyimpressedmissionary and Gandhi protégéCharles F. Andrews, Anglo-Irishpoet William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound ,Robert Bridges,Ernes

32、tRhys, ThomasSturge Moore, and others. 32Indeed, Yeatswrote thepreface to the English translation of Gitanjali, while AndrewsjoinedTagore at Santiniketan.On 10 November1912, Tagore touredthe UnitedStates 33and the UnitedKingdom, stayingin Butterton ,StaffordshirewithAndrews clergymen friends.34From

33、3 May1916untilApril1917, Tagore went on lecturingcircuitsinJapan andthe United States,35 during which he denouncednationalismparticularlythatofthe Japanese and Americans. Healso wrote the essay "Nationalism in India", attracting bothderisionand praise(thelatterfrom pacifists,includingRomai

34、nRolland ). 36Shortlyafterreturning to India, the 63-year-oldTagore visitedPeru at the invitation of the Peruvian government, and took theopportunity to visitMexico as well. Both governments pledgeddonations of $100,000 to the school at Shantiniketan37 A week after(Visva-Bharati) in commemoration of

35、 his visits.his 6 November 1924 arrivalinBuenos Aires , Argentina , 38 an illTagore moved into the Villa Miralrío at the behest of VictoriaOcampo. He leftforIndiain January 1925. On 30 May 1926, TagorereachedNaples, Italy; he met fascist dictatorBenito Mussolini7in Romethe next day. 39 Theirini

36、tiallywarm rapportlasteduntil40Tagore spoke out against Mussolini on 20 July 1926.Tagore (firstrow,thirdfigurefrom right)meets membersof theIranianMajlis( Tehran, April-May 1932). Tagore visitedShirazin the same year,1 .On14 July1927, Tagore and two companions began a four-month tourof Southeast Asi

37、a, visitingBali ,Java, Kuala Lumpur , Malacca,Penang,Siam, andSingapore . Tagore's travelogues from the tourwere collected into the work "Jatri".41 In early 1930 he leftBengal fora nearlyyear-longtourof Europe and the United States.Once he returned to the UK, while his paintings were b

38、eingexhibitedin Parisand London,he stayed at a Friendssettlementin Birmingham. There, he wrote hisHibbert Lecturesfor theUniversityofOxford(which dealtwith the"idea of the humanityof our God, or the divinity of Man the Eternal") and spoke atLondon'sannual Quaker gathering.42There (addr

39、essingrelationsbetween the British and Indians, a topic he would grapple withover the next two years), Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm ofaloofness".43He latervisitedAga Khan III, stayedatDartingtonHall , thentouredDenmark, Switzerland , and Germanyfrom June tomid-September 1930, then theSovi

40、et Union. 44 Lastly, in April1932, Tagore who was acquainted with the legends and works ofthe Persian mysticHafez was invitedas a personalguest of ShahReza Shah PahlaviofIran . 4546 Such extensive travels allowedTagore to interact with many notable contemporaries, includingHenri Bergson,AlbertEinste

41、in,Robert Frost , ThomasMann, GeorgeBernard Shaw,H.G. WellsandRomain Rolland . 4748Tagore's lasttravelsabroad, includingvisitstoPersiaand Iraq(in1932) andCeylon in 1933, only sharpened his opinions regarding human49divisions and nationalism. edit WorksMain article:Works of Rabindranath Tagore8Ta

42、gore's Bengali-language initials are worked into this "Ra-Tha" woodenseal, which bears close stylistic similarityto designs used in traditionalHaida carvings. Tagore oftenembellished his manuscripts with such art. (Dyson 2001)Tagore's literary reputation is disproportionatelyinflue

43、nced by regard for his poetry; however, he also wrotenovels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, andthousands of songs. Of Tagore'sprose,his shortstoriesareperhaps most highly regarded; indeed, he is credited withoriginating the Bengali-language version of the genre. His works are freque

44、ntly noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Such stories mostly borrow from deceptively simple subject matter: the lives of ordinary people. edit Novels and non-fictionTagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, includingChaturanga,Shesher Kobita,Char OdhayandNoukadubi.Ghare,Bair

45、e ( The Home and the World ) through the lens of theidealisticzamindar protagonist Nikhilexcoriates risingIndian nationalism, terrorism, and religious zeal in theSwadeshi movement; a frankexpressionof Tagore'sconflictedsentiments, it emerged out of a 1914 bout of depression.Indeed, the novel ble

46、akly ends with Hindu-Muslimsectarianviolence and Nikhil's being (probably mortally) wounded.50In some sense, Gora shares the same theme, raisingcontroversial questions regarding the Indian identity. As9withGhore Baire, matters of self-identity (j ),ti personalfreedom, and religionare developed i

47、nthe contextofa familystoryand lovetriangle.51 Another powerfulstoryisJogajog( Relationships), where the heroine Kumudini bound by theideals ofShiva - Sati, exemplified byksh Dyani is tornbetween her pityforthesinkingfortunesofherprogressiveand compassionate elder brother and hisfoil: herexploitativ

48、e,rakish, and patriarchical husband. In it,Tagore demonstrates his feminist leanings, usingpathos todepict the plight and ultimate demise of Bengali womentrapped by pregnancy, duty, and family honour;simultaneously, he treats the decline of Bengal's landedoligarchy.52Other novels were more uplifting:Shesher Kobita(translatedtwice Last PoemFarewell Songhismost lyricalnovel,and) iswith poems and rhythmic passages written by the maincharacter (a poet). It also contains elements of satire andpostmodernism ;stock charactersgleefully attack thereputation of an old