八年级初二沪教牛津英语下册第1单元词汇与语法详解1

1、八年级初二沪教版牛津版英语下册第1单元词汇与语法详解1unit 1 helping those in need单词raise v. 筹募，增加，提高 she raises money for the disabled people.he asked the boss raise his salaries. permission n. 准许，批准 they entered the area without permission. permit是其动词形式，常见搭配为permit sb to do sth，意为允许某人做某事。 permit me to explain. teenager n. 青

2、少年 the teenager ran away after being punished. offer v. 主动提出 he offered to do voluntary work 拓展offer意为“主动提出”时，后接动词不定式to+do；offer还可作“提供，供应”解，常用短语有offer sb sth或offer sth to sb. they offered us some money. suffer v. (因疾病等)受苦；受折磨 the children suffered from serious illness.serious adj. 严重的；严肃的、庄重的 that c

3、ould cause serious injury please be serious for a minute, this is very important illness n. （某种）病 he stayed home for a day because of a slight illness. organize v. 组织，筹备 we organized a painting competition for them. express v. 表达，表露。 he could not express his feelings of sadness to his mother. 他不能向母亲

4、表露出内心的悲痛.pain n. (精神上的)痛苦，苦恼；（肉体上的）疼痛, 疼痛 he felt a sharp pain in his knee.他感到膝盖一阵剧痛。(肉体上) i never meant to cause her pain.我从没有让她痛苦之意。（精神上） lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的 i live all alone but i never feel lonely. 我虽孑然一身, 但从不感孤寂。 lonely与alone的区别：a. lonely只用作形容词，在句中既可作定语，也可作表语，表示“孤独的，寂寞的”意思，强调内心孤独，带有浓厚的感情色彩，具有“渴

5、望得到同伴”的含义i'm a lonely man.b. alone 形容词,副词，意为“独自的（地）、单独的（地）”，指客观情况（独自一人，没有同伴或助手）i am alone at home.（作形容词作表语）i like to work alone. （作副词修饰work） friendship n. 友谊，友情 at school she formed a close friendship with several other girls. difficulty n. 困难；费劲 the country is facing great economic difficulties

6、. joy n. 愉快，喜悦 to his great joy, she accepted. peace n. 平静，宁静 she lay back and enjoyed the peace of the summer evening. hurt v. （使）疼痛；受伤 he hurt his back in an accident. my feet hurt. 我脚疼。 拓展hurt还可用作名词，意为“（精神上的）痛苦，创伤” the experience left me with a feeling of deep hurt. courage n. 勇气 she didn't h

7、ave the courage to refuse. siprits n. 情绪，心境 to be in high/low spirits 情绪高 / 低 you must try and keep your spirits up. pay v. 付费 pay (sb) (for sth) 支付费用； i'll pay for the tickets. 我来买票 her parents paid for her to go to canada. pay (in) cash 用现金支付 you'd get a discount for paying cash. pay by ch

8、eque/credit card 用支票/信用卡支付 can i pay by credit card community n. 社区 he's well liked by people in the community. in need 需要帮助的 we are collecting money for families in need. 常见的用法还有in need+of sth，意为“需要”。 i was all right but in need of rest.write a letter to sb 给某人写信 you can write a letter to him 拓

9、展receive a letter from sb.或hear from sb. 收到某人的来信。 i received a letter from my friend yesterday= i heard from my friend yesterday. ask permission 请求批准。permission为不可数名词，意为“批准，准许”。 you must ask permission if you want to leave early. they took away the books without permission. could you do sth 你能做某事吗？用

10、于委婉地请求别人做某事，有时候在you后面加please。 could you please close the door yes, sure. 拓展表示委婉请求的句型还有“would/will you please (not) do sth” would you please (not) feed the dog? give sb. a hand 意为“帮助某人”，相当于help sb. come on! let me give you a hand the disabled people 表示有残疾的一类人，意为“残疾人”。(p2) the businessman always tries

11、 his best to help the disabled. talk to 和交谈，后面接表示人的名词或代词，相当于talk with。talk about意为谈论某事。 i want to talk to my mother. today we are going to talk about travelling. without 介词，意为“没有；不”，后面常接名词，人称代词宾格或动词-ing形式，在句子中作定语或状语。其反义词为with，意为“有”，用法与without相同。 there are many families without children he left the c

12、lassroom without saying a word. i often dream of a big house with a nice garden. 辨析offer与provide offer 意为“主动提供”；愿意给予，常用offer sb. sth. 或offer sth. to sb. provide 意为“供给；提供；准备”常用provide sb. with sth.或provide sth. for sb. i offer cindy a gift=i offered a gift to cindy. they provided cindy with all the b

13、ooks=they provided all books for cindy. suffer from sth. 意为“因某事受苦，受某事的折磨”，后面常表示疾病、痛苦、寒冷、饥饿，悲伤等词。 his child is suffering from a bad cold. this country often suffers from floods. take photos of 意为“给拍照”，相当于take pictures/photographs of，也可用take a photo/picture/photograph of表示相同含义。而take photos意为“拍照”。 lets

14、 take a photo/picture of the park. tony enjoys taking photos. express oneself 意为“表达自己的意思、思想、感情”等。（p3） you can express yourself freely. 拓展express的名词形式为expression，意为“表达，表情”。an expression of surprise. continue to 意为“继续做某事”，continue后面可接动名词，同样表示“继续做某事”，they continue to have a party mike continued reading

15、 the book. 拓展continue作不及物动词，意为“继续；连续，延伸”。 the snow continued for two days. continue with sth. 继续（做）某事。you can continue with your work. have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难。difficulty可以用problems或trouble来代替。 i had some difficulty (in) working out the maths problems.have the courage to do sth. 有勇气做某事

16、 he does not have the courage to give up his idea. in good health 身体健康，相当healthy，常用作表语。而in bad/poor health意为“身体不好”。 i hope my parents are in good health. the old man is in bad health. one of “之一”，后接名词或代词复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 one of my friends is comes from australia. so that 意为“以便，为了”，后面接从句。my father

17、 wants to buy me bicycle so that i can get to school quickly. 拓展so.that. 如此以至于，that 引导结果状语从句i am so tired that i cant walk any further. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 i enjoy watching action movies. decide (not) to do sth. 决定（不）做某事they decided (not) to tell tom about it. 拓展 a. decide+疑问词+不定式 i cant decide w

18、here to go for my holidaysb. decide + that 从句 i decided that i will be careful next time.c. decide的名词形式为decision，常用搭配为make a decision.he has made a decision to become a sailor. give sb. some advice 给某人一些意见，advice为不可数名词 ill give you some advice on how to look after your pet dog. 拓展advise为动词，表示“建议”，常用

19、结构有advise sb (not) to do sth.，意为“建议某人（不要）做某事”。 she advised us to wait for one more day. ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事。 mr li asked us to protect animals in danger. forget to do sth. 忘记做某事 i forgot to tell her about it. forget forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 i forgot telling her about it. 辨析：hope与wish hope 表示主

20、观上的愿望并对实现所有信心可接不定式或that从句，但不能接不定式作宾补 we hope to raise money for her. he hopes that he can have true friendship.wish 表示未完成或不能实现的愿望可接不定式或that从句，也可以接不定式作宾补，即wish sb to do sth. i wish to organize a big party now. all the children wish their children happy. would like “想，想要”，相当于want，但是语气更委婉。would like没有人

21、称和数的变化，常用搭配有：would like sth.; would like to do sth.; would like sb. to do sth. i would like something to eat. i would like to go out for walk this afternoon. id like tom to do voluntary work with me. 辨析take part in, join与join intake part in 指参加某顶活动，并在活动中起到一定作用。they took part in the game last friday.

22、join 指参加某个组织并成为其中的成员。 he joined the party last year.join in 指参加小规模的活动，尤其指和其他人一起参加某顶活动。we all joined in the singing.thanks for 因而感谢，相当于thank you for thanks/thank you for helping me with my homework.语法动词不定式：由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式在to之前加not，即“not+to+动词原形”。动词不定式在句中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。在句子中，动词不定式可以充当主语，宾语，表语，宾语补足语

23、等多种句子成分。1) 作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数。直接把动词不定式放在句首的情况比较少见，通常主语用it来作形式主语，把真正的主语，即动词不定式放在后面。形成句型结构： it is+形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong.)+( for/of sb.)+不定式（）to master a foreign language is necessary.it is difficult to make money in some big cities.it is important for us young people to learn english and master it.2) 作宾语。英语中很多动词要求接动词不定式，常见的有：want, wish, prefer, hope, choose, decide, learn, plan, offer, agree, start, forget等。还有部分动词后面常跟“疑问词+不定式”，如tell, advise, teach, discuss等i dont want to go out because of a slight illnessshe promised to return in an h