有关动词的一些小知识

1、 Verbs1、Classification功能: notional verb 实义v. link verb 系v. auxiliary verb 助v. modal verb 情态v. 直接 transitive verb (vt.) 及物v. 宾语 intransitive verb (vi.) 不及物v.直接 predicate verb 谓语v. 谓语 non-predicate verb 非谓语v. 主语 finite verb 限定v. 限定 infinite verb 非限定v. 变化 regular verb 规则v. 规则 irregular verb 不规则v. 动作 te

2、rminative verb 终止性v. 持续 durative verb 持续性v. 动作 static verb 静态v. 强弱 dynamic verb 动态v. simple verb 简单v.形态 compound verb 复合v.结构 phrasal verb 短语v. ·auxiliary verb：verb used with notional verbs to show tense, voice, or emphatic mood, and to form a question or negative statement; meaningless itself ，

3、cant be used as V. alone ·Usage of aux. V. 1. to form negative V. I dont like your hat. 2.to form a question Do you like my hat?3. to form inversion Never did I expect to see him. 4. to replace mentioned verb to avoid repetition.Do you like English?Yes, I do·modal verb：verb used with notio

4、nal verbs to indicate speakers feelings andattitudes, i.e. to express possibility, permission, obligation,etc. .can/could/ may /might/must/shall/ should/will/would/need/dare/ought toincomplete meaning; cant be used as V. alone; must be followed by infinitive form of verb; no person and number change

5、s; some have past tense·Usage of modal v.1.to indicate speakers tone and attitude2. for subjunctive mood（虚拟语气）3. for speculation （推测） 虚拟各种虚拟句 表示轻微责备or遗憾：情态v. (not) + have done “本应（而实际却没）” “本不该/必（而实际却）”was/were to + have (been) done “过去计划中要做某事，实际上没做”区别:“shouldnt + have done” 表示过去本不该做的事情，实际上却做了“n

6、eednt + have done” 表示过去本不必做的事情，实际上却做了E.g.They shouldnt have left so early.You neednt have bought it.You neednt have come here yesterday.推测 might, may, could, can, must情态v.+do（原形）对现在状态或经常动作推测情态v.+be doing 对此时此刻发生的动作行为推测情态v.+have done/have been doing 对过去发生的事情进行推测情态v.must的否定推测cant / couldntE.g. She mus

7、t be studying in the classroom now. She must have been working then. She may/might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw her.You must be very tired, arent you?You must have seen the film, havent you?You must have seen the film last week, didnt you?You must have known him before you

8、 wrote to him, hadn't you?It must have snowed last night, didnt it?The old man must be our headmaster,isnt he? Mary must have finished reading the novel now, hasnt she? 2.Forms principal forms of verbs infinitive form third-person singular form past formpast participle (p.p.) present participle3

9、.Features(tense/voice/mood) tense of verbsgrammatical meaning 现在 - present time 过去 - past将来 - future 过去将来 - past future 一般 -indefinite manner 进行 - continuous 完成 - perfect 完成进行 - perfect continuousClassification (16kinds)一般现在时the present indefinite tense一般过去时the past indefinite一般将来时the future indefin

10、ite tense过去将来时the past future indefinite tense现在进行时the present continuous tense过去进行时the past continuous tense将来进行时the future continuous tense过去将来进行时the past future continuous tense现在完成时the present perfect tense过去完成时the past perfect tense将来完成时the future perfect tense过去将来完成时the past future perfect ten

11、se现在完成进行时the present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时the past perfect continuous tense将来完成进行时the future perfect continuous tense过去将来完成进行时the past future perfect continuous tensesequence of tenses She says she is a college student She says she was a college student. She says she will be a college stud

12、ent. Has he told you when he will leave for Beijing?/left for Beijing? Will you tell me when you finished the work? She told me she was a teacher. He said he was studying French. She explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly out of carelessness. Betty said that she had been waiting for m

13、y call. He said that he would come back the next day. She said that she would be setting off on the 10 oclock train. He told them that he would have finished by six oclock. He told me that he was born in 1959. My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917. Our teacher said that the e

14、arth is round and it goes round the sun. Ill be a singer when I grow up . If it is fine tomorrow, well have a basketball match with Class Two.voice of verbs Voice：“be + p.p.”结构若表示动作，则是被动语态；若表示特点和状态，则是系表结构，而不是被动语态。 The composition is well written.The composition was written with great care.英语中有些v.尽管是

15、vt.，但从不用于被动语态，如contain, cost, fit, lack, resemble, suit, 以及表示“让、使“意思的 let, have, get等，这些动词都没有被动语态。You wont be let to go away now. XWe wont let you go away now.grammatical meaning: a form of verbs indicating the relationship between the Subject and the Predicate classification active voice主动语态 passiv

16、e voice被动语态 be + p.p. (vt.) transformationSimple sentence： S. + vi. + 5 basic senten- S. + V. + P. ce patterns S. + vt. + O. + S. + vt. + Oi. + Od. + S. + vt. + O. + O.C. + Transformation *S. + vt. + O. + O. + be + v-ed +by+S. *S. + vt. +Oi. +Od. + E.g. We gave her some books. She was given some boo

17、ks (by us). Some books were given to her (by us). *S. +vt. + O. +O.C. +E.g. We will make our country richer and stronger. Our country will be made richer and stronger by us.We elected him our monitor. He was elected our monitor by us. The boy asked the teacher to explain the sentence. The teacher wa

18、s asked to explain the sentence by the boy. We heard them talk about that film. They were heard to talk about that film. We heard them talking about . They were heard talking about that film. application1） unknown or unnecessary S. His car has been stolen. I was born in 1980.2） emphasize action take

19、r She is liked by everybody. English is spoken here by us. special& structuresSpecialS. + have/get + O. + p.p.有意识的被动行为，执行者不一定就是句子的主语。无意识的被动行为，动作的执行者不是句子的主语，相反受到这种动作的影响。E.g.I have my hair cut every month. We had the machine repaired. He got his leg broken in an accident.S. + V. + P.E.g.The flower

20、s smell sweet. The food tastes good.S.一般指物，系v.常为smell, taste, sound, prove, feel, look S. + vi. +（adj./adv.） vi.：wear, blow, move, lock, shut, open, read, write, draw, wash, clean, burn, cook, make, work, photograph, eat, drinkThe door blew open.The material has worn thin.His books sell well.The doo

21、r wont shut/lock.This kind of rice cooks quickly.She doesnt photograph well.sth. be worth doingsth. need/want/require doingsth. be worthy to be donesth. be worthy of doingsth. need/want to be doneE.g. Your hands need washing. /to be washed.The pair of shoes wants mending. /to be mended.The machine r

22、equires repairing.The book is worth reading. The book is worthy to be read.The book is worthy of reading.Structures（客观论述句）It is said that 据说It is believed that大家（人们）相信It is reported that据报道It is announced that据宣布It is alleged that据称It is asserted that有人承认It is assumed that假设（定）It is calculated that据

23、计算It is claimed that有人声称（主张）It is considered that认为It is declared that据宣布、有人宣布It is demonstrated that证明It is estimated that估计It is expected that看来It is found that发现It is generally agreed that人们通常认为It is generally considered that大家认为It is hoped that希望It is generally recognized that一般（普遍）认为It is hypot

24、hesized that假设（定）It is learned that据说（闻）It is mentioned that据说It is noticed that有人指出It is predicted that预计It is preferred that最好It is proposed that有人提议It is recommended that建议It is rumored that谣传It is suggested that有人建议It is supposed that据推测说It is thought that有人认为It is understood that 不用说，是很明白的It is

25、 universally accepted that普遍认为It is weighed that考虑到，权衡到It is well known that 众所周知，大家都知道It has been arranged that准备/已经商定It has been decided that已经决定It has been illustrated that据图示/据说明It has been objected that 有人反驳说It has been proved that已经证明It has been showed that有人指出It will be said that有人会说It will b

26、e seen from this that由此可知It cannot be denied that无可否认（defy：反驳）It can be seen that可见 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that可以毫不夸张地说It may be safely said that可以有把握地说It must be admitted that必须承认It must be pointed out that必须指出It must be stressed that必须强调Practice 1 modal verbs1“Must we do it no

27、w ?”“ No , you_.” A wont B neednt C cant D dont2 He said he would rather not _it right now. A doing B to do C do D to be doing 3 You _to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do. A neednt to come B dont need come C dont need coming D neednt come4 “May I pick a flower in the g

28、arden?” “_.” A No, you neednt B Not, please C No, you mustnt D No, you wont5 Youd better _late again. A dont B not be C not being D wont be6“Can I leave this door open at night?” “You _better not.” A should B would C could D had7 Put on more clothes. You _be feeling cold with only a shirt on. A can

29、B could C would D must 8 I thought you _ like something to read, so I have brought you some books. A may B might C could D must9 There was plenty of time. She _. A mustnt have hurried B couldnt have hurried C mustnt not hurry D neednt have hurried10 The plant is dead. I _it more water. A will gave B

30、 would have given C must give D should have given11 Its freezing outside. You _put on your overcoat. A had better to B had better C would better D would better to12 You _ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. A cant B mustnt C neednt D may not13 “Where is my pen?”“ I _ it.

31、” A might lose B would have lost C should have lost D must have lost14 I didnt hear the phone. I _ asleep. A must be B must have been C should be D should have been15 He _ you more help, even though he was very busy. A might have given B might given C may have given D may give16 A computer _ think f

32、or itself; it must be told what to do. A cant B couldnt C may not D might not17-Could I borrow your dictionary? - Yes, of course you _. A might B will C can D should18 Which _ you _ do, go to the cinema or stay at home? A do ；rather B would； rather C will ；rather D should； rather 19 Tom ought not to

33、 _ me your secret, but he meant no harm. A have told B tell C be telling D having told 20 Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A must B may C can D will21 “Shall I tell John about it?” “No, you _. Ive told him already.” A neednt B wouldnt C mustnt D shouldnt22 I told Sally how to

34、 get there, but perhaps I _ for her. A had to write it out B must have written it out C should have written it out D ought to write it out 23 -There were already five people in the car but they manage to take me as well. -It _ a comfortable journey. A cant be B shouldnt be C must have been D couldnt

35、 have been24 Johnny, you _ play with the knife; you _ hurt yourself. A wont; cant B mustnt; may C shouldnt; must D cant; shouldntPractice 2 tense & voice of verbs1. The first two factors must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence _ (make).2. I hope h

36、er health (improve) greatly by the time we come back next year.3. While you were in London that year, the London Bridge _(repair).4. I was shocked to hear that your house _ (break) into.5. He said that he would be able to see me when he _ (write) that letter.6. Two of the glasses were broken when th

37、ey _ (wash).7. I bought a new house, but I _ (not sell) my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.8. John isnt a diligent student, for it is the third time he _(be) late, isnt it?9. John always works in his lab and makes a lot of experiments. He _ _(make) experiments all afternoon and _(not finish) yet.10. For the last two years, he _ (write) a history of The American Civil War. He will have completed it by the end of July.11. She _only _ (study) her lesson for ten minutes when her little sister interrupted