文献阅读与翻译

1、精选课件科技文献阅读与翻译Scientific Literature Reading & Scientific Literature Reading & TranslationTranslation主讲人： 许宁云 博士 副教授公共邮箱：精选课件Course Objectives:1) The course aims to provide the students with comprehensive information about practical literature and documentation, help them better understand the

2、 basic features and language requirements of various documentation, and further develop their ability of information acquisition. 2) Another aim of the course is to let the students acquire overall knowledge and skills of translation, so as to enable them to translate professional materials appropri

3、ately from English to Chinese and vice versa. 精选课件ContentsThe course consists of 15 units, covering almost all the major aspects of industrial business and academic exchanges, etc.精选课件Course AssessmentFinal grade will be given on the basis of : 1) each students attendance and the participation in cl

4、assroom activities;2) the unit assignments3) the final examination of reading comprehension and translation practice. 精选课件Recommended/Optional Textbooks1、文献阅读与翻译，胡庚生主编，北京：高等教育出版社，2000. 2、实用翻译教程(英汉互译) ，冯庆华主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.3、英汉翻译教程，张培基主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.精选课件Unit I General Description of Literatu

5、re Reading and TranslationTopical HighlightsuDefinition of LiteratureuClassification of LiteratureuLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureuTranslation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literatureuSpecial Attention: The Translation of Documentation精选课件 Definition of Lit

6、eratureA set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature)精选课件Classification of LiteratureTextbooksMonographsPapersEncyclopediasPeriodicalsSpecial Documentation精选课件Linguistic Features of Scientific Li

7、teratureuStylisticallyuGrammatically uMorphologicallyuNon-verbal 精选课件Translation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literature1. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation?TranslationTranslation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language (the “sou

8、rce text”) and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text (the “target text”, or “translation”) that communicates the same message.精选课件Eugene A. Nida(1914- ) 尤金 奈达 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language (接受语，译语） the closest natural equivalent of the source langu

9、age（原语、源语）, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Dynamic-Equivalence Theorybaptism of repentancerepent and be baptized精选课件Alexander Fraser TytlerA translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the sam

10、e character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 以上是英国著名翻译理论家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世纪末在论翻译的原则Essay on the Principles of Translation (1791)一书中提出的关于翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则 。 精选课件2. Principles or Criteria of Translation严复严复：信、达、雅信、达、雅 faithfulness/expressivene

11、ss/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating. 不爱红妆爱武装 face the powder and not to powder the face. 精选课件3. Literal Translation and Free TranslationLiteral Translation : phonetic, morphological, syntactic武装到牙齿arme

12、d to the teeth象牙塔”ivory tower趁热打铁strike while the iron is hot血浓于水Blood is thicker than water鳄鱼的眼泪crocodiles tears精选课件芳芳、白象Fangfang white elephant精选课件 Free Translationas timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪猪as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛牛talk horse 吹牛牛 drink like a fi

13、sh 牛牛饮精选课件Adams appleAt sixes and sevensIt rains cats and dogs.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.Do you see any green in my eye?精选课件“literal” doesnt mean “word-for-word”街道妇女街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. 她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹公爹She got up early, went to

14、the town and saw her public father. 句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish小鱼不吃大鱼胳膊拧不过大腿精选课件“free” doesnt mean “casual”It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.Spring, the sweet spring is the years pleasant king. T. Nash春，甘美之春，

15、一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若精选课件Literal Translation or Free Translation?Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat.不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用”的许可证。精选课件What principles should a translator abide by in applying literal and free translation? 精选课件4. Translation TechniquesDiction (选词用字）Amplification（增益）O

16、mission （省略）Repetition （重复）Conversion （转换）Rearrangement （词序调整）Negation（正说反译、反说正译）Division（长句拆译）精选课件Special Attention: The Translation of DocumentationTreat the translation of each kind of documentary works discriminatingly.StandardsStrict wording, stylistic formalityPatent documentsStereotyped expre

17、ssion, formal patterns精选课件TrademarksNovelty, uniquenessCopyright worksRigid grammarLegal documents, contract, agreementsStrict grammar, syntax精选课件Proposals, reportsThe matter-of-fact attitudeGeneral knowledge and knowledge of the subject matter精选课件Practice 精选课件It was the best of times, it was the wo

18、rst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before u

19、s, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other.精选课件 A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, caress a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a goodbye, shout a b

20、ravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. 精选课件 As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race. Profession

21、al literatures have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from ge

22、neration to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.精选课件As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the man

23、kind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race.精选课件Professional literatures have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experienc

24、es or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.精选课件精选课件Unit 2 Standards精选

25、课件Linguistic features of “standard”1) Formatted Structure2) Formal Wording3) Legal Term “shall”4) Frequent Use of Abbreviations5) Mixed with Drawings and Tables精选课件Standard, in relation to computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of h

26、ardware or software development. Computer standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm c

27、auses compatibility problems or limits marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an int

28、ensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards

29、 of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN. 精选课件Reflections and Practice1. Topics for group discussion1) What does the passage tell us about? 2) What is the de fa

30、cto standard setting?2. Fill in each space with one proper word. 精选课件Standard, in relation computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development. Computer standards have traditionally developed in of two ways. The fir

31、st, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such p

32、roducts Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed standards are late

33、r ratified or by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-stand

34、ard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN. 精选课件Translation SkillsDiction 用字遣词marital status; immigration status; cognitive status; social statusTension is building up.形势紧张起来张力在增大电压在增加压力在增强精选课件Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word1) DeductionStopout n. (U.S.)A student wh

35、o interrupts his education to pursue some other activity for a brief period.辍学学生Challenge To question the lawfulness or rightness of (sth. Or sb.)对表示怀疑，质疑； 对提出异议精选课件2）TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3) ExtensionBottleneckIt is more than transient everydayness. 远非一时的柴米油盐问题。日常状态-柴米油盐精选课件4）Subs

36、titutionTo kill sb. as an example杀一儆百5） ExplanationMindlessness思想上的浑浊状态A throwaway society一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会精选课件6) CombinationSo subtle and careful an observer一位如此精细的观察者A grim and tragic Christmas一个惨淡的圣诞节7）Pictographic TranslationH-beam 工字梁O-ring 环形圈U-steel 槽钢V-belt 三角皮带精选课件8）TransliterationWall StreetP

37、entiumClone精选课件Translate the PassageStandard, in relation to computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development.对于计算机来说，标准即是一套详尽的技术指标。它作为一种手段，用来在硬件或软件开发领域建立起统一的模式。精选课件Computer standards have traditionally dev

38、eloped in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability.从传统观点来看，计算机标准从两个方面分别得

39、到了发展。第一类，它作为一种极其非正式的工艺过程，出现在个别公司生产某种产品或形成某种理念的时候。由于它的成功和模仿，其标准得到了广泛的利用，其结果是任何背离该标准的行为都会造成兼容性方面的问题，影响其市场销售。精选课件This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are

40、drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments.这种事实上的标准设置在诸如Hayes调制解调器和IBMPCs之类的产品上最具有典型性。标准设置的第二种类型是一种要正式得多的过程。在该过程中，由一个合作小组或委员会对现有的各种方法、技术发展及趋势等方面进行仔细研究之后，草拟出一套详细的规格。精选课件The proposed standards are late

41、r ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, an

42、d ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN.随后，所提出的标准由公认的机构批准或认可，随着依照标准生产出来的产品在市场上日益流行，逐渐为公众所一致接受。这种更为正式的标准类型为数众多，包括ASCII 字符集， RS-232-C 标准、SCSI 接口，以及诸如C语言和FORTRAN 语言之类的ANSI- 标准编程语言。精选课件Unit 3 Patents 精选课件精选课件Questions 1. What does this passage mainly talk about?2. Why should patente

43、d articles be marked with patent number?3. What does “patent pending” mean? 4. What can be found in an issued patent? 精选课件Translation Skill: Amplification= additionA matter of principle: Add/subtract meaning精选课件1. Supplying omitted words to convey the original meaning（1）Matter can be changed into en

44、ergy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。（2）The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。精选课件2. Supplying necessary connectives（1）Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会气化。（2）However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, som

45、e heat escapes and is lost.尽管锅炉壳与蒸汽管严密封闭，还是有一部分热会损耗掉。精选课件3. Supplying words to convey the concept of plural nouns （1）Note that the words“velocity”and “speed”require explanation.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。 （2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。精选课件4. Su

46、pplying words to make an abstract concept clear (1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。（2）This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对计算机很有好处。精选课件5. Dictated by logic (1) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降

47、。（2）This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area.这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。精选课件6. Supplying words of generalization (1) The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.论文总结了计算机、人造卫星

48、和火箭三方面的新成就。（2）The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation, and detection.真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。精选课件7. For purposes of rhetoric or coherence (1) This computer is indeed cheap and fine.这台电脑真是价廉物美。（2）Heat from the sun stir

49、s up the atmosphere, generating winds.太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。精选课件8. Repetition (1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此计算机。（2）I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.我曾经遇到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。精选课件Amplification used in Chinese-English T

50、ranslation1. Adding necessary connectives虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.2. Adding necessary pronouns交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corre

51、cted or improved. 精选课件3. Adding necessary background information to make the English version clear三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind. 精选课件Translation practice精选课件1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of amplificationHistor

52、ies make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善变。精选课件2. Put the following passage into ChineseOur present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for compensating temperature

53、-dependent frequency variations of an oscillator of the crystal-controlled type which generates a carrier for the translation of messages by frequency modulation.本发明涉及一种补偿电路，用以补偿晶体振荡器的频率随温度而发生的变化。这种振荡器产生的载波是用调频方式发送信息的。精选课件3. Put the following passage into English美洲第一批发明专利是于1642年由殖民政府发布的。1790年美国的首批专利

54、法根据宪法第一条第八款在国会获得通过，这项法令由一个三人委员会监督实施，这三人分别为美国国务卿、陆军部长和司法总长。In America, the first patents for inventions were issued in 1642 by the colonial governments. The first U.S. patent laws were enacted by Congress in 1790 under the authority of Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution. The Patent Act of 1790

55、 was administered by a commission composed of the secretary of state, the secretary of war, and the attorney general of the U.S. 精选课件精选课件Unit 4 Trademarks精选课件Trademarks originated from the rule that no one has the right to have products for sale under the pretense that they are the goods of another

56、person by either direct or indirect misrepresentation. This kind of unfair competition has become widespread. Some goods that have either large or exclusive markets have been counterfeited and sold with trademarks similar to the originals, such as the imprinted gold initials of L(ouis) V(uitton).The

57、 law recognizes trademarks as property and grants to the trader an exclusive right to use an individual mark. Thus the trademark has the characteristic of a special monopoly right in that it prevents its use for another persons or companys goods in the same way it protects other forms of private pro

58、perty. The right to a trademark has traditionally arisen out of actual use of the mark. Most countries, however, demand in addition to its use that it be registered with the proper government agency.The easiest way to lose the right to a trademark is by abandoning the use of the trademark or by fail

59、ing to renew registration. In countries where an unregistered trademark has been acquired by use, the right continues so long as use has not been abandoned. Loss of a trademark right also occurs when it is transformed or when it degenerates into a household term. This has happened with such well-kno

60、wn former trademark names as aspirin, cellophane, dry ice, shredded wheat, thermos, and others. 精选课件Questions 1. What are the main points of this passage?2. Why a trademark is needed?3. In what cases, the trademark right is lost?精选课件Trademarks originated _ the rule that no one has the right to have products